Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation. A Health Risk Assessment

Transcription

1 Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation A Health Risk Assessment

2 NA TO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A B C o E F G H Life Sciences Physics Mathematical and Physical Sciences Behavioral and Social Sciences Applied Sciences Computer and Systems Sciences Ecological Sciences Cell Biology Plenum Publishing Corporation New York and London Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston, and London Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, and Tokyo Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 238-Physics, Geometry, and Topology edited by H. C. Lee Volume 239-Kinetics of Ordering and Growth at Surfaces edited by Max G. Lagally Volume 240-Global Climate and Ecosystem Change edited by Gordon J. MacDonald and Luigi Sertorio Volume 241-Applied Laser Spectroscopy edited by Wolfgang DemtrOder and Massimo Inguscio Volume 242-Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation: A Health Risk Assessment edited by M. Grandolfo, A. Rindi, and D. H. Sliney Volume 243-Davydov's Soliton Revisited: Self-Trapping of Vibrational Energy in Protein edited by Peter L. Christiansen and Alwyn C. Scott Volume 244-Nonlinear Wave Processes in Excitable Media edited by Arun V. Holden, Mario Markus, and Hans G. Othmer Volume 245-Dlfferential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics: Physics and Geometry edited by Ling-Lie Chau and Werner Nahm Series B: Physics

3 Light, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation A Health Risk Assessment Edited by M. Grandolfo National Institute of Health Rome, Italy A. Rindi Sincrotrone Trieste Trieste, Italy and D. H. Sliney u.s. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

4 Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute/Ninth Course of the International School of Radiation Damage and Protection on Optical Sources, Lasers and Synchrotron Radiation: Biological Effects and Hazard Potential, held May 9-20, 1989, in Erice, Sicily, Italy Library of Congress Catslog1ng-1n-Pub11 cation Data NATO Advanced Study Institute/Ninth Course of the International School of Radiation Daaage and Protection on Optical Sources, Lasers, and Synchrotron Radiation: Biological Effects and Hazard Potential (1989 : Erice, Italy) Light, lasers, and synchrotron radiation -. a health risk assessment / edited by M. Orandolfo, A. Rlndi, and D.H. Simey. p. en. (NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics ; v. 242) "Published 1n cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographical references and Index. ISBN Light Health aspects Congresses. 2. Laser beans Health aspects Congresses. 3. Synchrotron radiation Health aspects- -Congresses. 4. Health risk assessnent Congresses. I. Grandolfo, M. II. R1nd1, Alessandro. III. Sllney, David H. IV. Title. V. Series. RA569.3.N ' dc CIP ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press New York in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 FOREWORD This volume contains the formal record of the lectures presented at the 9th Course of the International School of Radiation Damage and Protection held at the "E.Majorana" International Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice (Italy) from May 9 to May 20, This course was the last of a series of 4 courses, started in 1981, that were dedicated to the assessment of risk hazard from non-ionizing radiation. The proceedings of these courses were all published by Plenum Press with the following headings: 1) M.Grandolfo, S.M.Michaelson and A.Rindi, Eds.: "Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation; Radiofrequency and Microwave Energy", Plenum Press, New York, NATO ASI Series A Life Sciences, Vo1.49 (1983); 2) M.Grandolfo, S.M.Michaelson and A.Rindi, Eds.: "Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Static and ELF Electromagnetic Fields", Plenum Press, New York, E.Majorana International Science Series, Life Sciences, Vol.19 (1985) ; 3) M.H.Repacholi, M.Grandolfo and A.Rindi, Eds.: "Ultrasound; medical applications, biological effects and hazard potential", Plenum Press, New York (1987). We hope that all these volumes together may represent a complete textbook and a reference for the students and scientists interested in the physics, biology, measurement and dosimetry, health effects and standard setting, in short, the risk assessment of that wide field of radiation presently classified as non-ionizing radiation. We are indebted to the Associa?ione Italiana Protezione dalle Radiazioni (AIRP), The Internat:l.onal Not! Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association (INIRC/IRPA), the Istituto Superiore di Sanita I, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, the Sincrotrc>ne Tr:f.este, and the Sicilian Regional Government for sponsoring and supporting the Course. We acknowledge with great appreciation the cooperation and skilled assistance of Mrs.Franca Grisanti and Mr.Giacomo Monteleone of the Physics Laboratory of the Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy. We take the opportunity to thank all the lecturers and students that, by participating to the courses from all around the world, made possible this endeavor. M. Grando!fo A.Rindi D.H.S linoy v

6 CONTENTS THE SOURCES AND THE INTERACTION WITH MATTER Fundamentals of Optical Physics... 1 M. Grandolfo Characteristics of Optical Noncoherent Sources J. Bernhardt Lamps and Lighting Systems A.F. McKinlay Characteristics of Synchrotron Radiation E. Burattini Characteristics of Coherent Optical Sources F. Hillenkamp and W.J. Marshall Radiation Interactions with Matter: Some General Considerations on the Ionizing/Non-Jonf.:dng Boundary Region M. Fabretto and A. Rindi THE DETECTION Radiometric Measurements for Broadband Optical Sources J.II. Bernhardt Laser Beam Diagnostics W. J. Marshall Laser Radiation Detectors J. Franks Quantitative Determination of Ultraviolet Radiation W.J. Marshall Measurements of Welding Arcs and Plasma Arcs P. Eriksen Ultraviolet Exposure in the Outdoor Environment: Measurements of A m b j ' Ultraviolet ~ n t Exposure Levels at Large Zenith Angles D.H. Sliney, R.L. Wood, Jr., P.M. Moscato, W.J. Marshall, and P. Eriksen vii

7 THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye A. Checcucci Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin A. Checcucci Biological Effects of Coherent and Noncoherent IR Radiation L.A. Court, and D. Courant Infrared Radiation and the Eye P.G. Soderberg Infrared Energy and Skin: Biological Effects and Health Hazards A. Checcucci Potential Ocular and Skin Hazards from Lamps and Projector Systems J. Franks Ultraviolet Radiation and the Eye D.H. Sliney UI traviolet Mutagenes is Quinto, M. Mallardo. M.R. Ruocco, A. Arcllcci, and G. Scala RISK ASSESSMENT, PROTECTION AND STANDARDS Laser Output Parameters Necessary for Hazard Assessment J. Franks Control of Outdoor Laser Hazards J. Franks Protective Screens and Fi.lters for IR Protection P. Eriksen Welding Safety Measures and Welding Filters P.G. Soderberg Laser Eye Protectors P.K. Galoff Visible and Infra-Red Radiation (Non Laser) Protection Standards A.F. McKinlay UI traviolet Standards B.F.M. Bosnjakovic IRPA/INIRC Guidelines on Ultraviolet J.n. Bernhardt Laser Safety Standards: Historical Development and Rationale D.n. Sliney viii

8 The IRPA/INIRC Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Laser Radiation D.H. Sliney Medical Surveillance in Laser Working Sites P.G. Soderberg and D.H. Sliney APPLICATIONS AND RELATED TOPICS Medical Lasers and Biological Criteria and Limits of Their Therapeutic Effects L.A. Court and D. Courant Current and Future Applications of Lasers in Medicine M.ll. Repacho1i, G. McLennan, A. Pugatschew, and R. Hancock Towards a Solution of the Ozone Layer Depletion Problem B.F.M. Bosnjakovic Participants Index