Temperature and Pressure Controls
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1 Ensembles Temperature and Pressure Controls 1. (E, V, N) microcanonical (constant energy) 2. (T, V, N) canonical, constant volume 3. (T, P N) constant pressure 4. (T, V, µ) grand canonical #2, 3 or 4 are often better for macroscopic properties Today we will learn how we can do #2 and #3 with MD. 1
2 Constant Temperature MD Problem in MD is to control the temperature. How to start the system? Sample the velocities from a Maxwellian (Gaussian) distribution. (we will learn how to do this next time) If we start from a perfect lattice as the system becomes disordered, it will suck up the kinetic energy and cool down. Vice versa for starting from a gas. QUENCH method. Anderson Thermostat Nose-Hoover Thermostat 2
3 Quench method Run for a while, compute kinetic energy, then rescale the momentum to correct temperature T, repeat as needed. Instantaneous T I Control is at best O(1/N), not real-time dynamics. 4 quenches: 400/100 3
4 Brownian dynamics/anderson thermostat Put a system in contact with a heat bath Leads to discontinuous velocities. Not necessarily a bad thing, but requires some physical insight into how the bath interacts with the system. For example, this is appropriate for a large molecule (protein or colloid) in contact with a solvent. Other heat baths in nature are given by phonons, photons, We will discuss Brownian dynamics later in the course. Anderson thermostat: With some probability, resample velocities from a Maxwell dist. (see FS 6.1.1) 4
5 Nose-Hoover thermostat (FS 6.1.2) MD in canonical distribution (T,V,N) Introduce a friction force ζ(t) SYSTEM T Reservoir Dynamics of friction coefficient to get canonical ensemble. Feedback makes K.E.=3/2 kt Dynamics at steady-state Q= fictitious heat bath mass. Large Q is weak coupling 5
6 Nose-Hoover thermodynamics Energy of physical system fluctuates. However energy of system plus heat bath is conserved. Derive equation of motion from this Hamiltonian. dr/dt=p, dp/dt= F - p ζ /Q, dζ/dt=p ζ /Q etc. (see text) Hopefully system is ergodic. Then stationary state is canonical distribution 6
7 System T fluctuates but how quickly? Effect of thermostat Q=1 Q=100 DIMENSION 3 TYPE argon POTENTIAL argon argon DENSITY 1.05 TEMPERATURE 1.15 TABLE_LENGTH LATTICE SEED 10 WRITE_SCALARS 25 NOSE 100. RUN MD
8 Thermostats are needed in non-equilibrium situations where there might be a flux of energy in/out of the system. It is time-reversible, deterministic and goes to the canonical distribution but: How natural is the thermostat? Interactions are non-local. They propagate instantaneously Interaction with a single heat-bath variable-dynamics can be strange. Be careful to adjust the mass REFERENCES 1. S. Nose, J. Chem. Phys. 81, 511 (1984); Mol. Phys. 52, 255 (1984). 2. W. Hoover, Phys. Rev. A31, 1695 (1985). 8
9 Comparison of Thermostats Nose-Hoover (deterministic) vs. Andersen (stochastic) microcanonical Nose Andersen 9
10 Constant pressure or constant volume At constant pressure phase transitions are sharp At constant volume, a two phase region (shaded region) is seen. In a finite cell, one will have droplets/crystallites form, but surface tension will make a barrier to the formation of them. An additional problem is the shape of simulation cell, that will favor certain crystal structures. 10
11 Constant Pressure (FS 6.2) To generalize MD, follow similar procedure as for thermostats for constant P. Size of the box is coupled to internal pressure. Volume is coupled to Virial Pressure. TPN Unit cell shape can also change. System can switch between crystal structures. Method is very useful is studying the transitions between crystal structures. Dynamics is unrealistic: Just because a system can fluctuate from one structure to another does not mean that its probability is high. 11
12 To implement, consider Internal coordinates: 0 < s < 1 Physical coordinates: r L is a 3 x 3 time-dependent symmetric matrix. Do periodic boundary conditions with s. They are simple Calculate energy and forces with r. 12
13 Equations of motion ω is the response (or mass) of the surrounding medium. Usual F = ma but also force from boundaries Feedback keeps box size in equilibrium Stress tensor, π The new distribution is 13
14 500 KCl ions at 300K First P = 0 Then P = 44 kb System spontaneously changes from rocksalt to CsCl structure Parrinello-Rahman simulation 14
15 Features of Constant Pressure/Variable Structure Simulations Can automatically find new crystal structures Nice feature is that the boundaries are flexible But one is not guaranteed to get out of local minimum One can get the wrong answer. Careful free energy calculations are needed to establish stable structure. All such methods have non-physical dynamics since they do not respect locality of interactions but non-physical effects are small: O(1/N). REFERENCES 1. H. C. Andersen, J. Chem. Phys. 72, 2384 (1980). 2. M. Parrinello and A. Rahman, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 7158 (1981). 15
16 Homework 3 Due next. See Calendar for Homework 4 coming. It is on Monte Carlo. 16
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