Characterization of Biological Secretions Binding to Graphene Oxide in Water and the Specific Toxicological Mechanisms

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1 Supporting Information Characterization of Biological Secretions Binding to Graphene Oxide in Water and the Specific Toxicological Mechanisms Li Mu, Yue Gao, Xiangang Hu, Institute of Agro-environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin , China Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin , China. Number of Pages: 9 Number of Figures: 9 Number of Tables: 1 Corresponding author at: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin , China. address: huxiangang@nankai.edu.cn (X.G. Hu) S1

2 Figure S1. Proteins on nanomaterials. The left of dotted line is the proteins on graphene oxide nanosheets (GONS) during embryo exposure experiment. During the exposure, embryo culture medium is replaced every 24 h until 120 hpf. The right of dotted line is the proteins on graphene oxide nanosheets with biological secretions (GOBS). GOBS are GONS reacting with the secretions from adult zebrafish for 72 h. S2

3 Abundance a Intensity b Time--> TIC: 氯仿仿仿仿仿仿仿仿仿仿仿.D\data.ms Time, Name (1) 8.198, Butylated hydroxytoluene (2) 8.306, L-Proline (3) 9.702, Heptadecane (4) , Alanine (5) , Azelaic acid (6) , Sedoheptulose (7) , Hexadecenoic acid (8) , Hexadecanoic acid (9) , Heptadecanoic acid (10) , Heptadecanoic acid (11) , Octadecanoic acid (12) , Arachidonic acid (13) , Icosapent (14) , 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-(2-ethylphenyl)-4-[1-(2- propynyl)-1h-1,3-benzimidazol-2-yl]- Time (min) Time, Name (15)14.493, 6,10-Methano-19- norandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, 6- methoxy- (16) , 1,2- Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (17) , Monopalmitin (18) , Eicosapentaenoic acid (19) , Hexadecanoic acid (20) , Monostearin (21) Octadecanoic acid Intensity Solvent Time (min) Figure S2. Small organic molecules on nanomaterials detected using gas chromatography combined with quadrupole mass spectrometry. a, Small organic molecules on graphene oxide nanosheets with biological secretions. b, Small organic molecules on graphene oxide nanosheets. S3

4 a b c d Figure S3. Alcian blue and periodic acid-schiff staining of powders of GONS and GOBS. a, Alcian blue and periodic acid-schiff staining of powders of GONS. b, Alcian blue and periodic acid-schiff staining of powders of GOBS. c, Glue (acrylate polymer) on glass slide; d, Raman spectrum of powders of GOBS. Blue and pink arrows denote acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides on GOBS, respectively. Scale bars, 0.5 mm. Table S1. Concentrations of secretions on nanomaterials GONS GOBS Proteins Not found 11.3 ± 1.6 mg/g DNA Not found 8.3 ± 1.4 mg/kg Others Not found 23.4 ± 0.8 mg/g Others = total secretions on nanomaterials proteins DNA; total secretions on nanomaterials = GONS Mass at 700 C GOBS Mass at 700 C = 43.0 mg/g. S4

5 Figure S4. Effects of GONS and GOBS on the development of zebrafish embryos at 120 hpf. a, Percentage of death; b, percentage of malformation; c, heartbeat times. The black and red asterisks represent significance at P < 0.05 compared to the control and GONS, respectively. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate, with 20 embryos per replicate. GONS, graphene oxide nanosheets; GOBS, graphene oxide nanosheets with biological secretions; AC, activated carbon. S5

6 Figure S5. Microscopic imaging of embryonic development after exposure to GONS or GOBS. a, Control; b, GONS; c, GOBS; d, AC. The red arrows indicate tail flexure and pericardial edema. GONS, graphene oxide nanosheets; GOBS, graphene oxide nanosheets with biological secretions; AC, activated carbon. S6

a 2 µm b Thickness (nm) -5.0 0 5.0-9.5 0 9.5 0.937 nm µm 9.47 nm 2 µm Grain size mean 14197 nm 2 Grain size std dev 12236 nm 2 Number of grains 1905 Min grain size 381.

7 a 2 µm b Thickness (nm) nm µm 9.47 nm 2 µm Grain size mean nm 2 Grain size std dev nm 2 Number of grains 1905 Min grain size nm 2 Max grain size nm 2 Figure S6. Atomic force microscopic images of GONS (a) and GOBS (b). The black arrows denote nanomaterials. GONS, graphene oxide nanosheets; GOBS, graphene oxide nanosheets with biological secretions. S7

oxide nanosheets with biological secretions (GOBS, Figure S7a). The scale bars are 0.2 µm. Figure S8.

8 GONS GOBS Figure S7. Field-emission transmission electron microscopy of graphene oxide nanosheets (GONS, Figure S7a) and graphene oxide nanosheets with biological secretions (GOBS, Figure S7a). The scale bars are 0.2 µm. Figure S8. Alterations in the hydrodynamic diameters of GONS and GOBS with time. The tested concentration of nanomaterials is 1 mg/l. GONS, graphene oxide nanosheets; GOBS, graphene oxide nanosheets with biological secretions. S8

9 Figure S9. Zeta potential profiles of GONS and GOBS. GONS, graphene oxide nanosheets; GOBS, graphene oxide nanosheets with biological secretions. S9

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Page: 9. Table: 3. Figure: 9 Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Supporting Information Graphene oxide regulates the bacterial community and exhibits property