Computational Science and Engineering Field of Specialisation: Chemistry and Biology. Contact Person: Prof. Philippe Hünenberger
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1 Computational Science and Engineering Field of Specialisation: Chemistry and Biology Contact Person: Prof. Philippe Hünenberger
2 MOLECULAR MODELING/SIMULATION IN CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY Understand (and predict) the workings of (bio)molecular systems using physics-based models Simulation can replace of experiment when: Simulation can complement experiment when: the process cannot be studied experimentally e.g. interior of a star, weather forecast (experiment is too late!) the process is dangerous to study experimentally e.g. flight simulators, explosion of a nuclear bomb, fighting ability of the Swiss army the process is expensive to study experimentally e.g. volcanism on Venus, aerodynamics in aircraft design approximate simulations reduce the number of experiments to be performed or/and increase their likelihood of success e.g. modeling in industry: drug design, protein engineering, stock market predictions (banks), risk assessment (insurances) a simulation reproducing an experiment provides additional insight e.g. modeling in academia: quantum chemistry, molecular simulations The equations governing the model may be: e.g. experimentally inaccessible resolution in time/space/energy very simple analytical treatment (e.g. perfect gas, harmonic crystal) moderately complex but numerous computer simulation (numerical solution) not known or too complex small-scale simulation (e.g. avalanches)
3 FOUR BASIC CHOICES DEFINING A MOLECULAR MODEL degrees of freedom elementary particles of the model interaction boundary conditions MOLECULAR MODEL Hamiltonian operator or function system size and shape, thermodynamical constraints, experimentally-derived information generation of configurations number of configurations, properties of the configuration sequence
4 MOLECULAR MODELING/SIMULATION IN CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY Levels of modelling, resolution and degrees of freedom QUANTUM MODELS CLASSICAL MODELS MESOSCOPIC MODELS highest resolution IMPLICIT nucleons IMPLICIT nuclei ( atoms), all photons = IMPLICIT atom groups ( residues) QUANTUM MECHANICS MOLECULAR MECHANICS RESIDUE- BASED MODELS rel. TDSE (Dirac) core electrons, high energy photons MD (non-polar) hydrogen ( united atoms) SD intramolecular dof ( molecules) QUANTUM MECHANICS MOLECULAR MECHANICS (UNITED ATOM) RIGID- MOLECULE MODELS TDSE all electrons, medium energy photons (Born-Oppenheimer) MD atom groups ( beads) MD, SD intramolecular dof ( "particles") TISE (elec.) TDSE (nucl.) QUANTUM CHEMISTRY solvent MD COARSE- GRAINED MODELS solvent BD, DPD MESOSCOPIC MODELS granularity of matter ( densities, fluxes and fields) QUANTUM CHEMISTRY (IMPL. SVT.) MOLECULAR MECHANICS (IMPL. SVT.) CONTINUUM MODELS TISE (elec.) TDSE (nucl.) SD lowest resolution FE (conserv. + transp.) freely inspired from "Simulating the physical world" by Herman Berendsen (2007)
5 DEGREES OF FREEDOM: FROM QUANTUM TO MESOSCOPIC MODELS Levels of resolution: the tradeoff increasing system size and number of configurations MESOSCOPIC MODELS CLASSICAL MODELS FASTER COMPUTERS currently not feasible QUANTUM MODELS increasing resolution and Hamiltonian cost Computing power: Moore's law log[flop] 12 9 FUJITSU VP 200 NEC SX 2 CRAY X MP CRAY 2 CRAY 1 CYBER 205 FUJITSU VPP CRAY T3D SX3 teraflop gigaflop 1 flop = 1 floating-point operation (14 digit precision) per second milliflop 6 IBM 7090 CDC 6000 IBM 360/195 CDC year megaflop The computing power has increased till now on average by a factor 10 every 6 years
6 EXAMPLE: CLASSICAL SIMULATION Gel (GL) liquid crystal (LC) phase transition in GMP bilayers Glycerol monopalmitate (GMP) Tm GL LC Experimentally, these lipids evidence the usual Tm increase upon dehydration Can we calculate (bracket) their Tm as a function of hydration? Experimental phase diagram of GMP
7 EXAMPLE: CLASSICAL SIMULATION Simulations of a 2 32 bilayer patch using GROMOS 53A OXY and SPC water Full (F), half (H) or quarter (Q) hydration Starting from liquid-crystal (LC) or gel (GL) phase At various temperatures differing by 4K Horta, de Vries & Hünenberger J. Chem. Theory Comput (2008) [+ Laner & Hünenberger, Mol. Simul., in press] F H Sim: 51, 59 and 63 o C for F, H and Q (±2 o C) Q Exp: 50, 53 and 58 o C for F, H and Q (?±4 o C?) investigate further: effect of lipid type & chirality, effect of added cosolutes such as alcohols (anesthesia) or sugars (bioprotection)
8 EXAMPLE: QUANTUM-MECHANICAL/CLASSICAL SIMULATION QM/MM simulations of HIV-protease in aqueous solution Liu, Müller-Plathe & van Gunsteren J. Mol. Biol. 261 (1996)
9 EXAMPLE: QUANTUM-MECHANICAL/CLASSICAL SIMULATION U ( r) = F = mɺɺ r Hˆ Ψ ( r) = EΨ( r) MD: Newton s equations of motion at 300K Computing Effort proportional to N 1-2 atoms ASP-25 MM CH 2 QM H 2 C ASP-25 QM: Semi-empirical PM3- model at each time point Computing Effort proportional to N 3-5 electrons protein COO - H C N H H 2 O substrate O C active site H C COOH water dimer, 2*99 residues 2000 atoms GROMOS force field periodic box 5.1*5.3*7.2 nm degrees of freedom 5427 SPC model
10 CG Coarse-grained model 4 atoms EXAMPLE: COARSE-GRAINED SIMULATION liquid alkanes: hexadecane AL(FG) All-atom model (non-hydrogen) 16 (CH 2 or CH 3 ) atoms MAP mapped all-atom configurations simulation + analysis simulation analysis A Centre of mass A 1 A 4 B Centre of mass B 1 B 4 C Centre of mass C 1 C 4 D Centre of mass D 1 D 4 W Marrink et al., J. Phys.Chem.B 108 (2004) 750 Compare: - structural characteristics - energetic / entropic characteristics
11 EXAMPLE: COARSE-GRAINED SIMULATION Christen & van Gunsteren J. Chem. Phys, 124 (2006) Multi-grained simulation of 25 hexadecanes in water CG + FG CG CG CG + FG Time: 0 ps 8ps 25ps 100ps FG 8.5ps FG 25.5ps CG level simulation with occasional switching to FG level enhances exploration of FG conformational space Interactions at CG and FG levels should be thermodynamically consistent
12 Vertiefungsgebiet-Vorlesungen: Chemie und Biologie Bachelor Studium Vorlesung SWS Semester Departement KP - Computer Simulation in Chemistry, Biology and Physics 3G HS (7-th) CHAB 7 - Quantum Chemistry 3G FS (5-th) CHAB 6 Master Studium Vorlesung SWS Semester Departement KP - Computer simulation in Chemistry, Biology and Physics 3G HS (7-th) CHAB 7 - Quantum Chemistry 3G FS (5-th) CHAB 6 - Advanced Quantum Chemistry 3G HS (7-th) CHAB Hünenberger Reiher Hünenberger Reiher Reiher - Computational Biology 3V 2U HS INFK 6 Gonnet - Computer Applications: Finite Elements in Solids and Structures 2V 2U FS MATL 4 Gusev - Seminar in Chemistry and Biology HS/FS RW 4 Hünenberger
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