General Physics (PHY 2140)
|
|
- Dennis Powers
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 37 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Radioactivity Nuclear reactions Chapter 29 1
2 Lightning Review Last lecture: 1. Nuclear physics Properties of nuclei Binding energy, types of radiation A X Z r = r A 0 1/3 Review Problem: An alpha particle has twice the charge of a beta particle. Why does the former deflect less than the latter when passing between electrically charged plates, assuming that both have the same speed? 2
3 29.3 Radioactivity Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation Experiments suggested that radioactivity was the result of the decay, or disintegration, of unstable nuclei Three types of radiation can be emitted Alpha particles The particles are 4 He nuclei Beta particles The particles are either electrons or positrons A positron is the antiparticle of the electron It is similar to the electron except its charge is +e Gamma rays The rays are high energy photons 3
4 The Decay Constant The number of particles that decay in a given time is proportional to the total number of particles in a radioactive sample ( ) N = λn t λ is called the decay constant and determines the rate at which the material will decay The decay rate or activity,, R, of a sample is defined as the number of decays per second R N = = λn t 4
5 Decay Curve The decay curve follows the equation N = N e λt The half-life life is also a useful parameter The half-life life is defined as the time it takes for half of any given number of radioactive nuclei to decay 0 T 1 2 = ln 2 λ = λ 5
6 Units The unit of activity, R, is the Curie, Ci 1 Ci = 3.7 x decays/second The SI unit of activity is the Becquerel, Bq 1 Bq = 1 decay / second Therefore, 1 Ci = 3.7 x Bq The most commonly used units of activity are the mci and the µci 6
7 QUICK QUIZ What fraction of a radioactive sample has decayed after two halflives have elapsed? (a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 3/4 (d) not enough information to say (c). At the end of the first half-life interval, half of the original sample has decayed and half remains. During the second half-life interval, half of the remaining portion of the sample decays. The total fraction of the sample that has decayed during the two half-lives is: =
8 29.4 The Decay Processes General Rules When one element changes into another element, the process is called spontaneous decay or transmutation The sum of the mass numbers, A,, must be the same on both sides of the equation The sum of the atomic numbers, Z,, must be the same on both sides of the equation Conservation of mass-energy and conservation of momentum must hold 8
9 Alpha Decay When a nucleus emits an alpha particle it loses two protons and two neutrons N decreases by 2 Z decreases by 2 A decreases by 4 Symbolically A A 4 Z X Z 2Y+ He X is called the parent nucleus Y is called the daughter nucleus 4 2 9
10 Alpha Decay -- Example Decay of 226 Ra Ra 86Rn He Half life for this decay is 1600 years Excess mass is converted into kinetic energy Momentum of the two particles is equal and opposite 10
11 QUICK QUIZ If a nucleus such as 226 Ra that is initially at rest undergoes alpha decay, which of the following statements is true? (a) The alpha particle has more kinetic energy than the daughter nucleus. (b) The daughter nucleus has more kinetic energy than the alpha particle. (c) The daughter nucleus and the alpha particle have the same kinetic energy. (a). Conservation of momentum requires the momenta of the two fragments be equal in magnitude and oppositely directed. Thus, from KE = p 2 /2m, the lighter alpha particle has more kinetic energy that the more massive daughter nucleus. 11
12 Beta Decay During beta decay, the daughter nucleus has the same number of nucleons as the parent, but the atomic number is one less In addition, an electron (positron) was observed The emission of the electron is from the nucleus The nucleus contains protons and neutrons The process occurs when a neutron is transformed into a proton and an electron Energy must be conserved 12
13 Beta Decay Electron Energy The energy released in the decay process should almost all go to kinetic energy of the electron Experiments showed that few electrons had this amount of kinetic energy To account for this missing energy, in 1930 Pauli proposed the existence of another particle Enrico Fermi later named this particle the neutrino Properties of the neutrino Zero electrical charge Mass much smaller than the electron, probably not zero Spin of ½ Very weak interaction with matter 13
14 Beta Decay Symbolically A Z A Z X X A Z+ 1 A Z 1 Y Y + ν ν is the symbol for the neutrino ν is the symbol for the antineutrino + + e e + ν To summarize, in beta decay, the following pairs of particles are emitted An electron and an antineutrino A positron and a neutrino + 14
15 Gamma Decay Gamma rays are given off when an excited nucleus falls to a lower energy state Similar to the process of electron jumps to lower energy states s and giving off photons The excited nuclear states result from jumps made by a proton or neutron The excited nuclear states may be the result of violent collision n or more likely of an alpha or beta emission Example of a decay sequence The first decay is a beta emission The second step is a gamma emission 12 5 B 12 6 C* C * C + + e γ + ν The C* indicates the Carbon nucleus is in an excited state Gamma emission doesn t change either A or Z 15
16 Uses of Radioactivity Carbon Dating Beta decay of 14 C is used to date organic samples The ratio of 14 C to 12 C is used Smoke detectors Ionization type smoke detectors use a radioactive source to ionize the air in a chamber A voltage and current are maintained When smoke enters the chamber, the current is decreased and the alarm sounds Radon pollution Radon is an inert, gaseous element associated with the decay of radium It is present in uranium mines and in certain types of rocks, bricks, etc that may be used in home building May also come from the ground itself 16
17 29.5 Natural Radioactivity Classification of nuclei Unstable nuclei found in nature Give rise to natural radioactivity Nuclei produced in the laboratory through nuclear reactions Exhibit artificial radioactivity Three series of natural radioactivity exist Uranium Actinium Thorium 17
18 Decay Series of 232 Th 232 Th Series starts with 232Th 232 Th Processes through a series of alpha and beta decays Ends with a stable isotope of lead, 208Pb 208 Pb 18
19 29.6 Nuclear Reactions Structure of nuclei can be changed by bombarding them with energetic particles The changes are called nuclear reactions As with nuclear decays, the atomic numbers and mass numbers must balance on both sides of the equation 19
20 Problem Which of the following are possible reactions? (a) and (b). Reactions (a) and (b) both conserve total charge and total mass number as required. Reaction (c) violates conservation of mass number with the sum of the mass numbers being 240 before reaction and being only 223 after reaction. 20
21 Q Values Energy must also be conserved in nuclear reactions The energy required to balance a nuclear reaction is called the Q value of the reaction An exothermic reaction There is a mass loss in the reaction There is a release of energy Q is positive An endothermic reaction There is a gain of mass in the reaction Energy is needed, in the form of kinetic energy of the incoming particles Q is negative 21
22 Problem: nuclear reactions 7 4 Determine the product of the reaction 3 2 What is the Q value of the reaction? Li + He? + n 22
23 Determine the product of the reaction What is the Q value of the reaction? Li + He + n 7 4 X 3 2 Y? Given: reaction Find: Q =? In order to balance the reaction, the total amount of nucleons (sum of A-numbers) must be the same on both sides. Same for the Z-number. Number of nucleons (A): Number of protons (Z): Thus, it is B, i.e. The Q-value is then 7+ 4= X + 1 X = = Y + 0 Y = 5 Li + He B + n ( ) ( ) n 2 2 Q= m c = m + m m m c = 2.79MeV Li He B 23
24 Threshold Energy To conserve both momentum and energy, incoming particles must have a minimum amount of kinetic energy, called the threshold energy KE min = 1 + m M Q m is the mass of the incoming particle M is the mass of the target particle If the energy is less than this amount, the reaction cannot occur 24
25 QUICK QUIZ If the Q value of an endothermic reaction is MeV, the minimum kinetic energy needed in the reactant nuclei if the reaction is to occur must be (a) equal to 2.17 MeV, (b) greater than 2.17 MeV, (c) less than 2.17 MeV, or (d) precisely half of 2.17 MeV. (b). In an endothermic reaction, the threshold energy exceeds the magnitude of the Q value by a factor of (1+ m/m), where m is the mass of the incident particle and M is the mass of the target nucleus. 25
Chapter 3 Radioactivity
Chapter 3 Radioactivity Marie Curie 1867 1934 Discovered new radioactive elements Shared Nobel Prize in physics in 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 Radioactivity Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission
More informationGeneral Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 140) Lecture 18 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear properties Binding energy Radioactivity The Decay Process Natural Radioactivity Last lecture: 1. Quantum physics Electron Clouds
More informationThursday, April 23, 15. Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Physics Some Properties of Nuclei! All nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons! Exception is ordinary hydrogen with just a proton! The atomic number, Z, equals the number of protons in the
More informationChapter 29. Nuclear Physics
Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics Ernest Rutherford 1871 1937 Discovery that atoms could be broken apart Studied radioactivity Nobel prize in 1908 Some Properties of Nuclei All nuclei are composed of protons
More informationNice Try. Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics 20/08/2010. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity. SPH4UI Physics
SPH4UI Physics Modern understanding: the ``onion picture Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Nucleus Protons tom and neutrons Let s see what s inside! 3 Nice Try Introduction: Development of Nuclear Physics
More informationFisika Inti Nuclear Physics 5/14/2010 1
Fisika Inti Nuclear Physics 5/14/2010 1 Pengertian Modern: Gambar onion Modern understanding: the ``onion picture Atom Let s see what s inside! 5/14/2010 2 Pengertian Modern: Gambar onion Modern understanding:
More informationChapter 44. Nuclear Structure
Chapter 44 Nuclear Structure Milestones in the Development of Nuclear Physics 1896: the birth of nuclear physics Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium compounds Rutherford showed the radiation
More informationLECTURE 23 NUCLEI. Instructor: Kazumi Tolich
LECTURE 23 NUCLEI Instructor: Kazumi Tolich Lecture 23 2 Reading chapter 32.1 to 32.2 Nucleus Radioactivity Mass and energy 3 The famous equation by Einstein tells us that mass is a form of energy. E =
More informationSources of Radiation
Radioactivity Sources of Radiation Natural Sources Cosmic Radiation The Earth is constantly bombarded by radiation from outside our solar system. interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation
More informationSelected Topics in Physics a lecture course for 1st year students by W.B. von Schlippe Spring Semester 2007
Selected Topics in Physics a lecture course for 1st year students by W.B. von Schlippe Spring Semester 2007 Lecture 10 Radioactive Decay of Nuclei 1 Some naturally occurring substances have the property
More informationLECTURE 26 RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY. Instructor: Kazumi Tolich
LECTURE 26 RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY Instructor: Kazumi Tolich Lecture 26 2 30.4 Radiation and radioactivity Alpha decay Beta decay Gamma decay Decay series Nuclear radiation is a form of ionizing radiation
More informationPhys102 Lecture 29, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Phys10 Lecture 9, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Key Points Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decays References 30-1,,3,4,5,6,7. Atomic Structure Nitrogen (N) Atom
More informationChapter 18: Radioactivity And Nuclear Transformation. Presented by Mingxiong Huang, Ph.D.,
Chapter 18: Radioactivity And Nuclear Transformation Presented by Mingxiong Huang, Ph.D., mxhuang@ucsd.edu 18.1 Radionuclide Decay Terms and Relationships Activity Decay Constant Physical Half-Life Fundamental
More informationThere are 82 protons in a lead nucleus. Why doesn t the lead nucleus burst apart?
Question 32.1 The Nucleus There are 82 protons in a lead nucleus. Why doesn t the lead nucleus burst apart? a) Coulomb repulsive force doesn t act inside the nucleus b) gravity overpowers the Coulomb repulsive
More informationChapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 30.1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: 30.1 Structure
More informationSection 10: Natural Transmutation Writing Equations for Decay
Section 10: Natural Transmutation Writing Equations for Decay Alpha Decay If a radioactive substance changes into another substance because particles are emitted from its nucleus, we say that the original
More informationRadioactive Decay What is Radioactivity? http://explorecuriocity.org/explore/articleid/3033 http://explorecuriocity.org/explore/articleid/3035 http://explorecuriocity.org/explore/articleid/2160 Quick Review
More informationABC Math Student Copy
Page 1 of 17 Physics Week 16(Sem. ) Name The Nuclear Chapter Summary Nuclear Structure Atoms consist of electrons in orbit about a central nucleus. The electron orbits are quantum mechanical in nature.
More informationNuclear Physics. PHY232 Remco Zegers Room W109 cyclotron building.
Nuclear Physics PHY232 Remco Zegers zegers@nscl.msu.edu Room W109 cyclotron building http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~zegers/phy232.html Periodic table of elements We saw that the periodic table of elements can
More informationChapter Three (Nuclear Radiation)
Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Three (Nuclear Radiation) (3-1) Nuclear Radiation Whenever a nucleus can attain a
More informationCHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW
IB PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: # Marks: 94 Raw Score: IB Curve: DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW 1. An alpha particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kv.
More informationda u g ht er + radiation
RADIOACTIVITY The discovery of radioactivity can be attributed to several scientists. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and shortly after that Henri Becquerel observed radioactive behavior while
More information16.5 Coulomb s Law Types of Forces in Nature. 6.1 Newton s Law of Gravitation Coulomb s Law
5-10 Types of Forces in Nature Modern physics now recognizes four fundamental forces: 1. Gravity 2. Electromagnetism 3. Weak nuclear force (responsible for some types of radioactive decay) 4. Strong nuclear
More informationRadioactive Decay. Becquerel. Atomic Physics. In 1896 Henri Becquerel. - uranium compounds would fog photographic plates as if exposed to light.
Radioactive Decay Atomic Physics Becquerel In 1896 Henri Becquerel - uranium compounds would fog photographic plates as if exposed to light. - a magnetic field could deflect the radiation that caused the
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics
Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics J. Frýbort, L. Heraltová Department of Nuclear Reactors 19 th October 2017 J. Frýbort, L. Heraltová (CTU in Prague) Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Physics 19 th
More informationChemistry 52 Chapter 11 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. The general designation for an atom is shown below:
ATOMIC STRUCTURE An atom is composed of a positive nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons in a nucleus are referred
More informationNuclear Physics Part 2: Radioactive Decay
Nuclear Physics Part 2: Radioactive Decay Last modified: 17/10/2017 Part A: Decay Reactions What is a Decay? Alpha Decay Definition Q-value Example Not Every Alpha Decay is Possible Beta Decay β rays are
More informationNuclear Physics Part 2A: Radioactive Decays
Nuclear Physics Part 2A: Radioactive Decays Last modified: 23/10/2018 Links What is a Decay? Alpha Decay Definition Q-value Example Not Every Alpha Decay is Possible Beta Decay β rays are electrons Anti-particles
More information6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics
6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics Chapter 6.2 Radioactivity From IB OCC, prepared by J. Domingues based on Tsokos Physics book Warm Up Define: nucleon atomic number mass number isotope. Radioactivity In 1896,
More informationGeneral Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 19 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear Reactions Medical Applications Radiation Detectors Chapter 29 http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~alan/2140website/main.htm 1 Lightning
More informationGeneral Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 2140) Lightning Review Lecture 19 Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Nuclear Reactions Medical Applications Radiation Detectors Chapter 29 http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~alan/2140website/main.htm
More informationChemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture
Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture Dr. Namphol Sinkaset Chapter 21 Study Guide Concepts 1. There are several modes of radioactive decay: (1) alpha (α) decay, (2) beta (β) decay, (3) gamma (γ)
More informationRadioactivity. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 for their work on radioactivity. Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie
Radioactivity Toward the end of the 19 th century, minerals were found that would darken a photographic plate even in the absence of light. This phenomenon is now called radioactivity. Marie and Pierre
More informationUnits and Definition
RADIATION SOURCES Units and Definition Activity (Radioactivity) Definition Activity: Rate of decay (transformation or disintegration) is described by its activity Activity = number of atoms that decay
More informationZX or X-A where X is chemical symbol of element. common unit: [unified mass unit = u] also known as [atomic mass unit = amu] or [Dalton = Da]
1 Part 5: Nuclear Physics 5.1. The Nucleus = atomic number = number of protons N = neutron number = number of neutrons = mass number = + N Representations: X or X- where X is chemical symbol of element
More informationChapter 12: Nuclear Reaction
Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction A nuclear reaction occurs when a nucleus is unstable or is being bombarded by a nuclear particle. The product of a nuclear reaction is a new nuclide with an emission of a nuclear
More informationNuclear Powe. Bronze Buddha at Hiroshima
Nuclear Powe Bronze Buddha at Hiroshima Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Power Is it Green & Safe? Nuclear Waste 250,000 tons of Spent Fuel 10,000 tons made per year Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation Radiocarbon
More informationChapter 22. Preview. Objectives Properties of the Nucleus Nuclear Stability Binding Energy Sample Problem. Section 1 The Nucleus
Section 1 The Nucleus Preview Objectives Properties of the Nucleus Nuclear Stability Binding Energy Sample Problem Section 1 The Nucleus Objectives Identify the properties of the nucleus of an atom. Explain
More informationPage 1. ConcepTest Clicker Questions Chapter 32. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker
ConcepTest Clicker Questions Chapter 32 Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker There are 82 protons in a lead nucleus. Why doesn t the lead nucleus burst apart? Question 32.1 The Nucleus a) Coulomb repulsive
More informationRadioactivity. Nuclear Physics. # neutrons vs# protons Where does the energy released in the nuclear 11/29/2010 A=N+Z. Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity
Physics 1161: Lecture 25 Nuclear Binding, Radioactivity Sections 32-1 32-9 Marie Curie 1867-1934 Radioactivity Spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. Antoine Henri Becquerel
More information2) Explain why the U-238 disintegration series shown in the graph ends with the nuclide Pb-206.
Name: 3156-1 - Page 1 Questions 1 and 2 refer to the following: A U-238 atom decays to a Pb-206 atom through a series of steps. Each point on the graph below represents a nuclide and each arrow represents
More information7.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY HW/Study Packet
7.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY HW/Study Packet Required: Tsokos, pp 373-378 Hamper pp 244-255 SL/HL Supplemental: Cutnell and Johnson, pp 963-979, 986-990 REMEMBER TO. Work through all of the example problems in
More informationNothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood. -Marie Curie. Segre Chart (Table of Nuclides)
Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood. -Marie Curie Segre Chart (Table of Nuclides) Z N 1 Segre Chart (Table of Nuclides) Radioac8ve Decay Antoine Henri Becquerel Marie Curie, née
More information1. This question is about the Rutherford model of the atom.
1. This question is about the Rutherford model of the atom. (a) Most alpha particles used to bombard a thin gold foil pass through the foil without a significant change in direction. A few alpha particles
More informationMore Energetics of Alpha Decay The energy released in decay, Q, is determined by the difference in mass of the parent nucleus and the decay products, which include the daughter nucleus and the particle.
More informationNuclear Science A Teacher s Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart 1998 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP)
Nuclear Science A Teacher s Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart 1998 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Chapter 3 Radioactivity In radioactive processes, particles or electromagnetic radiation
More informationRadioactivity Solutions - Lecture 28B (PHY315)
Radioactivity s - Lecture 8B (PHY35) Problem solutions.strategy In beta-minus decay, the atomic number Z increases by while the mass number A remains constant. Use Eq. (9-). 4 For the parent 9 K Z 9, so
More informationRadioactivity and energy levels
Radioactivity and energy levels Book page 497-503 Review of radioactivity β ; Free neutron proton β- decay is continuous β : Proton in nucleus neutron antineutrino neutrino Summary of useful equations
More informationChapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter - Nuclear Chemistry - The Nucleus I. Introduction A. Nucleons. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 8 a. radium-8 or 88 Ra II.
More informationU (superscript is mass number, subscript atomic number) - radionuclides nuclei that are radioactive - radioisotopes atoms containing radionuclides
Chapter : Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity nucleons neutron and proton all atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, atomic number isotopes atoms with the same atomic number but different
More informationH 1. Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics. 1. Parts of Atom. A. Nuclear Structure. 2b. Nomenclature. 2. Isotopes. AstroPhysics Notes
AstroPhysics Notes Nuclear Physics Dr. Bill Pezzaglia Nuclear Physics A. Nuclear Structure B. Nuclear Decay C. Nuclear Reactions Updated: 0Feb07 Rough draft A. Nuclear Structure. Parts of Atom. Parts of
More informationNuclear Reactions Homework Unit 13 - Topic 4
Nuclear Reactions Homework Unit 13 - Topic 4 Use the laws of conservation of mass number and charge to determine the identity of X in the equations below. Refer to a periodic table as needed. 222 a. Rn
More information1/28/2013. The Nuclear Age. X-Rays. Discovery of X-Rays. What are X-Rays? Applications. Production of X-Rays
The Nuclear Age X-Rays Radioactivity Decay Processes Discovery of X-Rays 1895 Production of X-Rays What are X-Rays? Applications X-Rays first x-ray picture Discovery of X-Rays Production of X-Rays What
More informationChapter 44 Solutions. So protons and neutrons are nearly equally numerous in your body, each contributing mass (say) 35 kg:
Chapter 44 Solutions *44. An iron nucleus (in hemoglobin) has a few more neutrons than protons, but in a typical water molecule there are eight neutrons and ten protons. So protons and neutrons are nearly
More informationNuclear Properties. Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12
Nuclear Properties Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12 A pre-history 1896 Radioactivity discovered - Becquerel a rays + (Helium) b rays - (electrons) g rays 0 (EM waves) 1902 Transmutation observed - Rutherford and
More informationPreview. Subatomic Physics Section 1. Section 1 The Nucleus. Section 2 Nuclear Decay. Section 3 Nuclear Reactions. Section 4 Particle Physics
Subatomic Physics Section 1 Preview Section 1 The Nucleus Section 2 Nuclear Decay Section 3 Nuclear Reactions Section 4 Particle Physics Subatomic Physics Section 1 TEKS The student is expected to: 5A
More informationUnit 13: Nuclear Practice Packet Regents Chemistry: Practice Packet: Unit 13 Nuclear Chemistry
Unit 13: Nuclear Practice Packet Regents Chemistry: Practice Packet: Unit 13 Nuclear Chemistry 1 Unit 13: Nuclear Practice Packet Lesson 1: Radioactive Decay Objective: Construct nuclear equations for
More informationNuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions
Slide 1 / 33 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions The Nucleus Slide 2 / 33 Proton: The charge on a proton is +1.6x10-19 C. The mass of a proton is 1.6726x10-27 kg. Neutron: The neutron is neutral. The
More informationProperties of the nucleus. 9.1 Nuclear Physics. Isotopes. Stable Nuclei. Size of the nucleus. Size of the nucleus
Properties of the nucleus 9. Nuclear Physics Properties of nuclei Binding Energy Radioactive decay Natural radioactivity Consists of protons and neutrons Z = no. of protons (tomic number) N = no. of neutrons
More informationRadioactivity. General Physics II PHYS 111. King Saud University College of Applied Studies and Community Service Department of Natural Sciences
King Saud University College of Applied Studies and Community Service Department of Natural Sciences Radioactivity General Physics II PHYS 111 Nouf Alkathran nalkathran@ksu.edu.sa Outline Radioactive Decay
More informationH 1. Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics. 1. Parts of Atom. 2. Isotopes. AstroPhysics Notes. Dr. Bill Pezzaglia. Rough draft. A.
AstroPhysics Notes Tom Lehrer: Elements Dr. Bill Pezzaglia Nuclear Physics Updated: 0Feb Rough draft Nuclear Physics A. Nuclear Structure A. Nuclear Structure B. Nuclear Decay C. Nuclear Reactions. Parts
More informationUNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY REVIEW: ISOTOPE NOTATION An isotope notation is written as Z A X, where X is the element, A is the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons), and Z is the atomic number. For
More informationChapter 25. Nuclear Chemistry. Types of Radiation
Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry Chemical Reactions 1. Bonds are broken and formed 2. Atoms may rearrange, but remain unchanged 3. Involve only valence electrons 4. Small energy changes 5. Reaction rate is
More informationNuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: Neutrons and protons are collectively
More informationChemistry: The Central Science. Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry A nuclear reaction involves changes in the nucleus of an atom Nuclear chemistry the study of nuclear reactions, with an emphasis in their uses
More informationNuclides with excess neutrons need to convert a neutron to a proton to move closer to the line of stability.
Radioactive Decay Mechanisms (cont.) Beta (β) Decay: Radioactive decay process in which the charge of the nucleus is changed without any change in the number of nucleons. There are three types of beta
More informationPhysics 11. Unit 10 Nuclear Physics
Physics 11 Unit 10 Nuclear Physics 1. Review of atomic structure From chemistry we have learned that all matters in this world are made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are made of three smaller particles:
More informationNuclear Spin and Stability. PHY 3101 D. Acosta
Nuclear Spin and Stability PHY 3101 D. Acosta Nuclear Spin neutrons and protons have s = ½ (m s = ± ½) so they are fermions and obey the Pauli- Exclusion Principle The nuclear magneton is eh m µ e eh 1
More information1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA PLUS DECAY 1.5 NEUTRON EMISSION 1.6 SPONTANEOUS FISSION
Chapter NP-3 Nuclear Physics Decay Modes and Decay Rates TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 1.0 RADIOACTIVE DECAY 1.1 ALPHA DECAY 1.2 BETA MINUS DECAY 1.3 GAMMA EMISSION 1.4 ELECTRON CAPTURE/BETA
More informationRadioactivity. General Physics II PHYS 111. King Saud University College of Applied Studies and Community Service Department of Natural Sciences
King Saud University College of Applied Studies and Community Service Department of Natural Sciences Radioactivity General Physics II PHYS 111 Nouf Alkathran nalkathran@ksu.edu.sa Outline Radioactive Decay
More informationNuclear Reactions A Z. Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q > 0. Exothermic Endothermic
Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reactions A Z 4 P D+ He + Q A 4 Z 2 Q > 0 Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q = ( m + m m m ) c 2 x X Y y Q > 0 Q < 0 Exothermic Endothermic 2
More informationProperties of the nucleus. 8.2 Nuclear Physics. Isotopes. Stable Nuclei. Size of the nucleus. Size of the nucleus
Properties of the nucleus 8. Nuclear Physics Properties of nuclei Binding Energy Radioactive decay Natural radioactivity Consists of protons and neutrons Z = no. of protons (Atomic number) N = no. of neutrons
More informationChapter 37. Nuclear Chemistry. Copyright (c) 2011 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37 Nuclear Chemistry Copyright (c) 2 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved. 37. Radioactivity Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Radioactivity Test Review Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Radioactive s have unstable a. electrons. c. protons. b. nuclei.
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Lecture 10
Nuclear Chemistry Lecture 10 Atomic Nuclei The periodic table tells you about the average atom of an element. Atoms of an element can have different amounts of neutrons, this gives them different mass,
More informationAlpha decay usually occurs in heavy nuclei such as uranium or plutonium, and therefore is a major part of the radioactive fallout from a nuclear
Radioactive Decay Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei. This phenomenon was first reported in 1896 by the French physicist Henri Becquerel. Marie Curie and her husband Pierre
More informationChapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay
Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay History and Discovery of Radioactivity The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine
More informationChapter 33: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity Review questions pg. 658
Chapter 33: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity Review questions pg. 658 5. How do the electric charges of alpha, beta and gamma rays differ? Ans. The alpha 'ray' consists of alpha particles. Each alpha
More informationChapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay
Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay History and Discovery of Radioactivity The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine
More informationYear 12 Notes Radioactivity 1/5
Year Notes Radioactivity /5 Radioactivity Stable and Unstable Nuclei Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of certain nuclei, a random process in which particles and/or high-energy photons are
More informationPhysics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface
Physics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface 2005 2006 Time: 60 minutes Total Value: 33 Marks Formulae and Constants v = f λ E = hf h f = E k + W 0 E = m c 2 p = h λ 1 A= A T 0 2 t 1 2 E k = ½ mv 2
More informationPopulating nucleon states. From the Last Time. Other(less stable) helium isotopes. Radioactivity. Radioactive nuclei. Stability of nuclei.
Nucleus: From the Last Time System of and neutrons bound by the strong force Proton number determines the element. Different isotopes have different # neutrons. Stable isotopes generally have similar number
More informationCHAPTER 12 The Atomic Nucleus
CHAPTER 12 The Atomic Nucleus 12.1 Discovery of the Neutron 12.2 Nuclear Properties 12.3 The Deuteron 12.4 Nuclear Forces 12.5 Nuclear Stability 12.6 Radioactive Decay 12.7 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
More informationRADIOACTIVITY. Nature of Radioactive Emissions
1 RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is the spontaneous emissions from the nucleus of certain atoms, of either alpha, beta or gamma radiation. These radiations are emitted when the nuclei of the radioactive substance
More informationA. Incorrect! Do not confuse Nucleus, Neutron and Nucleon. B. Incorrect! Nucleon is the name given to the two particles that make up the nucleus.
AP Physics - Problem Drill 24: Nuclear Physics 1. Identify what is being described in each of these statements. Question 01 (1) It is held together by the extremely short range Strong force. (2) The magnitude
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Decay Reactions The most common form of nuclear decay reactions are the following:
Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear reactions are transmutation of the one element into another. We can describe nuclear reactions in a similar manner as regular chemical reactions using ideas of stoichiometry,
More informationUnit 6 Modern Physics
Unit 6 Modern Physics Early Booklet E.C.: + 1 Unit 6 Hwk. Pts.: / 46 Unit 6 Lab Pts.: / 16 Late, Incomplete, No Work, No Units Fees? Y / N Essential Fundamentals of Modern Physics 1. A photon s energy
More informationNuclear Properties. Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12
Nuclear Properties Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12 A pre-history 1896 Radioactivity discovered - Becquerel a rays + (Helium) b rays - (electrons) g rays 0 (EM waves) 1902 Transmutation observed - Rutherford and
More informationNuclear Fusion and Radiation
Nuclear Fusion and Radiation Lecture 8 (Meetings 20, 21 & 22) Eugenio Schuster schuster@lehigh.edu Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Lehigh University Nuclear Fusion and Radiation p. 1/66 The discovery
More informationRadioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating
Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating Extra credit: chapter 7 in Bryson See online (link fixed) or moodle Radioactivity and radiometric dating Atomic nucleus Radioactivity Allows us to put numerical
More informationUnit 13: Nuclear Chemistry
Name Unit 13: Nuclear Chemistry Skills: 1. Review Atomic Structure 2. Determining Nuclear Stability 3. Naming and Drawing Hydrocarbons 4. Using N + O to Write Decay Equations Period 5. Solve Various Half
More informationTopic 7 &13 Review Atomic, Nuclear, and Quantum Physics
Name: Date:. Isotopes provide evidence for the existence of A. protons. B. electrons. C. nuclei. Topic 7 &3 Review Atomic, Nuclear, and Quantum Physics D. neutrons.. The atomic line spectra of elements
More informationFundamental Forces. Range Carrier Observed? Strength. Gravity Infinite Graviton No. Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983)
Fundamental Forces Force Relative Strength Range Carrier Observed? Gravity 10-39 Infinite Graviton No Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983) Electromagnetic 10-2 Infinite Photon Yes (1923) Strong 1 Nuclear
More informationAtomic Notation (or Nuclear Symbol): Shorthand for keeping track of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Name Section CHM52LL: Nuclear Chemistry: Radioactivity, Decay, Dating, and Other Hazards There is no prelab assignment this week I. Radioactive Isotopes and Nuclear Equations Atoms are composed of three
More informationNuclear Properties. Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12
Nuclear Properties Thornton and Rex, Ch. 12 A pre-history 1896 Radioactivity discovered - Becquerel a rays + (Helium) b rays - (electrons) g rays 0 (EM waves) 1902 Transmutation observed - Rutherford and
More informationCHEMISTRY - MCQUARRIE 4E CH.27 - NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: NUCLEAR REACTIONS Nuclear Reactions deal with chemical processes in nuclei atoms. Unlike normal chemical reactions where the identity of the elements stay the same, nuclear
More informationQUIZ: Physics of Nuclear Medicine Atomic Structure, Radioactive Decay, Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter
QUIZ: Physics of Nuclear Medicine Atomic Structure, Radioactive Decay, Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter 1. An atomic nucleus contains 39 protons and 50 neutrons. Its mass number (A) is a)
More informationChapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 8 Nuclear Chemistry 8. Discovery of radioactivity 895 Roentgen discovery of radioactivity X-ray X-ray could penetrate other bodies and affect photographic plates led to the development of X-ray
More informationTeacher: Mr. gerraputa. Name: Which two radioisotopes have the same decay mode?
Teacher: Mr. gerraputa Print Close Name: 1 Which two radioisotopes have the same decay mode? 37 Ca and 53 Fe 220 Fr and 60 Co 37 K and 42 K 99 Tc and 19 Ne 1 5. 3 Exactly how much time must elapse before
More informationSome nuclei are unstable Become stable by ejecting excess energy and often a particle in the process Types of radiation particle - particle
Radioactivity George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Identify methods for making radioactive isotopes Recognize the various types of radioactive decay Interpret an energy level diagram for radioactive
More information