Topics in Applied Physics Volume 1. Founded by Helmut K. V. Lotsch

Transcription

1 Topics in Applied Physics Volume 1 Founded by Helmut K. V. Lotsch

2 Dye Lasers Edited by F. P. Schafer With Contributions by K. H. Drexhage T. W. Hansch E. P. lppen F. P. Schafer C. V. Shank B. B. Snavely With 114 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1973

3 Professor Dr. FRITZ PETER ScHAFER. Max-Planck-Institut fiir Biophysikalische Chemie, D-3400 Gottingen ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOl / This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar meaps, and storage in data banks. Under 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1973 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-New York in 1973 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1973 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting, printing and bookbinding: Briihlsche Universitiitsdruckerei, GieBen.

4 Introduction to the Series <<fopics in Applied Physics» Recent progress in pure and applied research has produced vast quantities of results. The great need that this creates for authoritative reviews cannot be met by the scientific journals. Textbooks are, by their very nature, unsuitable for the discussion of specific topics in depth, and as a consequence the methods and results of newer research tend to receive rather cursory treatment. Advanced monographs usually appeal exclusively to experts in a particular field, and individuals find it expensive to purchase symposium proceedings or a collection of review papers for the sake of a particular article when the rest of the volume is of marginal interest. «Topics in Applied Physics» is a new series, published by Springer Verlag and devoted to critical reviews of subjects of current interest.in applied physics. This "monograph" series is intended to fill the gap described above. Each volume deals with a particular topic, and contributions are invited by an editor who is a recognized authority in the field in question. The authors are scientists who are actively engaged in advancing the frontiers of research and thus write with the authority that comes from personal involvement. This series is designed to provide the necessary background, theory, and working information on particular topics for physicists (and chemists), engineers, and advanced students. Furthermore, these critical reviews are definitive and intensive enough to be used by a specialist in some aspect of the topic wishing to update his knowledge on related areas. The publication periods are as short as possible to keep pace with the speed of scientific advance, and in this respect the new books are comparable with scientific journals. The first volume deals with dye lasers, the history of their development and their potential applications. Under the editorship of F. P. ScHAFER six authors, all of whom have done pioneering work on dye lasers, review some major aspects. The editor introduces and discusses the principles of dye-laser operation in general, B. B. SNAVELY describes cw operation, and C. V. SHANK and E. P. IPPEN deal with mode-locking behavior. The basic laser material is a dye solution, and its chemical properties and structure are set forth by K. H. DREXHAGE. The broad

5 VI Introduction spectrum of potential applications is outlined by T. W. HANSCH, who also touches briefly on the exciting field of laser spectroscopy, a most important application to which a forthcoming volume is devoted. The treatment, being tutorial in nature, is suitable both for graduate students and for scientists working in the dye-laser field or applying a dye laser in another research discipline. The book will also prove to be an indispensable and handy source of information for the specialist. The literature is reviewed up to spring 1973, and the list of additional references (which cites the titles of articles) extends to summer This is proof of an amazingly short publication period for a 300-page book. Heidelberg, October 1973 HELMUT K. V. LOTSCH

6 Contents 1. Principles of Dye Laser Operation. By FRITZ P. SCHAFER (with 53 Figures) Historical Organization of the Book General Properties of Organic Compounds 1.2. Light Absorption by Organic Dyes 1.3. Deactivation Pathways for Excited Molecules 1.4. Laser-Pumped Dye Lasers Oscillation Condition Practical Pumping Arrangements Time Behavior and Spectra 1.5. Flashlamp-Pumped Dye Lasers Triplet Influence Practical Pumping Arrangements Time Behavior and Spectra 1.6. Wavelength-Selective Resonators for Dye Lasers Dye-Laser Amplifiers 1.8. Outlook Continuous-Wave Dye Lasers. By B. B. SNAVELY(with 18 Figures) 2.1. Gain Analysis of the cw Dye-Laser Analysis at Laser Threshold Gain Analysis above Laser Threshold Tuning of the cw Dye Laser Performance of Experimental Systems Conclusion Mode-Locking of Dye Lasers. By C. V. SHANK and E. P. IPPEN (with 11 Figures) 3.1. General Background Pulsed Dye Lasers Continuous Dye Lasers Discussion of Short Pulse Formation 141

7 VIII Contents 4. Structure and Properties of Laser Dyes. By K. H. DREXHAGE (with 6 Figures) 4.1. Physical Properties of Laser Dyes Internal Conversion S 1 -+S Structural Mobility Hydrogen Vibrations Other Intramolecular Quenching Processes Determination of Fluorescence Yields Intersystem Crossing S 1 -+ T Dependence on n-electron Distribution Heavy-Atom Substituents Determination of Triplet Yields Light Absorption in the States $ 1 and T Environmental Effects Fluorescence Quenching by Charge Transfer Interactions Quenching by Energy Transfer External Heavy-Atom Effect Aggregation of Dye Molecules Excited State Reactions Coumarin Derivatives Absorption and Fluorescence Acid-Base Equilibria Xanthene Dyes Absorption Spectra Fluorescence Properties Newer Classes of Efficient Laser Dyes Oxazine Dyes Carbon-Bridged Dyes Naphthofluorescein and Related Dyes Other Efficient Laser Dyes Purity and Chemical Identity of Dyes Concluding Remarks Applications of Dye Lasers. By THEODOR W. HANSCH (with 26 Figures) Properties of Dye Lasers..... Laser Applications Light Absorption and Scattering Absorption Spectroscopy

8 Contents IX Selective Dye-Laser Quenching Raman Scattering Resonance Fluorescence Trace Analysis, Pollution Detection LIDAR, Resonant Atmospheric Scattering Measurements of Lifetimes and Relaxation Rates Resonant Radiation Pressure, Atomic Beam Deflection Selective Excitations Optical Pumping Excited-State Spectroscopy Photomagnetism Pumping of Laser Transitions Photoionization Photodetachment Nonlinear Spectroscopy Saturation Spectroscopy Coherent Transient Effects Nonlinear Susceptibilities Stimulated Light Scattering Other Spectroscopic Applications Level-Crossing Spectroscopy Quantum-Beat Spectroscopy Heterodyne Spectroscopy Generation of Tunable UV and IR by Nonlinear Frequency Mixing Harmonic and Sum Frequency Generation Difference Frequency Generation Pumping of Optical Parametric Oscillators Photochemistry, Isotope Separation Fast Photochemical Reactions Two-Step Photoionization Two-Step Photodissociation Photopredissociation Dye-Laser Applications in Biology Photolysis of Biological Molecules: Reaction Kinetics Applications in Medicine Holography Holographic Contour Mapping 243

9 X Contents Communications, Integrated Optics Active Waveguides: Thin-Film Dye Lasers Dye Lasers with Distributed Feedback Light Amplification Dye-Laser Oscillator-Amplifier Systems Intensity Stabilization by Saturated Amplification Dye-Laser Amplifiers with Feedback Image Amplification. 258 References Additional References with Titles Subject Index

10 Contributors DREXHAGE, K. H., Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester N. Y /USA HXNSCH, THEODOR W., Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305/USA IPPEN, E. P., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Holmdel N. J /USA ScHAFER, FRITZ P., Max-Planck-Institut fiir Biophysikalische Chemie, D-3400 Gottingen/Fed. Rep. of Germany SHANK, C. V., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Holmdel N.J /USA SNAVELY, BENJAMIN B., University of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, CA /USA