Nuclear Physics. Milestones in development of nuclear physics
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1 Nuclear Physics
2 Nuclear Physics Henri Becquerel ( ) accidentally discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds in Uranium salt crystals darkened a light-tight photographic plate.
3 Nuclear Physics Henri Becquerel ( ) accidentally discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds in Uranium salt crystals darkened a light-tight photographic plate. Milestones in development of nuclear physics
4 Nuclear Physics Henri Becquerel ( ) accidentally discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds in Uranium salt crystals darkened a light-tight photographic plate. Milestones in development of nuclear physics Rutherford et al. in 1919 observed first nuclear reaction: α-particle + N O
5 Nuclear Physics Henri Becquerel ( ) accidentally discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds in Uranium salt crystals darkened a light-tight photographic plate. Milestones in development of nuclear physics Rutherford et al. in 1919 observed first nuclear reaction: α-particle + N O discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 193
6 Nuclear Physics Henri Becquerel ( ) accidentally discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds in Uranium salt crystals darkened a light-tight photographic plate. Milestones in development of nuclear physics Rutherford et al. in 1919 observed first nuclear reaction: α-particle + N O discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 193 discovery of artificial radioactivity by Joliot & Irene Curie in 1933
7 Nuclear Physics Henri Becquerel ( ) accidentally discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds in Uranium salt crystals darkened a light-tight photographic plate. Milestones in development of nuclear physics Rutherford et al. in 1919 observed first nuclear reaction: α-particle + N O discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 193 discovery of artificial radioactivity by Joliot & Irene Curie in 1933 discovery of nuclear fission by Hahn & Strassman in 1938
8 Nuclear Physics Henri Becquerel ( ) accidentally discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds in Uranium salt crystals darkened a light-tight photographic plate. Milestones in development of nuclear physics Rutherford et al. in 1919 observed first nuclear reaction: α-particle + N O discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 193 discovery of artificial radioactivity by Joliot & Irene Curie in 1933 discovery of nuclear fission by Hahn & Strassman in 1938 development of first controlled-fission reactor by Fermi et al. in 194
9 Components of nuclei: protons and neutrons
10 Components of nuclei: protons and neutrons How we represent a nucleus: A Z X
11 Components of nuclei: protons and neutrons How we represent a nucleus: A Z X Z atomic number ( number of protons)
12 Components of nuclei: protons and neutrons How we represent a nucleus: A Z X Z atomic number ( number of protons) A mass number total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons)
13 Components of nuclei: protons and neutrons How we represent a nucleus: A Z X Z atomic number ( number of protons) A mass number total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) A Z number of neutrons
14 Components of nuclei: protons and neutrons How we represent a nucleus: A Z X Z atomic number ( number of protons) A mass number total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) A Z number of neutrons Isotopes: same Z but different A
15 Components of nuclei: protons and neutrons How we represent a nucleus: A Z X Z atomic number ( number of protons) A mass number total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) A Z number of neutrons Isotopes: same Z but different A C, C, C, C
16 Components of nuclei: protons and neutrons How we represent a nucleus: A Z X Z atomic number ( number of protons) A mass number total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) A Z number of neutrons Isotopes: same Z but different A C, C, C, C Unified mass unit: 1 6 C atom is exactly 1 u: 1 u kg
17 Components of nuclei: protons and neutrons How we represent a nucleus: A Z X Z atomic number ( number of protons) A mass number total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) A Z number of neutrons Isotopes: same Z but different A C, C, C, C Unified mass unit: 1 6 C atom is exactly 1 u: 1 u kg Note: 1 u MeV/c
18 Size of nuclei
19 Size of nuclei r
20 Size of nuclei r Tightly-packed spherical nucleons
21 Size of nuclei r liquid-drop model Nuclei have almost same density, independent of A Tightly-packed spherical nucleons
22 Size of nuclei r Tightly-packed spherical nucleons liquid-drop model Nuclei have almost same density, independent of A 1/ 3 r r 0 A
23 Size of nuclei r Tightly-packed spherical nucleons liquid-drop model Nuclei have almost same density, independent of A 1/ 3 r r 0 A r m 1. fm
24 Size of nuclei r Tightly-packed spherical nucleons liquid-drop model Nuclei have almost same density, independent of A 1/ 3 r r 0 A r m 1. fm Rutherford s experiment
25 Size of nuclei r Tightly-packed spherical nucleons liquid-drop model Nuclei have almost same density, independent of A 1/ 3 r r 0 A r m 1. fm Rutherford s experiment a-particle Au
26 Size of nuclei r Tightly-packed spherical nucleons liquid-drop model Nuclei have almost same density, independent of A 1/ 3 r r 0 A r m 1. fm Rutherford s experiment CAPA Set #13: #3 a-particle Au
27 Size of nuclei r liquid-drop model Nuclei have almost same density, independent of A 1/ 3 r r 0 A Tightly-packed spherical nucleons r m 1. fm Rutherford s experiment CAPA Set #13: #3 a-particle m Au
28 Nuclear stability
29 Nuclear stability With strong Coulomb repulsion of protons, how can a nucleus exist?
30 Nuclear stability With strong Coulomb repulsion of protons, how can a nucleus exist? Nuclear force: short range ~ fm and strongly attracts all nucleons
31 Nuclear stability With strong Coulomb repulsion of protons, how can a nucleus exist? Nuclear force: short range ~ fm and strongly attracts all nucleons
32 Nuclear stability With strong Coulomb repulsion of protons, how can a nucleus exist? Stable nuclei Nuclear force: short range ~ fm and strongly attracts all nucleons
33 Nuclear stability With strong Coulomb repulsion of protons, how can a nucleus exist? Stable nuclei Nuclear force: short range ~ fm and strongly attracts all nucleons As A increases, need N > Z so that nuclear force due to extra neutrons offsets increasing Coulomb-repulsion
34 Nuclear stability With strong Coulomb repulsion of protons, how can a nucleus exist? Stable nuclei Nuclear force: short range ~ fm and strongly attracts all nucleons As A increases, need N > Z so that nuclear force due to extra neutrons offsets increasing Coulomb-repulsion Known unstable nuclei (radioactive)
35 Radioactivity
36 Radioactivity a-particle: 4 He nucleus
37 Radioactivity a-particle: 4 He nucleus b-ray: electron (e - ) or positron (e + )
38 Radioactivity a-particle: 4 He nucleus b-ray: electron (e - ) or positron (e + ) g-ray: high-energy photon
39 Radioactivity a-particle: 4 He nucleus b-ray: electron (e - ) or positron (e + ) g-ray: high-energy photon increasing penetration
40 Radioactivity a-particle: 4 He nucleus b-ray: electron (e - ) or positron (e + ) g-ray: high-energy photon increasing penetration Pu is hazardous for chemical and radiation-damage reasons, in addition to being used in fission weapons.
41 Radioactivity a-particle: 4 He nucleus b-ray: electron (e - ) or positron (e + ) g-ray: high-energy photon increasing penetration Pu is hazardous for chemical and radiation-damage reasons, in addition to being used in fission weapons. Pu emits α-particles (not dangerous outside body)
42 Radioactivity a-particle: 4 He nucleus b-ray: electron (e - ) or positron (e + ) g-ray: high-energy photon increasing penetration Pu is hazardous for chemical and radiation-damage reasons, in addition to being used in fission weapons. Pu emits α-particles (not dangerous outside body), but is chemically similar to calcium seeks bone marrow where α-particles can do significant somatic damage.
43 Radioactivity a-particle: 4 He nucleus b-ray: electron (e - ) or positron (e + ) g-ray: high-energy photon increasing penetration Pu is hazardous for chemical and radiation-damage reasons, in addition to being used in fission weapons. Pu emits α-particles (not dangerous outside body), but is chemically similar to calcium seeks bone marrow where α-particles can do significant somatic damage. α-particles will not penetrate the dead layers of your skin. Thus Pu is hard to detect because it only emits α-particles.
44 Nuclear decay constant & half life
45 Nuclear decay constant & half life Can t predict when a given nucleus will decay, but a large population acts predictably.
46 Nuclear decay constant & half life Can t predict when a given nucleus will decay, but a large population acts predictably. Let N number of nuclei at this instant
47 Nuclear decay constant & half life Can t predict when a given nucleus will decay, but a large population acts predictably. Let N number of nuclei at this instant Over a short time interval t, let N be change in N (# of decays).
48 Nuclear decay constant & half life Can t predict when a given nucleus will decay, but a large population acts predictably. Let N number of nuclei at this instant Over a short time interval t, let N be change in N (# of decays). N λ N t
49 Nuclear decay constant & half life Can t predict when a given nucleus will decay, but a large population acts predictably. Let N number of nuclei at this instant Over a short time interval t, let N be change in N (# of decays). N λ N t decay constant: s -1, min -1, yr -1
50 Nuclear decay constant & half life Can t predict when a given nucleus will decay, but a large population acts predictably. Let N number of nuclei at this instant Over a short time interval t, let N be change in N (# of decays). N λ N t decay constant: s -1, min -1, yr -1 Decay rate R N t λ N
51 Nuclear decay constant & half life Can t predict when a given nucleus will decay, but a large population acts predictably. Let N number of nuclei at this instant Over a short time interval t, let N be change in N (# of decays). N λ N t decay constant: s -1, min -1, yr -1 Decay rate R N t λ N N N 0 e λ t
52 Nuclear decay constant & half life Can t predict when a given nucleus will decay, but a large population acts predictably. Let N number of nuclei at this instant Over a short time interval t, let N be change in N (# of decays). N λ N t decay constant: s -1, min -1, yr -1 Decay rate R N t λ N N N t 0 e λ e.718
53 Half life T1/
54 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/
55 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/
56 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/
57 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/
58 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/ λ T1/
59 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/ λ T1/ T 1/ λ
60 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/ λ T1/ T 1/ λ λ T1/
61 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/ λ T1/ T 1/ λ λ T1/ C 1 Carbon dating: for living things, 11 C
62 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/ λ T1/ T 1/ λ λ T1/ C 1 Carbon dating: for living things, 11 C C emits β-rays relatively easy to detect
63 Half life T 1/ N 1 0 λ T / λ T1/ λ T1/ N0e 1 e e ln() λ T 1/ λ T1/ T 1/ λ λ T1/ C 1 Carbon dating: for living things, 11 C C emits β-rays relatively easy to detect 14 6 C : T1/ 5730 years
64 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample?
65 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt ln(0.75) ln() T 1/ t 0.88
66 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt ln(0.75) ln() T 1/ t 0.88
67 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt ln(0.75) ln() T 1/ t 0.88
68 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt 0.88 T ln() ln(0.75) ln() T y / / t 1 t yr
69 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt 0.88 T ln() ln(0.75) ln() T yr / / t 1 t yr
70 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt 0.88 T ln() ln(0.75) ln() T yr / / t 1 t yr
71 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt 0.88 T ln() ln(0.75) ln() T yr / / t 1 t yr Example : suppose you had 14 µg of 14 C ( 1 µ mole). What is the number of decays per second?
72 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt ln(0.75) ln() T 1/ t 0.88 Example : suppose you had 14 µg of 14 C ( 1 µ mole). What is the number of decays per second? R λ N 0.88 T ln() ln() T 1/ N yr / t 1 ln() T 1/ 380 yr ( 6 3) decays/s
73 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt ln(0.75) ln() T 1/ t 0.88 Example : suppose you had 14 µg of 14 C ( 1 µ mole). What is the number of decays per second? R λ N 0.88 T ln() ln() T 1/ N yr / t 1 ln() T 1/ 380 yr ( 6 3) decays/s
74 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt ln(0.75) ln() T 1/ t 0.88 Example : suppose you had 14 µg of 14 C ( 1 µ mole). What is the number of decays per second? R λ N 0.88 T ln() ln() T 1/ N yr / t 1 ln() T 1/ 380 yr ( 6 3) decays/s
75 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt ln(0.75) ln() T 1/ t 0.88 Example : suppose you had 14 µg of 14 C ( 1 µ mole). What is the number of decays per second? R λ N 0.88 T ln() ln() T 1/ N yr / t 1 ln() T 1/ 380 yr ( 6 3) decays/s
76 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt ln(0.75) ln() T 1/ t 0.88 Example : suppose you had 14 µg of 14 C ( 1 µ mole). What is the number of decays per second? R λ N 0.88 T ln() ln() T 1/ N yr / t 1 ln() T 1/ 380 yr ( 6 3) decays/s A unit of activity R is called a curie: 1 Ci decays/s
77 Example 1: old sample of vegetation with 14 C content of 0.75 of that expected from present-day samples. How old is sample? 0.75 e λt ln(0.75) ln() T 1/ t 0.88 Example : suppose you had 14 µg of 14 C ( 1 µ mole). What is the number of decays per second? R λ N 0.88 T ln() ln() T 1/ N yr / t 1 ln() T 1/ 380 yr ( 6 3) decays/s A unit of activity R is called a curie: 1 Ci decays/s Activity µ Ci
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