Contents. and Bonding 1. Content Coverage Chart How to Use This Book Laboratory Safety. UNIT 1 Alchemy: Matter, Atomic Structure,

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1 Contents Content Coverage Chart How to Use This Book Laboratory Safety xii xiv xviii 1 Alchemy: Matter, Atomic Structure, and Bonding 1 I Defining Matter 2 Lesson 1 Tools of the Trade: Lab Equipment and Safety 3 Demo A Penny for Your Thoughts 6 Lesson 2 A Penny for Your Thoughts: Introduction to Chemistry 7 Lesson 3 What s the Matter?: Defining Matter 9 Lesson 4 Mass Communication: Mass and Volume 13 Lesson 5 All That Glitters: Density 17 Section I Summary 21 II Basic Building Materials 22 Lesson 6 A New Language: Chemical Names and Symbols 23 Lab The Copper Cycle 26 Lesson 7 Now You See It: The Copper Cycle 28 Lesson 8 What Goes Around Comes Around: Conservation of Matter 32 Activity Create a Table 38 Lesson 9 Create a Table: Properties of the Elements 39 Lesson 10 Breaking the Code: The Periodic Table 43 Section II Summary 51 Project Element Profile 51 III A World of Particles 52 Lesson 11 Atomic Pudding: Models of the Atom 53 Lesson 12 Atoms By Numbers: Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 58 Lesson 13 Subatomic Heavyweights: Isotopes 63 Lesson 14 Isotopia: Stable and Radioactive Isotopes 67 Activity Nuclear Quest 72 Lesson 15 Nuclear Quest: Nuclear Reactions 73 Lesson 16 Old Gold: Formation of Elements 79 v

Section III Summary 84 Project Nuclear Power 84 IV Moving Electrons 85 Lab Flame Tests 86 Lesson 17 Technicolor Atoms: Flame Tests 87 Lesson 18 Life on the Edge: Valence and Core Electrons 91 Lesson

2 Section III Summary 84 Project Nuclear Power 84 IV Moving Electrons 85 Lab Flame Tests 86 Lesson 17 Technicolor Atoms: Flame Tests 87 Lesson 18 Life on the Edge: Valence and Core Electrons 91 Lesson 19 Noble Gas Envy: Ions 96 Lesson 20 Getting Connected: Ionic Compounds 101 Activity Salty Eights 106 Lesson 21 Salty Eights: Formulas for Ionic Compounds 107 Lesson 22 Isn t It Ionic?: Polyatomic Ions 111 Lesson 23 Alchemy of Paint: Transition Metal Chemistry 114 Lesson 24 Shell Game: Electron Configurations 117 Section IV Summary 123 V Building With Matter 124 Lab Classifying Substances 125 Lesson 25 You Light Up My Life: Classifying Substances 126 Lesson 26 Electron Glue: Bonding 130 Lab Electroplating Metals 135 Lesson 27 Electrons on the Move: Electroplating Metals 136 Section V Summary Review Smells: Molecular Structure and Properties 143 I Speaking of Molecules 144 Lesson 1 Sniffing Around: Molecular Formulas 145 Lesson 2 Molecules in Two Dimensions: Structural Formulas 149 Lesson 3 HONC if You Like Molecules: Bonding Tendencies 154 Activity Connect the Dots 158 Lesson 4 Connect the Dots: Lewis Dot Symbols 160 Lesson 5 Eight Is Enough: Octet Rule 164 Lesson 6 Where s the Fun?: Functional Groups 168 Lab Ester Synthesis 173 Lesson 7 Create a Smell: Ester Synthesis 176 Lesson 8 Making Scents: Analyzing Ester Synthesis 180 Section I Summary 184 Project Functional Groups 184 vi

II Building Molecules 185 Lesson 9 New Smells, New Ideas: Ball-and-Stick Models 186 Activity Two s Company 191 Lesson 10 Two s Company: Electron Domains 192 Lesson 11 Let s Build It: Molecular Shape

3 II Building Molecules 185 Lesson 9 New Smells, New Ideas: Ball-and-Stick Models 186 Activity Two s Company 191 Lesson 10 Two s Company: Electron Domains 192 Lesson 11 Let s Build It: Molecular Shape 197 Lesson 12 What Shape Is That Smell?: Space-Filling Models 201 Lesson 13 Sorting It Out: Shape and Smell 204 Lesson 14 How Does the Nose Know?: Receptor Site Theory 208 Section II Summary 212 Project Other Smell Classifications 212 III Molecules in Action 213 Lab Attractions Between Molecules 214 Lesson 15 Attractive Molecules: Attractions Between Molecules 216 Lesson 16 Polar Bears and Penguins: Electronegativity and Polarity 225 Lesson 17 Thinking (Electro)Negatively: Electronegativity Scale 229 Lesson 18 I Can Relate: Polar Molecules and Smell 232 Lesson 19 Sniffing It Out: Phase, Size, Polarity, and Smell 236 Section III Summary 240 Project Sense of Smell Study 241 IV Molecules in the Body 242 Lesson 20 Mirror, Mirror: Mirror-Image Isomers 243 Lesson 21 Protein Origami: Amino Acids and Proteins 248 Section IV Summary 252 Project Modeling a Receptor Site Review Weather: Phase Changes and Behavior of Gases 255 I Physically Changing Matter 256 Lesson 1 Weather or Not: Weather Science 257 Lesson 2 Raindrops Keep Falling: Measuring Liquids 261 Lesson 3 Having a Meltdown: Density of Liquids and Solids 265 Lab Thermometers 269 Lesson 4 Hot Enough: Thermometers 270 Lesson 5 Absolute Zero: Kelvin Scale 274 Lesson 6 Sorry, Charlie: Charles s Law 278 Activity Density, Temperature, and Fronts 283 Lesson 7 Front and Center: Density, Temperature, and Fronts 284 Section I Summary 288 Project Different Thermometers 288 vii

II Pressing Matter 289 Lesson 8 It s Sublime: Gas Density 290 Lesson 9 Air Force: Air Pressure 294 Lab Boyle s Law 298 Lesson 10 Feeling Under Pressure: Boyle s Law 299 Lesson 11 Egg in a Bottle:

4 II Pressing Matter 289 Lesson 8 It s Sublime: Gas Density 290 Lesson 9 Air Force: Air Pressure 294 Lab Boyle s Law 298 Lesson 10 Feeling Under Pressure: Boyle s Law 299 Lesson 11 Egg in a Bottle: Gay-Lussac s Law 304 Lesson 12 Be the Molecule: Molecular View of Pressure 309 Lesson 13 What Goes Up: Combined Gas Law 312 Lab High and Low Air Pressure 316 Lesson 14 Cloud in a Bottle: High and Low Air Pressure 317 Section II Summary 321 Project High and Low Pressure 321 III Concentrating Matter 322 Lesson 15 n Is for Number: Pressure and Number Density 323 Lesson 16 STP: The Mole and Avogadro s Law 327 Lesson 17 Take a Breath: Ideal Gas Law 331 Lesson 18 Feeling Humid: Humidity, Condensation 335 Lesson 19 Hurricane!: Extreme Physical Change 339 Section III Summary 343 Project Global Climate Change Review Toxins: Stoichiometry, Solution Chemistry, and Acids and Bases 347 I Toxic Changes 348 Lesson 1 Toxic Reactions: Chemical Equations 349 Lesson 2 Making Predictions: Observing Change 352 Lesson 3 Spare Change: Physical Versus Chemical Change 357 Lesson 4 Some Things Never Change: Conservation of Mass 361 Lesson 5 Atom Inventory: Balancing Chemical Equations 365 Lesson 6 What s Your Reaction?: Types of Reactions 369 Section I Summary 373 Project Toxins in the Environment 373 viii II Measuring Toxins 374 Lesson 7 Lethal Dose: Toxicity 375 Activity Counting by Weighing 379 Lesson 8 Make It Count: Counting by Weighing 380 Lesson 9 Billions and Billions: Avogadro s Number 384 Lesson 10 What s in a Mole?: Molar Mass 388

Lesson 11 Mountains Into Molehills: Mass-Mole Conversions 392 Lesson 12 How Sweet It Is: Comparing Amounts 395 Section II Summary 398 Project Lethal Dose of a Toxic Substance 399 III Toxins in

5 Lesson 11 Mountains Into Molehills: Mass-Mole Conversions 392 Lesson 12 How Sweet It Is: Comparing Amounts 395 Section II Summary 398 Project Lethal Dose of a Toxic Substance 399 III Toxins in Solution 400 Lab Solution Concentration 401 Lesson 13 Bearly Alive: Solution Concentration 402 Lesson 14 Drop In: Molecular Views 406 Lesson 15 Holey Moley: Preparing Solutions 410 Lesson 16 Is It Toxic?: Mystery Solutions 414 Section III Summary 418 Project Types of Bonding 419 IV Acidic Toxins 420 Lab Acids and Bases 421 Lesson 17 Heartburn: Acids and Bases 423 Lesson 18 Pass the Proton: Acid-Base Theories 427 Lesson 19 phooey!: [H ] and ph 431 Lesson 20 Watered Down: Dilution 436 Lab Neutralization Reactions 440 Lesson 21 Neutral Territory: Neutralization Reactions 441 Lesson 22 Drip Drop: Titration 445 Section IV Summary 449 Project Dissolving Toxins 449 V Toxic Cleanup 450 Lesson 23 Solid Evidence: Precipitation Reactions 451 Lab Mole Ratios 455 Lesson 24 Mole to Mole: Mole Ratios 456 Lesson 25 Mole Tunnel: Stoichiometry 461 Lesson 26 Get the Lead Out: Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield 465 Section V Summary 470 Project Removing Toxins Review Fire: Energy, Thermodynamics, and Oxidation-Reduction 473 I Observing Energy 474 Lesson 1 Fired Up!: Energy Changes 475 Lesson 2 Not So Hot: Exothermic and Endothermic 478 ix

Lesson 3 Point of View: First and Second Laws 482 Lab Heat Transfer 487 Lesson 4 Heat Versus Temperature: Heat Transfer 488 Lesson 5 The Heat Is On: Specific Heat Capacity 493 Lesson 6 Where s the

6 Lesson 3 Point of View: First and Second Laws 482 Lab Heat Transfer 487 Lesson 4 Heat Versus Temperature: Heat Transfer 488 Lesson 5 The Heat Is On: Specific Heat Capacity 493 Lesson 6 Where s the Heat?: Heat and Phase Changes 498 Section I Summary 502 Project Uses of Fire 503 II Measuring Energy 504 Lesson 7 You re Fired!: Combustion 505 Lab Calorimetry 508 Lesson 8 Now We re Cooking: Calorimetry 509 Lesson 9 Counting Calories: Calorimetry Calculations 512 Lesson 10 Fuelish Choices: Heat of Combustion 516 Section II Summary 520 III Understanding Energy 521 Activity Make It or Break It 522 Lesson 11 Make It or Break It: Bond Energy 523 Lesson 12 Over the Hill: Reversing Reactions 528 Lesson 13 Speed Things Up: Rate of Reaction 532 Lesson 14 Make It Work: Work 536 Section III Summary 540 Project Uses of Fire 541 IV Controlling Energy 542 Lesson 15 Metal Magic: Oxidation 543 Lesson 16 Pumping Iron: Heat of Formation 546 Lesson 17 Electron Cravings: Oxidation-Reduction 550 Lesson 18 The Active Life: Activity of Metals 554 Lab Electrochemical Cell 558 Lesson 19 Current Events: Electrochemical Cell 559 Section IV Summary 564 Project Alternative Energy Review Showtime: Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium 567 I Chemical Equilibrium 568 Lesson 1 How Awesome: Chemical Demonstrations 569 Lab Reversible Reactions 572 x

7 Lesson 2 How Backward: Reversible Reactions 573 Lesson 3 How Dynamic: Dynamic Equilibrium 578 Lesson 4 How Favorable: Equilibrium Constant K 585 Lesson 5 How Balanced: Equilibrium Calculations 590 Section I Summary 595 Project Chemistry and Magic 596 II Changing Conditions at Equilibrium 597 Lesson 6 How Pushy: Le Châtelier s Principle 598 Lab Applying Le Châtelier s Principle 603 Lesson 7 How Colorful: Applying Le Châtelier s Principle 604 Section II Summary 612 Project It s Showtime! Review 614 Math Spotlights 616 SI Units of Measure 616 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits 617 Solving Equations 620 Order of Operations 621 Averages 623 Graphing 625 Ratios and Proportions 627 Scientific Notation 631 Dimensional Analysis 632 Logarithms 634 Answers to Selected Exercises 636 Reference Tables 658 Table of Average Atomic Masses 658 Table of Electronegativities, Bonding Continuum 660 Average Bond Energies, Heats of Combustion, Solubility Trends 661 Polyatomic Ions 662 Specific Heat Capacities at 20 C 663 SI Units and Conversion Factors, Physical Constants 664 Symbols and Abbreviations 665 Proportional Relationships, Proportional Relationships in the Gas Laws 666 Other Important References, Some Key Formulas 667 Glossary in English and Spanish 668 Index 690 Photo Credits 712 xi

Chemistry 11 Unit 1 Safety in the Laboratory. Chemistry 11 Unit 2 Introduction to Chemistry

Chemistry 11 Unit 1 Safety in the Laboratory. Chemistry 11 Unit 2 Introduction to Chemistry Unit 1 Safety in the Laboratory Safety Equipment Activities Tour of the Lab reviewing where the emergency safety equipment is. A review of the operation of lab safety equipment. Read pages 1-5 of Student