3.3. Physical and Chemical Changes. Before You Read. What is a physical change? What is a chemical change?

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1 Physical and Chemical Changes Textbook pages Section 3.3 Summary Before You Read Cooking an egg is a chemical change. Boiling water is a physical change. What do you think is the difference between a chemical change and a physical change? Mark the Text Reinforce Your Understanding As you read this section, highlight the main point of each paragraph. Use a different colour to highlight an example that helps explain the main point, or write your own. Reading Check 1. What is formed in a chemical change? What is a physical change? During a physical change, a substance changes in form but not in its chemical composition. No new substances are formed. Ice melting is an example of a physical change. Some of the properties of liquid water are different from the properties of solid water. But the chemical composition of the water has not changed and no new substances have been produced. All changes of state are physical changes. Other physical changes include cutting, grinding, and tearing substances. Dissolving salt in water is also a physical change. The individual salt ions and water molecules do not change when salt is dissolved in water. What is a chemical change? A chemical change causes one or more new substances to be formed. Burning paper is an example of a chemical change. The smoke that escapes and the grey-black solid that is left behind (ash) are new substances. Each new substance has properties and chemical compositions that are different from the original paper. In any chemical change, the starting substances that react are called reactants, and the substances that result are called products. In a chemical change, new chemical bonds are formed while other chemical bonds are broken. 50 MHR Section 3.3 Physical and Chemical Changes 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

2 Section 3.3 Summary How can you tell if a change is chemical? Some chemical changes are easy to observe. When fireworks explode, energy is released in the form of heat, light, and sound. Other chemical changes may be more difficult to observe. If you can make two or more of the following observations, then a chemical change probably has taken place. Heat is produced or absorbed. One or both reactants are used up. There is a change in colour. Gas bubbles form in a liquid. A solid forms in a liquid. How is energy involved with physical and chemical changes? All changes in matter involve changes in energy. Energy is either released or absorbed. The energy is often in the form of heat, but it also may be in the form of sound or light. If energy is released, the process is described as exothermic. Water freezing, iron rusting, and natural gas burning are examples of exothermic changes. If energy is absorbed, the process is described as endothermic. Cooking an egg, baking bread, and melting ice are examples of endothermic changes. continued Reading Check 2. In what kind of process is energy absorbed? 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 3.3 Physical and Chemical Changes MHR 51

3 Cloze Comprehension Activity Section 3.3 Use with textbook pages Evidence of chemical change Vocabulary changes of state chemical endothermic energy exothermic gas bubbles heat light liquid physical product reactant Use the terms in the vocabulary box to fill in the blanks. Each term may be used more than once. You will not need to use every term. solid sound 1. A(n) change produces new substances with new properties. An example of this would be rust forming on an iron nail. 2. In a(n) change, the appearances of substances change, but no new substances are produced. An example of this would be the melting of a chocolate bar. 3. All (for example, boiling, freezing, and melting) are physical changes because they do not produce new substances. 4. Dissolving salt in water is an example of a(n) change. Burning paper is an example of a(n) change. 5. When baking soda is added to vinegar, a gas is formed. In this example, baking soda is a(n) and the gas formed is called the. 6. In a chemical reaction, or a(n) might form in a liquid. 7. An explosion is an example of a(n) process. The energy released in this type of reaction is usually in the form of,, or. 8. In a(n) process, energy is absorbed from the surrounding environment. 52 MHR Section 3.3 Physical and Chemical Changes 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

4 Illustrating Concepts Section 3.3 Use with textbook pages Chemical change and physical change 1. Define the following terms. (a) chemical change (b) physical change 2. Identify whether the example is a physical change or a chemical change. (a) ice cream melting (b) rust forming on a car (c) a tire inflating with air (d) food digesting in the stomach (e) cutting a piece of paper into two pieces (f) acid on limestone producing carbon dioxide gas 3. For a slice of bread and a piece of wood, draw an example of each of the following changes. (a) A slice of bread physical change (b) A slice of bread chemical change (c) A piece of wood physical change (d) A piece of wood chemical change 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 3.3 Physical and Chemical Changes MHR 53

5 Comprehension Section 3.3 Use with textbook pages Endothermic or exothermic? 1. Define the following terms. (a) exothermic (b) endothermic 2. What type of process exothermic or endothermic is shown in each illustration? (a) 3. Identify each of the following changes as exothermic or endothermic by placing a checkmark in the correct box. (b) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Description Exothermic Endothermic ice melting water boiling water freezing dynamite exploding fireworks lighting up the sky trees burning during a forest fire cold pack used for an injury gasoline burning in an engine match burning after it is rubbed on a rough surface 54 MHR Section 3.3 Physical and Chemical Changes 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

6 Assessment Section 3.3 Use with textbook pages Physical and chemical changes Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once. Term 1. physical change 2. chemical change 3. exothermic 4. endothermic Descriptor A. heat is given off B. heat is absorbed C. does not involve heat D. new products are formed E. appearance of substance changes Circle the letter of the best answer. 5. Which of the following is an example of a physical change? A. a glacier melting B. a campfire burning C. an antacid tablet fizzing after it is placed in water D. carbon dioxide being produced in the engine of a running car 6. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change? A. a lake freezing over B. grinding rocks into gravel C. sugar dissolving in a cup of tea D. a candle burning 7. When an iron nail is left out in the rain, the iron combines with oxygen in the air to form iron (III) oxide, which is commonly known as rust. What do the iron and oxygen represent? A. the products B. the reactants C. the physical change D. the chemical change 8. A student adds a white powder to a clear liquid and the mixture begins to bubble. The student notices that the side of the container feels warm. What is this an example of? I. a physical change II. III. IV. A. I and III only B. I and IV only a chemical change C. II and III only D. II and IV only an exothermic reaction an endothermic reaction 9. Which of the following are evidence that a chemical change has occurred? I. a colour change II. III. a solid forms A. I and II only B. I and III only bubbles of gas form C. II and III only D. I, II, and III 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 3.3 Physical and Chemical Changes MHR 55

7 SCIENCE 8 DENSITY CALCULATIONS WORKSHEET NAME: 1) A student measures the mass of an 8 cm 3 block of brown sugar to be 12.9 g. What is the density of the brown sugar? 2) A chef fills a 50 ml container with 43.5 g of cooking oil. What is the density of the oil? 3) Calculate the mass of a liquid with a density of 2.5 g/ml and a volume of 15 ml. 4) Calculate the volume of a liquid with a density of 5.45 g/ml and a mass of 65 g. 5) A machine shop worker records the mass of an aluminum cube as 176 g. If one side of the cube measures 4 cm, what is the density of the aluminum? 6) A teacher performing a demonstration finds that a piece of cork displaces 23.5 ml of water. The piece of cork has a mass of 5.7 g. What is the density of the cork? 7) A carver begins work on the following block of granite that weighs 2700 g. What is the density of the granite? 10 cm 20 cm 5 cm 8) A piece of PVC plumbing pipe displaces 60 ml when placed into a container of water. If the pipe has a mass of 78 g, what is the density of PVC? 9) A solid magnesium flare has a mass of 1300 g and a volume of 743 cm 3. What is the density of the magnesium?

8 10) A graduated cylinder has a mass of 50 g when empty. When 30 ml of water is added, the graduated cylinder has a mass of 120 g. If a rock is added to the graduated cylinder, the water level rises to 75 ml and the total mass is now 250 g. What is the density of the rock? 11) A student performs an experiment with three unknown fluids and obtains the following measurements: Fluid A: m = 2060 g, V = 2000 ml Fluid B: m = 672 g, V = 850 ml Fluid C: m = 990 g, V = 1100 ml Draw how the fluids would be layered if they were combined in a beaker. 12) Use your density skills to find the identity of the following mystery objects. Table of Densities Solids Density g/cm 3 Solids Density g/cm 3 Marble 2.56 Copper 8.92 Quartz 2.64 Gold Diamond 3.52 Platinum 21.4 While digging in the backyard, you find an old coin. Its mass is g and its volume is 3 cm. You think you have found a diamond. Its mass is 5.28 g and its volume is 2 cm 3. What is the coin made of? What did you find? You find a ring with a mass of 107 g. You fill a graduated cylinder up with 10 ml of water and put the ring into the cylinder. The water rises up to the 15 ml mark. There is a block on your desk that acts as a paperweight. Its measurements are 3 cm by 4 cm by 6 cm. The block has a mass of g. What is the ring made of? What is the block made of?