Ultrashort Processes in Condensed Matter

Transcription

1 Ultrashort Processes in Condensed Matter

2 NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A B C D E F G H I Life Sciences Physics Mathematical and Physical Sciences Behavioral and Social Sciences Applied Sciences Computer and Systems Sciences Ecological Sciences Cell Biology Global Environmental Change Plenum Publishing Corporation New York and London Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht, Boston, and London Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Barcelona Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 310 Integrable Quantum Field Theories edited by L. Bonora, G. Mussardo, A. Schwimmer, L. Girardello, and M. Martellini Volume 311 Quantitative Particle Physics: Cargese 1992 edited by Maurice Levy, Jean-Louis Basdevant, Maurice Jacob, Jean lliopoulos, Raymond Gastmans, and Jean-Marc Gerard Volume 312 Future Directions of Nonlinear Dynamics in Physical and Biological Systems edited by P. L. Christiansen, J. C. Eilbeck, and R. D. Parmentier Volume 313 Dissociative Recombination: Theory, Experiment, and Applications edited by Bertrand R. Rowe, J. Brian A. Mitchell, and Andre Canosa Volume 314 Ultrashort Processes in Condensed Matter edited by Walter E. Bron Volume 315 Low-Dimensional Topology and Quantum Field Theory edited by Hugh Osborn Volume 316 Super-Intense Laser-Atom Physics edited by Bernard Piraux, Anne L'Huillier, and Kazimierz Rzazewski Series B: Physics

3 Ultrashort Processes in Condensed Matter Edited by Walter E. Bron University of California, Irvine Irvine, California Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

4 Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Ultrashort Processes in Condensed Matter, held August 30-September 12, 1992, in II Ciocco, Castelvecchio di Pascoli, Lucca, Italy NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30,000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, I Frascati, Italy via CD-ROM "NATO Science and Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French, and German ( WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies, Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM also contains the AGARD Aerospace Database. The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Librar y o f Congres s Cataloging-in-Publicatio n Dat a Ultrashor t processe s i n condense d matte r / edite d b y Walte r E. Bron. p. cm. (MATO ASI series. Serie s B, Physics, v. 314 ) "Publishe d i n cooperatio n wit h NATO Scientifi c Affair s Division. " "Proceeding s o f a NATO Advance d Stud y Institut e o n Ultrashor t Processe s i n Condensed Matter, hel d Augus t 30-Septembe r 12, 1992, i n I I Ciocco, Castelvecchi o d i Pascoli, Lucca, Italy" T.p. verso. Include s bibliographica l reference s an d index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Condensed matter Electri c properties Congresses. 2. Lase r pulses, Ultrashort Congresses. 3. Electroni c excitation -Congresses. 4. E1ectroopt1cs Congresses. I. Bron, Walte r E. II. Nort h Atlanti c Treat y Organization. Scientifi c Affair s Division. III. NATO Advance d Stud y Institut e o n Ultrashor t Processe s i n Condensed Matte r (199 2 : I I Ciocco, Italy ) IV. Series. QC173.4.C65U '1 dc Additional material to this book can be downloaded from ISBN CIP 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 PREFACE The Advanced Study Institute (AS!) considered a number offacets of the very rapidly advancing field of theoretical and experimental aspects of ultrashort processes in condensed matter. Common threads exist between a series of example cases. One major subgroup of topics involves the ultrashort dynamics of excitations of various "particles" produced through the interactions of condensed matter with ultrashort duration laser light. Examples ofthe excitations include electronic and hole carriers, electron-hole plasma, phonons, vibrons and rotons, two phonon states, and excitons. Experimentation on the dynamics of such excitations, are carried out in the bulk, at surfaces, in thin films, and in quantum wells. The dynamical steps which the excitations usually undergo include photo-excitation, local thermalization, particle-particle interaction, particle phonon interactions and eventual return to true thermal equilibrium. This ASI was organized to benefit particularly advanced graduate students, specifically, those near the end of their Ph.D. thesis projects, and also for postdoctoral scholars already active in the field. The overall organizational goal was centered around a set oftutorially based lectures intermingled with full scale discussion periods of equal time and importance as the lectures. The general discussion periods were designed to offer to the participants ample time to ask detailed questions and to make comments and contributions of their own. In order to complete the involvement of the participants a full length poster session was also held. A representative set of abstracts of these posters appear as an Appendix to the lectures. The editor notes with regret that the manuscript of the contribution by Professor J. Ryan was not available at the time of submission for publication. Some comments about the manuscripts. Modern word processors have become an obvious tool for speeding up the typing of camera-ready manuscripts. However, they lead to a small spread of typing fonts and styles. I have, however, decided to accept this spread in manuscript appearance so as not to undergo both the expense and the consequent delay in large scale retyping a few manuscripts. Content is more important than form. The ASI was held in the Hotel n Ciocco in Castelvecchio di Pascoli, near Lucca, Italy, from August 30th to September 12, Situated in the Tuscany hills and overlooking the picturesque village of Barga amid the countryside of the Garfagnana region, the hotel offered a haven for the heavy schedule of the ASI and I thank Mr. Bruno Giannasi of the Hotel staff for all his help. v

6 We also gratefully acknowledge the support of NATO's Scientific Affairs Division for their organization advice and their financial support. Other support came from various scientific entities which partially supported the travel expenses of many of the participants; the U. S. National Science Foundation is but one example. We would also like to acknowledge the kind funds from the Coherent Laser Corporation and the Spectra Physics Corporation who supported an Institute banquet for which the use of NATO funds were not permitted. I personally would like to thank the many persons who helped to make this ASI to be the success it turned out to be. Specifically, I acknowledge the organizing committee for its guidance (Prof. Chr. Flytzanis and Dr. J. Kuhl); Professors Schoemaker and Jacoboni who struggled with the vagaries of the European banking system. Many thanks go to my secretary, Cathy Kick, who at times single handedly managed the major share of the correspondence (and still does to this day). By far the greatest thanks goes to my wife, Ann, who took over the job of ASI secretary during our stay in Italy. She not only kept me pointed in the right direction each day, but most of the lecturers and participants as well. Her help and organizational skills were appreciated by all. Walter E. Bron Institute Director and Professor of Physics University of California, Irvine Irvine, California vi

7 CONTENTS Femtosecond Probing of Photoinduced Refractive Index Changes in Semiconductors E. C. Fox and H. M. Van Driel Tunneling of Electrons and Holes in Asymmetric Double Quantum Wells J. Shah, K. Leo, D. Y. Oberli and T. C. Damen Ultrashort Excitations in Semiconductors W. E. Bron Contact-Free Characterization of Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices with Ultrashort Laser Pulses J. Kuhl Vibrational Relaxation Studied with Light A. Lagendijk Relaxation of Frenkel-type Rotational and Vibrational Excitons in Diatomic Molecular Crystals E. Goovaertz Quantum Transient Transport C. Jacoboni and F. Rossi Study ofirreversible Processes in Condensed Matter by Nonlinear Time and Space Resolved Techniques Chr. Flytzanis Contributors Abstracts of Poster Contributions listed in alphabetical order of major author's name Index vii