UNIT 3 CHEMISTRY. Fundamental Principles in Chemistry

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1 UNIT 3 CHEMISTRY NOTE: This list has been compiled based on the topics covered in the 2016 Master Class program. Once all of the 2017 Chemistry program materials have been finalised, this summary will be updated to reflect any topic changes that have come into effect with the introduction of the new Study Design. Fundamental Principles in Chemistry Atoms Elements Molecules Isotopes Relative Isotopic Mass Relative Atomic Mass Relative Molecular Mass Relative Formula Mass Molar Mass A Review of Bonding Metallic Bonding Key Properties of Metals Limitations of the Metallic Bonding Model Ionic Bonding The Model of an Ionic Compound Writing Formulae for Ionic Compounds Covalent Bonding Drawing Lewis Dot Diagrams Shapes of Molecules Polarity of Molecules Identifying Polar Molecules Intermolecular Forces Dispersion Forces Dipole Dipole Attraction Hydrogen Bonding Summary of Bonding Types Properties of Molecular Elements and Compounds Covalent Network Lattices Covalent Layer Lattices

2 Errors in Experiments Random Errors Systematic Errors Accuracy and Precision Relationships Used in Stoichiometry Standard Form Significant Figures Molar Mass and Mole The Mole Concept/Avogadro s Constant Percentage Composition Density Mole Calculations Involving Concentration Other Ways of Expressing Concentration Percentages Parts Per Million and Parts Per Billion Converting Concentration Units Dilutions and Aliquots Gases The Kinetic Molecular Theory Mole Calculations Involving Gases Standard Gas Conditions Different Conditions Involving the Same Gas Empirical and Molecular Formulae Acids and Bases Classification of Acids Amphoteric Substances Strengths of Acids Measuring the Acidity of a Solution: The ph Scale Calculating the ph of a Solution at 25 o C The ph of Strong Acids and Bases The ph of Strong Polyprotic Acids The ph of Weak Acids and Bases Redox Chemistry Half Equations Oxidants Reductants Identifying Redox Reactions Oxidation Numbers Determining the Oxidation Number of a Specific Element Determining the Oxidation Numbers of all Elements in a Sample Identifying Redox Processes Strengths of Oxidants and Reductants

3 Chemical Reactions and Their Equations Writing Balanced Chemical Equations Solubility Properties of Common Ionic Substances Adding Cations and Anions Writing Redox Equations Ionic Equations What Does a Balanced Chemical Equation Tell Us? Solving Questions Involving Chemical Equations Percentage Yield Volume Volume Calculations The ph of a Mixture of Solutions Chemical Analysis Choosing the Appropriate Analytical Techniques Instruments and Requirements Analytical Techniques Summary Analytical Tool 1 Physical and Chemical Properties Analytical Tool 2 Gravimetric Analysis Determination of the Water Content in a Sample Gravimetric Analysis Using Precipitation Reactions Effects of Incorrect Techniques on Calculations Determining the Molecular Formula of an Organic Compound Analytical Tool 3 Volumetric Analysis Apparatus Used in Volumetric Analyses Performing Acid Base Titrations Primary Standards Preparing Standard Solutions Acid Base Indicators Choosing an Indicator for a Titration Titration Curves Broad and Sharp Endpoints Titration of a Strong Acid Against a Strong Base Titration of a Weak Acid Against a Strong Base Titration of a Strong Acid Against a Weak Base Titration of a Weak Acid Against a Weak Base Other Titration Curves Errors Associated With Incorrect Experimental Procedures Equipment Based Errors Errors Involving Primary Standards Errors Involving Indicator Choice Effects of Errors Summary Acid Base Back Titrations Redox Titrations

4 Analytical Tool 4 Spectroscopy Electromagnetic Radiation Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Effects of Radiation on Atoms Using Radiation in Spectroscopy Types of Spectroscopic Analyses Emission Spectroscopy Qualitative Analysis Flame Tests Performing a Flame Test Limitations of Using Flame Tests Advantages of Using Flame Tests Spectroscopes and Emission Spectra Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Absorption Spectroscopy Quantitative Analysis Standard Curves/Calibration Curves Visible Spectroscopy (Colorimetry The Components of a Visible Spectrometer (Colorimeter) Complementary Colours Advantages of Visible Spectroscopy Disadvantages of Visible Spectroscopy Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) The Components of an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Operation Analogy The Light Source The Atomiser The Monochromator/Slit The Detector The Readout Uses of AAS Advantages of AAS UV Visible Spectroscopy The Components of a Simple UV Visible Spectrometer The Components of a Double Beam Scanning Spectrometer Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis

5 Analytical Tool 4 Spectroscopy Continued Infrared Spectroscopy The IR Spectrometer Instrument & Operation Infrared Spectra Qualitative Analysis How to Analyse Infrared Spectra Method Quantitative Analysis Advantages of Infrared Spectroscopy NMR Spectroscopy Principles of NMR Spectroscopy The NMR Spectrometer General Operating Principles Instrument & Operation in Detail Resonance and Chemical Environment Equivalent Nuclei Determining Equivalence in Carbon 13 NMR Spectroscopy Determining Equivalence in H NMR Spectroscopy NMR Spectra in Detail Carbon 13 NMR Spectroscopy Analysing Carbon 13 NMR Spectra Proton NMR Spectroscopy Identifying the Type of Hydrogen Producing a Peak Important Proton NMR Shift Values Low Resolution Proton Spectroscopy Integration Traces Analysing Low Resolution Proton Spectra High Resolution Proton Spectroscopy Why Does Splitting Occur? Splitting Rules Analysing High Resolution Proton Spectra

6 Analytical Tool 5 Mass Spectroscopy The Mass Spectrometer Mass Spectroscopy of Elements Mass Spectroscopy of Molecular Compounds The Mass Spectrum The Molecular Ion(s) Cracking/Fragmentation Patterns Analytical Tool 6 Chromatography Adsorption Chromatography Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography Column Chromatography in General High Performance Liquid Chromatography Gas Liquid Chromatography Matching Analytical Techniques to Tasks Mixed Questions Organic Chemistry Review in Chemical Bonding Organic Families Formulae Used to Describe Molecules The Alkanes The Alkenes Alkyl Groups Properties of Non Cyclic Hydrocarbons Properties of Alkanes Properties of Alkenes Ethene Cyclic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbons Isomers Naming Hydrocarbon Molecules Functional Groups Alkyl Halides (Haloalkanes) Properties of Alkyl Halides Solubility Properties Patterns in Isomers Systematic Naming of Simple Alkyl Halides

7 Alkanols (Alcohols) Properties of Alkanols Solubility Properties Patterns in Isomers Systematic Naming of Simple Alkanols Carboxylic Acids Properties of Carboxylic Acids Patterns in Isomers Systematic Naming of Simple Carboxylic Acids Isomers of Carboxylic Acids Amines Properties of Amines Systematic Naming of Simple Amines Esters Properties of Esters Patterns in Isomers Systematic Naming of Simple Esters Naming Organic Molecules The IUPAC System Reactions Involving Organic Compounds Reaction Pathways A. Reactions Involving Alkanes Combustion Reactions Substitution Reactions B. Reactions Involving Alkenes Combustion Reactions Addition Reactions C. Reactions Involving Alkylhalides Production of Alcohols Production of Amines D. Reactions Involving Amines

8 E. Reactions Involving Alkanols Combustion Reactions Production of Amines Dehydration Reactions Acid-Base Reactions Oxidation Reactions (Production of Carboxylic Acids) F. Reactions Involving Carboxylic Acids Acid-Base Reactions Oxidation Reactions (Production of Esters) Hydrolysis of Esters Production of Polyesters Miscellaneous Questions Design and Synthesis of Medicines Aspirin Reactions of Functional Groups Summary of the Major Organic Reactions Biomolecules Building Macromolecules Hydrolysis Reactions Carbohydrates Classification of Carbohydrates Functional Groups Monosaccharides General Monosaccharide Properties Disaccharides Common Disaccharides Hydrolysis of the Ether Link Polysaccharides Glycogen Cellulose Starch The Carbohydrate Cycle

9 Lipids: Fats and Oils Properties of Lipids Importance of Fats and Oils Fatty Acids Classification of Fatty Acids Triglycerides Classification of Triglycerides Hydrogenation The Lipid Cycle Proteins Importance of Proteins The Amino Acid (or 2 Amino Acid) Properties of Amino Acids The Buffering Action of Amino Acids Proteins and Polypeptides Hydrolysis of the Peptide Link Protein Structure Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Denaturation and Coagulation of Proteins Enzymes Enzyme Activity Effects of ph on Enzyme Activity Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Effects of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity The Protein Cycle Proteomics Nucleic Acids (Polynucleotides) Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA) Primary Structure of DNA Secondary Structure of DNA Tertiary Structure of DNA Replication of DNA DNA and Protein Production DNA Fingerprinting Summary of Biomolecule Characteristics Identifying Molecules Production and Uses of Biochemical Fuels Biogas Ethanol Biodiesel