Automated On-the. the-spot Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Soil Properties. Sensor Fusion. Electrochemical Sensors

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The 4 th Global Workshop on Proximal Soil Sensing (Hangzhou, China) Automated On-the the-spot

Sudarsan Nandkishor Dhawale Jasmeen Kaur Asim Biswas Bioresource Engineering Natural Resource

using Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) Soil

Nitrate (NO 3- ) Sodium (Na + ) Automated Soil Testing Soil/Buffer Mapping On-the-Go Shank

University of Sydney (Sydney, Australia) JTI (Uppsala, Sweden) Coring tube Mixing ISFET

1 The 4 th Global Workshop on Proximal Soil Sensing (Hangzhou, China) Automated On-the the-spot Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Soil Properties Viacheslav Adamchuk Bharath Sudarsan Nandkishor Dhawale Jasmeen Kaur Asim Biswas Bioresource Engineering Natural Resource Sciences McGill l University May 13, 2015 Sensor Fusion Electrochemical Sensors Potentiometry using Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) Soil Soil Reflectance Soil ECa Topography Lab data Ion activity Soil (H + ) Potassium (K + ) Nitrate (NO 3- ) Sodium (Na + ) Automated Soil Testing Soil/Buffer Mapping On-the-Go Shank Soil cutters Purdue University (West Lafayette, Indiana) and analysis unit The University of Sydney (Sydney, Australia) JTI (Uppsala, Sweden) Coring tube Mixing ISFET Electrode ~50 g soil core Water jet Add 20 ml DI H 2 O Cleaning Sample collection for calibration Waived sampling disc

Veris MSP Antimony Electrode An apparent electrical conductivity mapping unit comprised of 6 coulters that provide two depths of investigation A soil mapping unit that includes a soil sampling with

5 Soil Glass Electrodes Integrated Direct Soil Measurement Agitated Soil Measurement UNL (Lincoln, Nebraska) 7.5 6.5 R 2 = 0.93 (0.96 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.12 Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.

15 pk 0 Reference soluble potassium (AAS), mg/kg Measured nitrate-nitrogen, mg/kg 0 R 2 = 0.35 (0.61 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.19 pno3 Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.

RMSE = 0.05 Soluble potassium - atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS) - RMSE = 0.01 pk - Residual nitrate - cadmium reduction (CR) - RMSE = 0.02 pno 3 Measured R2 = 0.98 (0.99 means) 6.

2 Veris MSP Antimony Electrode An apparent electrical conductivity mapping unit comprised of 6 coulters that provide two depths of investigation A soil mapping unit that includes a soil sampling with two ion-selective electrodes and a cleaning water supply system Sandy and stony soils Soil Antimony Electrodes 6.5 R 2 = 0.99 SE = 0.23 UNL (Lincoln, Nebraska) Soil Glass Electrodes Integrated Direct Soil Measurement Agitated Soil Measurement UNL (Lincoln, Nebraska) R 2 = 0.93 (0.96 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.12 Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.16 Motor-Stirrer Measured Ion-selective Electrodes (ISE) Reference Measured soluble potassium, mg/kg 1 pk R 2 = 0.52 (0.62 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.13 pk Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.15 pk 0 Reference soluble potassium (AAS), mg/kg Measured nitrate-nitrogen, mg/kg 0 R 2 = 0.35 (0.61 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.19 pno3 Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.12 pno3 pno 3 1 Reference nitrate-nitrogen (CR), mg/kg Agitation Chamber and Stirrer Soil Sampler Agitates Soil Measurement Data Integration Reference tests: Soil - glass ion-selective electrode - RMSE = 0.05 Soluble potassium - atomic adsorption spectroscopy (AAS) - RMSE = 0.01 pk - Residual nitrate - cadmium reduction (CR) - RMSE = 0.02 pno 3 Measured R2 = 0.98 (0.99 means) 6.5 RMSE (Precision) = 0.08 Reg. SE (Accuracy) = Reference Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Receivers Digital Elevation Maps Yield Maps Remote Sensing Mobile Proximal Soil and Crop Sensing High-Resolution Sensor-Based Maps Historical Management Data Measured soluble potassium, mg/kg 0 R 2 = 0.95 (0.98 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.05 pk Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0.03 pk pk 0 Reference soluble potassium (AAS), mg/kg Measured nitrate-nitrogen, mg/kg 1 pno 3 R 2 = 0.48 (0.67 means) RMSE (Precision) = 0.13 pno3 Reg. SE (Accuracy) = 0. pno3 1 Reference nitrate-nitrogen (CR), mg/kg Clustering Methods Sensing Sites Soil Sampling and Laboratory Analysis Stationary Proximal Soil Sensing Management Zone Maps Interpolated Thematic Maps Temporal Data

3 Portable Probe Veris Detector One ISE electrode Semi-Automatic Soil Sampling Point Measurements Temporal monitoring Soil profiling On-the-Spot Soil Analysis In situ measurement Predefined depth near soil surface Preconditioned surface Sensor integration Autonomous operation Vehicle versatility Low cost Guard On-the the-spot Analyzer (OSA) ISE package Sensor deployment Sensor rinsing system Standard hitch US Patent Application No. 14/494,719

Principle of OSA GPS receiver Speed controller DC motor Custom LabView interface Linear actuators ISEs Limit switches Magnetic reed switches Heavy duty linear motor Limit switch cable Relay driver

ion-selective electrodes Potentiometer analog input from linear motors Relay Solenoid valve Sensor Package Options Ion-Selective Electrodes (antimony) and ions (PVC) Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy 2 780

(Laboratory) ISE Electrodes 8 R 2 = 0.84 R 2 = 0.84 7 SE = 0.43 6 35 5 R² = 0.87 30 SE = 2.

4 Principle of OSA GPS receiver Speed controller DC motor Custom LabView interface Linear actuators ISEs Limit switches Magnetic reed switches Heavy duty linear motor Limit switch cable Relay driver Support frame Water jet nozzles Protecting disc Cutting blade GND cable USB V car battery High speed linear motor Water pump Hitch insert Electric Motor OSA Control Two, a K, and an NO 3, ion-selective electrodes Potentiometer analog input from linear motors Relay Solenoid valve Sensor Package Options Ion-Selective Electrodes (antimony) and ions (PVC) Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy to or to 800 nm Microscopy 2 μm resolution RGB imagery Biological Activity substrate-induced CO 2 emission Physical Conditions moisture (capacitance) and temperature (IR) Soil (Laboratory) ISE Electrodes 8 R 2 = 0.84 R 2 = SE = R² = SE = 2.1 mg kg Soil (Field) 15 NO 3 -, mg kg -1 (Laboratory) 5 0 NO NO 3-, mg kg -1 (Field) MIR Spectroscopy Diffuse Reflectance Variable Filter Array Mid-Infrared (MIR) spectroscopy ( or nm MIR Spectroscopy RMSE = % sand RMSE = % clay Dhawale et al. (2015) EJSS

Substrate-Induced Soil CO 2 Emission Sensor System Sensing Soil Bioactivity Kaur et al.

HSV Geostatistics Variograms Watershed modeling Void ratio Wavelet transformation Particle

(2015) GWPSS OSA Highlights The system was designed in such a way that it can be operated

Measurement locations and density can be either predefined or adjusted in real time to

The low destruction approach makes this method applicable to specialty and perennial crop

5 Substrate-Induced Soil CO 2 Emission Sensor System Sensing Soil Bioactivity Kaur et al. (2015) Sensors 15: Soil Microscopy Soil Microscopy Color transformation RGB vs. HSV Geostatistics Variograms Watershed modeling Void ratio Wavelet transformation Particle size distribution??? SOM, g/kg R 2 = Image color (V) Biswas et al. (2015) GWPSS OSA Highlights The system was designed in such a way that it can be operated from the standard hitch of a pickup, an allterrain vehicle, or another platform. Measurement locations and density can be either predefined or adjusted in real time to respond to the quality and variability of the measurements already obtained at a given site. The low destruction approach makes this method applicable to specialty and perennial crop environments. E:mail: viacheslav.adamchuk@mcgill.ca

Development of an On-the Analyzer (OSA) for Measuring Soil Chemical Properties

Development of an On-the Analyzer (OSA) for Measuring Soil Chemical Properties 2 th International Conference on Precision Agriculture (Sacramento, California, USA) Development of an On-the the-spot Analyzer (OSA) for Measuring Soil Chemical Properties Proximal Soil Sensing Proximal