Development of an On-the Analyzer (OSA) for Measuring Soil Chemical Properties

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Aileen Pearson
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2 th International Conference on Precision Agriculture (Sacramento, California, USA) Development of an On-the the-spot Analyzer (OSA) for Measuring Soil Chemical Properties

contact with, or at a proximal distance (less than 2 m) to, the soil being characterized Viacheslav I. Adamchuk Nandkishor M.

data Electrochemical Sensors Automated Soil Testing Potentiometry using Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) Shank Soil cutters Purdue

1 2 th International Conference on Precision Agriculture (Sacramento, California, USA) Development of an On-the the-spot Analyzer (OSA) for Measuring Soil Chemical Properties Proximal Soil Sensing Proximal Soil Sensing (PSS) is a set of technologies developed to measure the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil when placing the sensor in contact with, or at a proximal distance (less than 2 m) to, the soil being characterized Viacheslav I. Adamchuk Nandkishor M. Dhawale Frederic Rene-Laforest Bioresource Engineering McGill University July 22, 204 Advances in Agronomy 3: Sensor Fusion Soil ph Soil Reflectance Soil ECa Topography Lab data Electrochemical Sensors Automated Soil Testing Potentiometry using Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) Shank Soil cutters Purdue University (West Lafayette, Indiana) Coring tube Mixing ISFET Electrode Ion activity Soil ph (H + ) Potassium (K + ) Nitrate (NO 3- ) Sodium (Na + ) ~0 g soil core Add 20 ml DI H 2 O Cleaning Water jet Sample collection for calibration

Soil/Buffer ph Mapping On-the-Go Soil preparation and

JTI (Uppsala, Sweden) Soil ph Mapping On-the-Go Waived

MSP Veris MSP3 An apparent electrical conductivity mapping

investigation A soil ph mapping unit that includes a soil

cleaning water supply system Example Soil ph Mapping

Kansas Field Sandy and stony soils Soil ph Antimony

2 Soil/Buffer ph Mapping On-the-Go Soil preparation and analysis unit The University of Sydney (Sydney, Australia) JTI (Uppsala, Sweden) Soil ph Mapping On-the-Go Waived sampling disc Purdue University (West Lafayette, Indiana) Soil ph Distance from the West End, m Veris MSP Veris MSP3 An apparent electrical conductivity mapping unit comprised of 6 coulters that provide two depths of investigation A soil ph mapping unit that includes a soil sampling mechanism with two ion-selective electrodes and a cleaning water supply system Example Soil ph Mapping Antimony Electrode Directed Soil Sampling Soil ph Maps of a Kansas Field Sandy and stony soils Soil ph Antimony Electrodes R 2 = 0.99 SE = 0.23 UNL (Lincoln, Nebraska) 2006 On-the-Go Mapping Conventional ha Grid Sampling Soil ph Glass Electrodes

Integrated Direct Soil Measurement Integrated Agitated Soil Measurement UNL (Lincoln, Nebraska) 7. R 2 = 0.93 (0.

6 ph Motor-Stirrer Measured ph ph Ion-selective Electrodes (ISE) 7.

SE (Accuracy) = 0. pk 0 00 Reference soluble potassium (AAS), mg/kg Measured nitrate-nitrogen, mg/kg 00 R 2 = 0.3 (0.

2 pno3 0 pno 3 0 Reference nitrate-nitrogen (CR), mg/kg Agitation Chamber and Stirrer Soil Sampler ASM - Laboratory

0 ph Soluble potassium - atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS) - RMSE = 0.

99 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.08 ph Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.

SE (Accuracy) = 0.03 pk 0 pk 0 00 Measured nitrate-nitrogen, mg/kg pno 3 R 2 = 0.48 (0.67 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.

3 Integrated Direct Soil Measurement Integrated Agitated Soil Measurement UNL (Lincoln, Nebraska) 7. R 2 = 0.93 (0.96 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.2 ph Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.6 ph Motor-Stirrer Measured ph ph Ion-selective Electrodes (ISE) 7. Reference ph Measured soluble potassium, mg/kg 0 pk R 2 = 0.2 (0.62 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.3 pk Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0. pk 0 00 Reference soluble potassium (AAS), mg/kg Measured nitrate-nitrogen, mg/kg 00 R 2 = 0.3 (0.6 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.9 pno3 Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.2 pno3 0 pno 3 0 Reference nitrate-nitrogen (CR), mg/kg Agitation Chamber and Stirrer Soil Sampler ASM - Laboratory Test Portable Probe Reference tests: Soil ph - glass ion-selective electrode - RMSE = 0.0 ph Soluble potassium - atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS) - RMSE = 0.0 pk - Residual nitrate - cadmium reduction (CR) - RMSE = 0.02 pno 3 Measured ph R2 = 0.98 (0.99 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.08 ph Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.09 ph ph Reference ph 00 0 Measured soluble potassium, mg/kg R 2 = 0.9 (0.98 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.0 pk Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.03 pk 0 pk 0 00 Measured nitrate-nitrogen, mg/kg pno 3 R 2 = 0.48 (0.67 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.3 pno3 Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0. pno3 0 Reference soluble potassium (AAS), mg/kg Reference nitrate-nitrogen (CR), mg/kg On-the-Spot Nitrate Sensing Veris ph Detector 3 Rep Immediately Available Nitrate-N, mg/kg Rep 2 Rep 3 Avg R 2 = 0.8 Plot ID 4 Macdonald Farm (McGill) 20 Mineral nitrogen (Lab), mg/kg Nitrate activity (ISE), mg/kg One ph ISE electrode

Semi-Automatic Soil Sampling Point Measurements Temporal

measurement Predefined depth near soil surface Preconditioned

versatility Low cost Linear actuators Support frame

disc Limit switches Cutting blade http://static.guim.co.

4 Semi-Automatic Soil Sampling Point Measurements Temporal monitoring Soil profiling On-the-Spot Soil Analysis In situ measurement Predefined depth near soil surface Preconditioned surface Sensor integration Autonomous operation Vehicle versatility Low cost Linear actuators Support frame On-the-Spot Analyzer (OSA) ISEs Water jet nozzles Protecting disc Limit switches Cutting blade Hitch insert Soil preparation mechanism Electric Motor GPS receiver Speed controller DC motor OSA Prototype Custom LabView interface Magnetic reed switches Limit switch Water tank V cable Heavy duty linear motor ISE Relay driver GND cable High speed linear motor Sensor deployment mechanism USB 626 2V car battery Water pump V V OSA Control Two ph, a K, and an NO 3, ion-selective electrodes Potentiometer analog input from linear motors Relay Solenoid valve Soil preparation mechanism Standard hitch System control

Preliminary Field Testing OSA Field Operation 8 Soil ph (Laboratory) 7 6 R 2 = 0.

Filter Array Mid-Infrared (MIR) spectroscopy - 2780-096 nm or 00-800 nm OSA Highlights The

an allterrain vehicle, or another platform.

to the quality and variability of the measurements already obtained at a given site.

5 Preliminary Field Testing OSA Field Operation 8 Soil ph (Laboratory) 7 6 R 2 = Soil ph (Field) MIR Spectroscopy In situ Microscopy Diffuse Reflectance Variable Filter Array Mid-Infrared (MIR) spectroscopy nm or nm OSA Highlights The system was designed in such a way that it can be operated from the standard hitch of a pickup, an allterrain vehicle, or another platform. Measurement locations and density can be either predefined or adjusted in real time to respond to the quality and variability of the measurements already obtained at a given site. The low destruction approach makes this method applicable to specialty and perennial crop environments. E:mail: viacheslav.adamchuk@mcgill.ca

Automated On-the. the-spot Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Soil Properties. Sensor Fusion. Electrochemical Sensors

Automated On-the. the-spot Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Soil Properties. Sensor Fusion. Electrochemical Sensors The 4 th Global Workshop on Proximal Soil Sensing (Hangzhou, China) Automated On-the the-spot Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Soil Properties Viacheslav Adamchuk Bharath Sudarsan Nandkishor