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3 Fundamentals of General, Organic and Biological Chemistry in SI Units Cover Title Page Copyright Page About the Authors Brief Contents Contents Features Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Matter and Measurements 1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY States of Matter 1.3 Classification of Matter CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: AspirinA Case Study 1.4 Chemical Elements and Symbols 1.5 Chemical Reactions: Examples of Chemical Change 1.6 Physical Quantities: Units and Scientific Notation CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Mercury and Mercury Poisoning 1.7 Measuring Mass, Length, and Volume HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Measurement and Significant Figures 1.9 Rounding Off Numbers 1.10 Problem Solving: Unit Conversions and Estimating Answers 1.11 Temperature, Heat, and Energy CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Temperature-Sensitive Materials 1.12 Density and Specific Gravity CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Measurement Example: Obesity and Body Fat Chapter 2: Atoms and the Periodic Table 2.1 Atomic Theory and the Structure of Atoms

4 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Are Atoms Real 2.2 Elements and Atomic Number 2.3 Isotopes and Atomic Mass HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY The Periodic Table 2.5 Some Characteristics of Different Groups CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Essential Elements and Group Chemistry 2.6 Electronic Structure of Atoms HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Electron Configurations 2.8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 2.9 Electron-Dot Symbols CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Atoms and Light Chapter 3: Ionic Compounds 3.1 Ions 3.2 Ions and the Octet Rule 3.3 Ions of Some Common Elements 3.4 Periodic Properties and Ion Formation 3.5 Naming Monoatomic Ions CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Salt 3.6 Polyatomic Ions CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Biologically Important Ions 3.7 Ionic Bonds 3.8 Formulas of Ionic Compounds HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Naming Ionic Compounds HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Some Properties of Ionic Compounds CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Ionic Liquids 3.11 H+ and OH- Ions: An Introduction to Acids and Bases CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Osteoporosis Chapter 4: Molecular Compounds 4.1 Covalent Bonds

5 4.2 Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table 4.3 Multiple Covalent Bonds 4.4 Coordinate Covalent Bonds 4.5 Characteristics of Molecular Compounds 4.6 Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures 4.7 Drawing Lewis Structures CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: CO and NO: Pollutants or Miracle Molecules? 4.8 The Shapes of Molecules CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: VERY Big Molecules 4.9 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity 4.10 Polar Molecules HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Naming Binary Molecular Compounds CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Damascenone by Any Other Name Would Smell as Sweet Chapter 5: Classification and Balancing of Chemical Reactions 5.1 Chemical Equations 5.2 Balancing Chemical Equations HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Kidney Stones: A Problem in Solubility 5.4 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Redox Reactions CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Batteries 5.6 Recognizing Redox Reactions 5.7 Net Ionic Equations Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships 6.1 The Mole and Avogadro s Number 6.2 Gram Mole Conversions 6.3 Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations 6.4 Mass Relationships and Chemical

6 Equations 6.5 Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 6.1 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: AnemiaA Limiting Reagent Problem? Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium 7.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds 7.2 Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions 7.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Energy from Food HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Free Energy 7.5 How Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Reaction Rates 7.6 Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts on Reaction Rates 7.7 Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium 7.8 Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants 7.9 Le Châteliers Principle: The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Regulation of Body Temperature Chapter 8: Gases, Liquids, and Solids 8.1 States of Matter and Their Changes 8.2 Intermolecular Forces 8.3 Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory 8.4 Pressure CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming 8.5 Boyles Law: The Relation between Volume and Pressure CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Blood Pressure 8.6 Charless Law: The Relation between Volume and Temperature HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Gay-Lussacs Law: The Relation between Pressure and Temperature

7 8.8 The Combined Gas Law 8.9 Avogadros Law: The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount 8.10 The Ideal Gas Law 8.11 Partial Pressure and Dalton s Law 8.12 Liquids 8.13 Solids 8.14 Changes of State Calculations CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: CO2 as an Environmentally Friendly Solvent Chapter 9: Solutions 9.1 Mixtures and Solutions 9.2 The Solution Process CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Solid HydratesSalt + Water 9.3 Solubility 9.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility 9.5 The Effect of Pressure on Solubility: Henrys Law 9.6 Units of Concentration CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Breathing and Oxygen Transport 9.7 Dilution 9.8 Ions in Solution: Electrolytes CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Electrolytes, Fluid Replacement, and Sports Drinks 9.9 Properties of Solutions HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Dialysis CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Timed-Release Drug Delivery Systems Chapter 10: Acids and Bases 10.1 Acids and Bases: Definitions 10.2 Acid and Base Strength CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: GERDToo Much Acid or Not Enough? 10.3 Acid Dissociation Constants 10.4 Water as Both an Acid and a ase 10.5 Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solution: The ph Scale 10.6 Working with ph CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Acid Rain 10.7 Acid and Base Equivalents

8 10.8 Some Common Acid-Base Reactions HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions Buffer Solutions Titration CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Buffers in the Body: Acidosis and Alkalosis Chapter 11: Nuclear Chemistry 11.1 Nuclear Reactions 11.2 The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity 11.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes 11.4 Nuclear Decay 11.5 Radioactive Half-Life CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medical Uses of Radioactivity 11.6 Ionizing Radiation 11.7 Detecting and Measuring Radiation CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Irradiated Food 11.8 Artificial Transmutation CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Body Imaging 11.9 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 11.1 Chapter 12: Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes 12.1 The Nature of Organic Molecules 12.2 Families of Organic Molecules: Functional Groups HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY The Structure of Organic Molecules: Alkanes and Their Isomers 12.4 Drawing Organic Structures 12.5 The Shapes of Organic Molecules 12.6 Naming Alkanes CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: How Important Can a Methyl Group Really Be 12.7 Properties of Alkanes 12.8 Reactions of Alkanes MASTERING REACTIONS: Organic Chemistry and the Curved Arrow Formalism 12.9 Cycloalkanes Drawing and Naming

9 Cycloalkanes CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Surprising Uses of Petroleum Chapter 13: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes 13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes 13.3 The Structure of Alkenes: CisTrans Isomerism HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes 13.5 Types of Organic Reactions CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Chemistry of Vision and Color 13.6 Addition Reactions of Alkenes MASTERING REACTIONS: How Addition Reactions Occur 13.7 Alkene Polymers 13.8 Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene 13.9 Naming Aromatic Compounds Reactions of Aromatic Compounds CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enediyne Antibiotics: A Newly Emerging Class of Antitumor Agents Chapter 14: Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen 14.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 14.2 Naming Alcohols 14.3 Properties of Alcohols 14.4 Reactions of Alcohols MASTERING REACTIONS: How Eliminations Occur 14.5 Phenols 14.6 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols 14.7 Ethers CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Inhaled Anesthetics 14.8 Thiols and Disulfides 14.9 Halogen-Containing Compounds Stereochemistry and Chirality HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 14.1 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Ethanol as a Toxin Chapter 15: Aldehydes and Ketones 15.1 The Carbonyl Group

10 15.2 Naming Simple Aldehydes and Ketones CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Chemical Warfare among the Insects 15.3 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 15.4 Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones 15.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 15.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 15.7 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 15.1 MASTERING REACTIONS: Carbonyl Additions CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: When Is Toxicity Beneficial? Chapter 16: Amines 16.1 Classifying Amines 16.2 Naming and Drawing Amines 16.3 Properties of Amines HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds 16.5 Basicity of Amines 16.6 Amine Salts 16.7 Amines in Plants: Alkaloids CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Calming a Stormy Mind: Amines as Anti-Anxiety Medications Chapter 17: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 17.1 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Properties and Names HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Acidity of Carboxylic Acids CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medicinally Important Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives 17.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Ester and Amide Formation 17.4 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides 17.5 Polyamides and Polyesters 17.6 Phosphoric Acid Derivatives CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medications, Body Fluids, and the Solubility Switch Chapter 18: Amino Acids and Proteins 18.1 An Introduction to Biochemistry

11 18.2 Proteins and Their Functions: An Overview 18.3 Amino Acids 18.4 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Protein Analysis by Electrophoresis 18.5 Peptides HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 18.1 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Proteins in the Diet 18.6 Protein Structure: An Overview and Primary Protein Structure (1 ) CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What Is Sickle-Cell Anemia 18.7 Secondary Protein Structure (2 ) 18.8 Tertiary Protein Structure (3 ) 18.9 Quaternary Protein Structure (4 ) Chemical Properties of Proteins HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 18.2 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Imperfect CollagenAn Unfortunate Event Chapter 19: Enzymes and Vitamins 19.1 Catalysis by Enzymes HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Enzyme Cofactors HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Enzyme Classification MASTERING REACTIONS: How to Read Biochemical Reactions 19.4 How Enzymes Work 19.5 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 19.6 Enzyme Regulation: Inhibition 19.7 Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric Control and Feedback Inhibition 19.8 Enzyme Regulation: Covalent Modification and Genetic Control CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs 19.9 Vitamins, Antioxidants, and Minerals CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Labels CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enzymes in Medical Diagnosis

12 Chapter 20: Carbohydrates 20.1 An Introduction to Carbohydrates 20.2 Handedness of Carbohydrates and Fischer Projections 20.3 Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Some Important Monosaccharides CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Blood Type 20.5 Reactions of Monosaccharides 20.6 Common Disaccharides 20.7 Some Important Polysaccharides Based on Glucose CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Bacterial Cell Walls: Rigid Defense Systems HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 20.2 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Carbohydrates and Fiber in the Diet Chapter 21: The Generation of Biochemical Energy 21.1 Energy, Life, and Biochemical Reactions CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Plants and Photosynthesis 21.2 Cells and Their Structure 21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production 21.4 Strategies of Metabolism: ATP and Energy Transfer CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Harmful Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Vitamins 21.5 Strategies of Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Basal Metabolism HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes 21.7 The Citric Acid Cycle 21.8 The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Metabolic Poisons Chapter 22: Carbohydrate Metabolism 22.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates 22.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview 22.3 Glycolysis 22.4 Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Tooth Decay 22.5 The Fate of Pyruvate

13 HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Energy Output in Complete Glucose Catabolism 22.7 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Metabolism during Stress HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 22.2 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Biochemistry of Running 22.8 Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis 22.9 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis from Noncarbohydrates CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes Chapter 23: Lipids 23.1 Structure and Classification of Lipids 23.2 Fatty Acids and Their Esters 23.3 Properties of Fats and Oils CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Lipids in the Diet HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols 23.5 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 23.6 Sterols 23.7 Cell Membranes: Structure and Transport CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 23.2 Chapter 24: Lipid Metabolism 24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols 24.2 Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport 24.3 Triacylglycerol Metabolism: An Overview 24.4 Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols 24.5 Oxidation of Fatty Acids 24.6 Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The LiverClearinghouse for Metabolism 24.7 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Fat Storage, Lipids, and Atherosclerosis HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 24.1 Chapter 25: Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism 25.1 Digestion of Proteins

14 HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Amino Acid Metabolism: An Overview 25.3 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Amino Group 25.4 The Urea Cycle CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Gout: When Biochemistry Goes Awry 25.5 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Carbon Atoms 25.6 Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Importance of Essential Amino Acids and Effects of Deficiencies Chapter 26: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 26.1 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes 26.2 Composition of Nucleic Acids 26.3 The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains 26.4 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson Crick Model 26.5 Nucleic Acids and Heredity 26.6 Replication of DNA 26.7 Structure and Function of RNA 26.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis 26.9 The Genetic Code HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 26.1 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Influenza: Variations on a Theme Translation: trna and Protein Synthesis Chapter 27: Genomics 27.1 Mapping the Human Genome 27.2 DNA and Chromosomes 27.3 Mutations and Polymorphisms HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Recombinant DNA CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Polymerase Chain Reaction 27.5 Genomics: Using What We Know CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: DNA Fingerprinting Chapter 28: Chemical Messengers: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Drugs

15 28.1 Messenger Molecules 28.2 Hormones and the Endocrine System 28.3 How Hormones Work: Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight 28.4 Amino Acid Derivatives, Polypeptides, and Steroid Hormones CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Homeostasis 28.5 Neurotransmitters 28.6 How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its Agonists and Antagonists 28.7 Histamines, Antihistamines, and Important Neurotransmitters HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 28.1 Chapter 29: Body Fluids 29.1 Body Water and Its Solutes 29.2 Fluid Balance HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY Blood CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The BloodBrain Barrier 29.4 Plasma Proteins, White Blood Cells, and Immunity 29.5 Blood Clotting 29.6 Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases 29.7 The Kidney and Urine Formation 29.8 Urine Composition and Function CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What s in Your Blood Test Appendices Answers to Selected Problems Glossary Credits Index A B C D E F G H I

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