New properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization.

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Luke Crawford
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1 THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE New properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization. The cell is an organism s basic unit of structure and function. (generalized animal, plant, and bacterial cells) Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. (esp. DNA structure and function) Life s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information. (chromatin, unduplicated chromosomes (with unreplicated DNA), duplicated chromosomes (with replicated DNA), sister chomatids) Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter. From molecules to ecosystems, interactions are important in biological systems. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems. (esp. control of the cell cycle) Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment. The core theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY IN BIOLOGY In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses. Science uses many technologies for specific goals of inquiry. (esp. TEM techniques: positive stains, negative stains, colorizing, & freeze-etching) 1 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints.

2 One type of MTOC (microtubule organizing center): centrosome with centrioles. Centrioles are found here and as basal bodies in cilia and flagella of animal cells Fig

3 Fig

4 Fig

5 Important!: Angiosperms do not have centrioles in their cells, although they do have nuclear envelope-associated MTOCs (MTOC: microtubuleorganizing centers) Fig

6 Fig

7 Fig TEM with freezeetching 7

8 TEM with freezeetching Fig. 6.9 TEM with negative stain TEM with freezeetching 8

9 Isolated nuclear pore complexes TEM with negative stain Not from your text. 9

10 Nuclear envelope (TEM) stained for membranes, but location of nuclear pore complexes visible (small arrow head) TEM with positive stain Not from your text. 10

11 TEM with positive stain Fig

12 All TEMs with positive stain. Fig

13 13

14 Fig

15 Roles of cell division in eukaryotes Fig

16 Fig

17 Fig

18 Fig SEM Fig

19 Fig

20 Not in current edition. 0.5 µm Chromosomes DNA molecules Chromosome arm Centromere Chromosome duplication (including DNA synthesis) Sister chromatids Separation of sister chromatids Centromere Sister chromatids 20

21 Fig

22 Fig

23 Fig

24 Not from your text. 24

25 Not from your text. 25

26 Not from your text. 26

27 Not from your text. 27

28 Not from your text. 28

29 Not from your text. 29

30 Not from your text. 30

31 Fig

32 Not from your text. 32

Not from your text. TRY IT! http://phs.psdr3.

33 Not from your text. TRY IT! 33

34 Fig

35 Fig

36 Fig a 36

37 Fig b 37

38 Fig

39 Control of the cell cycle (this slide and next 5 slides) Fig

40 Fig

41 Fig

42 Internal Control Fig

43 External Control Fig

44 External Control Fig

45 THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE New properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization. The cell is an organism s basic unit of structure and function. (generalized animal, plant, and bacterial cells) Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. (esp. DNA structure and function) Life s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information. (chromatin, unreplicated chromosomes, replicated chromosomes, sister chomatids) Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter. From molecules to ecosystems, interactions are important in biological systems. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems. (esp. control of the cell cycle) Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment. The core theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY IN BIOLOGY In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses. Science uses many technologies for specific goals of inquiry. (esp. TEM techniques: positive stains, negative stains, colorizing, & freeze-etching) Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints. 45

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