Electrostatic measurements around a cryo-jet

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1 Electrostatic measurements around a cryo-jet KIT, Pre-normative REsearch for Safe use of Liquid HYdrogen 1 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

2 Content I. Intro II. Main III. Conclusions 2 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

3 Motivation S.J. Hawksworth Spontaneous ignition of hydrogen leaks, incidents involving hydrogen releases and spontaneous ignition 86,3% of ignition sources are not identified Possible mechanisms of spontaneous ignition Open fire Spark (hot particle) (Reverse Joules Thomson effect) Hot surface Diffusion ignition Sudden adiabatic compression Electrostatic discharge Spark discharge Brush discharge Corona discharge 3 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

4 Introduction Wanted: Measurement of electric charges generated by a cold (100K) hydrogen jet. Needed: A reliable method to detect and measure the electric field of charges generated by several unknown processes. Aim: Identify those processes. Work was done by Paul Coupé for his master thesis with a little help from some other people. 4 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

5 Typical field strengths Area Field Strength Normal weather conditions Thunderstorm Breakdown in air V/m several kv/m up to ~ 30kV/m 3 MV/m 5 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

6 How people do it. Measurement of static electric field, units is V/m. Just measure the voltage between 2 points in space! Really? Why not? To measure a voltage you need at least a small current. To avoid measurement errors an extremely high input impedance is needed. High input impedance means high sensitivity to stray fields and all kinds of electromagnetic interference. But you can do it, if you invest a lot into a good shielding: see Chem. Eng. Technol. 2015, 38, No. 7, They still see some hum from the AC supplies. See next page for the device they used. We can not always shield the object of our measurement from the rest of the world. 6 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

7 Alternative equipment Keithley Electrometer 610C, extremely simple but cleverly built. New models aren't cheap (US $5,650 - US $16,100). Using modern ICs, it should be possible to built high input impedance devices. But the best circuit layout is a real challenge. 7 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

8 Field Mill Principle I Disadvantage of all normal electronic devices: Finite input impedance. What can be used instead? Electric induction. An electric field will cause moving charges. The short movie shows the principle: 8 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

9 Field Mill Principle II ➀ Chopper wheel ➁ sensor plates ➂ base plate ➃ rotary encoder ➄ drive ➅ amplifier ➆ multiplier ➇ low-pass ➈ display 9 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

10 Equipment Kleinwächter EFM 251 Dimension (L x B x H) Weight Ranges Kleinwächter Dimension (L x B x H) Weight Ranges EFM 113B 36mm x 120mm 180g Error < 5% Power supply 5kV/m, 20kV/m, 50kV/m, 200kV/m 9-15V DC / ca. 60mA Interface ±1mA (Ri < 2k) 180mm x 73mm x 73mm 820g Error < 2% Power supply 200V/m, 2kV/m, 20kV/m 7-10V DC Interface ±1V (Ri > 1k) 10 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

11 Experimental Setup Injection System to environment Test chamber Nozzle V5 V6 V1 V3 T1 PP1 V4 insulation T3 V7 Nozzle H2 V2 Flow meter Hand valves T2 P2 P T4 PTA P %H2O Ambient air H2 H2 He LN2 11 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

12 Experimental Setup Measurement system Photo 1 Photo 2 12 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

13 LN2 Pool 13 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

14 Tests Electrostatic field signal Cloud Weather Standing 1m away Taking off jacket Dielectric strength air ~ 0.1 kv/m ~ 1 kv/m > 5 kv/m kv/m 14 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

15 Results #200 and #300 Series 120K #200 & #300 Series H2 He T2 = 120~130 K P1 = 9,5 bar Ø1mm nozzle Boiling point: Water - 273K CO2-194K O2-90K N2-77K 15 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

16 Results #400 Series 120K - ø3mm Nozzle #400 Series H2 He T2 = 110~130 K P1 = 9,5 bar Ø3mm nozzle 16 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

17 Conclusion Static electric fields can be easily measured using the right equipment. Devices are not robust. They have to be shielded from dust, humidity, etc. Field mills are good for slowly varying fields. Cut off frequency is a few Hz. 17 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

18 Paul s conclusions Deduction from the results: The jet is carrying charges Mainly the front wave of the jet At cold temperature only Minimum level of humidity required Hypothesis: Charges are carried by ice particles Ice forming on the cold nozzle before the experiment Teared away by the hydrogen flow 18 PRESLHY Kick-off Meeting, April 16-20, 2018, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

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