The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division

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1 Black Hole Physics

2 NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A LHe Sciences B Physics C Mathematical and Physical Sciences D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences H Cell Biology I Global Environmental Change Plenum Publishing Corporation London and New York Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston and London Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, London. Paris and Tokyo NATo-PCo-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German ( WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 364

3 81ack Hale Physics edited by Venzo De Sabbata Department of Physics, University of Bologna, Bolonga, Italy and Department of Physics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy and Zhenjiu Zhang Department of Physics, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, P.R. China Springer-Science+Business Media, B. V.

4 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Black Hole Physics (12th Course of the International School of Cosmology and Gravitation ofthe Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture) Erice, ltaly May 12-22, 1991 Ubrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publlcatlon Data Black hole physics : proceedlngs of the NATO Advanced Study Institute (12th Course of the International School of Cosmology and Gravitation of the Ettore Majorana Centre for Sclentific Culture). Erlce. Italy. May I edited by Venzo De Sabbata and Zhenjiu Zhang. p. cm. -- (NArO ASI series. Series C. Mathematical and physlcal sciences ; voi. 364) Inc 1 udes index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / lack holes (Astronomy)--Congresses. 2. AstrophysiCS -Congresses. I. De Sabbata. Venzo. Il. Zhang. Zhenjiu. III. International School of Cosmology and Gravltation (12th 1991 : Erlce. Italy) IV. Ser ies: NArO ASI serles. Series C. Mathematlcal and physlcal sciences ; no, 364. OB843.B '875--dc ISBN Printed on acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1992 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface vii Physics of Black Holes: Classical. Quantum and Astrophysical Zhang, Zhenjiu Black Holes and Thermodynamics Robert M.Wald Thermodynamics and Black Holes Peter T.Landsberg Thermodynamics and Internal Dynamics of Black Holes: some recent developments Werner Israel Black-Hole Thermodynamics, Mass-Inflation, and Evaporation Don N.Page The central role of Spin in Black Hole Evaporation Venzo de Sabbata and C.Sivaram Mechanics and Equilibrium Geometry of Black Holes, Membranes, and Strings B.Carter String Quantum Gravity and Black Holes N.Sanchez scattering Matrix for a Quantized Black Hole G. 't Hooft Possible Multi-Explosions of Supernovae and Induced Gravitational Collapse Chengrui Ching, Tsohsiu Ho, Yiren Wang and Jing Yao Concluding Remarks Peter G.Bergmann Index

6 PREFACE In these last years Black hole Physics has developed rapidly both from theoretical and observational aspects: especially as regards quantum aspects many things must be clarified as for instance the processes occuring near mini black holes with spontaneous creation of particles that eventually lead to the evaporation of black hole. In these last stages probably a connection with string theory will appears. This field of research was subject of the NATO Adavanced study Institute on "Black Hole Physics" which was held at the Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture in Erice (Sicily, Italy) from May 12th through May 22th, It was at the same time the 12th Course of the International School of Cosmology and Gravitation. During this 12th Course, after recalling the starting point that is the concept of black hole in Newton theory, the lectures are gone through classical, quantum, cosmological and astrophysical aspects. Of course in order to understand fully the behaviour of these objects one is faced with a large number of broad areas related to different branches of physics. In fact have been widely treated not only classical aspects, thermodynamics, entropy, internal dynamics, cosmology, inflation and astrophysics but quantum behaviour involving creation of particles, Hawking radiation, until the modern theory of strings and superstrings that claims the unification of all interactions. So the physics involved and discussed in the various lectures goes from cosmology and very early universe to that of elementary particles including neutrino physics. In particular emphasis has been put on Bekenstein theorem, entropy-energy relation, the famous Israel-Penrose theorem with the concept of cosmic censorship and naked singularity, gravitational radiation from binary black holes, coalescence and the problem of maximal acceleration. Several contributions concern the radiation from spherical accretion onto a black hole both for Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes and the evidence of compact X-ray sources. Penrose diagrams were showed in detail and also the concept of membrane paradigme and event horizon. vii

7 viii One very important new point discussed during the lectures has been the introduction of spin in the physics of black holes showing its central role, when correctly put into the Einstein equations through the geometric concept of torsion, with the new concept of time-temperature uncertainty relation, black hole evaporation and minimal time, quantization of entropy, minimum entropy and the connection of black holes with wormholes. Besides these theoretical aspects, evidence for black hole has been discussed, both in active galactic nuclei, in binary x-ray sources and in supernova remnants. As regards these latter, has been emphasized three possible historical new candidates from the careful study of ancient chinese documents. The editors wish to conclude this preface by thanking the NATO Scientific Affairs Division which provided the basic funding of the School, and the Ettore Majorana Center for SCientific Culture which made a considerable financial contribution. We should like to express our strong appreciation to Dr.Gabriele and his staff at the Center in Erice who provided excellent administrative services and continous assistence. Finally we wish to thank the lecturers and seminar speakers, who did so much to make this School successful, and all the participants for contributing to the very stimulating scientific and human atmosphere. November, 1991 Venzo de Sabbata Bologna, Italy Zhang, Zhenj iu wuhan, P.R.China