Challenges of Transport Phenomena in Research and Education. Miniaturized and Integrated Sensors and Microsystems

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1 Challenges of Transport Phenomena in Research and Education Miniaturized and Integrated Sensors and Microsystems Jane P. Chang Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles 1

2 Background and Societal Impact Detection of harmful species at low concentrations Chemical and biological warfare agents Selectivity (w/ separation) Sensitivity, stability, speed Distributed sensor network (with RF MEMS) Societal impact Civilian and environmental safety Total chemical processing on a chip Chemical synthesis and energy systems 2

3 Lab-on-a-chip From unit operation to systems From single unit to network Sample Sample Collection Collection Concentration Concentratio // n Standard reference Separation Separation Center for Embedded Networked Sensing, UCLA Chemically Gas Chemically GasFlow Flow Selective Control Selective Control Detection Detection Valve Valve Pump Pump Valve Valve µ CIT Micro-hot plate preconcentrator (µpc) Micro-gas chromatograph Micro-thermal conductivity column (µgc) detector (µ TCD) 3

4 Technical Principles Thermal Heat flow, heat content, pyroelectric, calorimetric Mechanical Weight, size, shape Electrochemical Ions, amperometry, potentiometry, ph, conductimetry Optical Absorption, emission, reflection Magnetic Paramagnetism, Hall effect, field strength, field direction Electronic Voltage, current, impedance Integration Challenges Versatile platforms that offer complementary sensing capabilities at reduced dimensions 4

5 State-of-the-Art Microfluidics Dimensionless scaling parameters for design and characterization Micro gas chromatography Fast separation of large number of species, with over 10,000 theoretical plates Micro mass analyzer Micro-scaled devices with proven efficiency Battery operated device with high sensitivity RF on e gate on RF off e gate off 50 Signal (na) Chemical sensor with micro plasmas ion signal subtracted baseline time (µ sec) 5 70

6 Complex fluids From microfluidics with multiphase flows to wetting of rough surfaces (final equilibrium shape; 4 different liquids) * Courtesy of H.A. Stone, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University 6

7 Application in chemical processing and materials synthesis 7

8 Micro-plasmas: From micro-reactors to chemical sensing or abatement 2NH3 N2 + 3H2 F. Leipold et al., J. Phys. D 33, 2268 (2000). NSF ERC WIMS D. Hsu, et al., Plasma Chem. Plasma Process 25, 1 (2005). M. Kushner, J. Phys. D 38, 1633 (2005) 8

9 Barriers Improve Specificity and Sensitivity Need to couple transport with reaction kinetics Need to couple transport with electromagnetic fields Need to validate simulation with experiments Need to perform tests under realistic conditions Integration Reduce dimension, weight, and compatibility Improve scalability, robustness and reliability 9

10 Recommendations 1. Direction coupling between principles Transport with reaction kinetics Fluid mechanics with electromagnetic fields Theoretical simulation with experimental validation Complex fluids transport (multiphases, reduced dimension, surface and interface effects) 2. Concepts versus mathematics Rigorous mathematics foundation Visualization is critical to understanding (movie, hands-on lab) Interactive approach to build intuition 10

11 References 1. A. Günther and K.F. Jensen, Multiphase microfluidics: from flow characteristics to chemical and materials synthesis, Lab. Chip., 6, 1487 (2006). 2. J. R. Stetter, P. J. Hesketh, and G. W. Hunter, Sensors: Engineering Structures and Materials from Micro to Nano, The Electrochemical Society Interface, 15, 66, (2006). 3. K H Becker, K H Schoenbach, and J G Eden, Microplasmas and applications, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39 R55 (2006). 4. D. D. Hsu and D. B. Graves, Microhollow Cathode Discharge Reactor Chemistry Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 25, 1 (2005). 5. M. J Kushner, Modelling of microdischarge devices: plasma and gas dynamics, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38, 1633 (2005). 6. F. Leipold, R. H. Stark, A. El-Habachi and K. H. Schoenbach, Electron density measurements in an atmospheric pressure air plasma by means of infrared heterodyne interferometry, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33, 2268 (2000). 7. D. Cruz, J.P. Chang, S.K. Showalter, F. Gelbard, R.P. Manginell and M.G. Blain, Microfabricated thermal conductivity detector for the micro-chemlab, Sensors and Actuators B, in press (2006). 8. D. Cruz, J. P. Chang, M. Fico, A. J. Guymon, D. E. Austin and M. G. Blain, Design, Microfabrication and Analysis of Micrometer Sized Cylindrical Ion Trap Arrays Review of Scientific Instruments, 78, (2007). 9. NSF ERC WIMS Center 10. NSF STC CENS Center Acknowledgements Howard A. Stone, Harvard University; Jerry Cheng-Che Hsu, UCLA 11

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