Kaj je to rastlina? Barbara Vilhar
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1 Kaj je to rastlina? Barbara Vilhar
2 Botanika kaj je to? veda o rastlinah (SSKJ) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 2
3 Kaj je to - rastlina? Rastline in živali v mojem domu Spletna povezava: Zeleni škrat / Radovednež / Zakaj so rastline pomembne za človeka? Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 3
4 Kaj je to - rastlina? organizem, navadno z listi, cveti in koreninami (SSKJ) do sredine 20. stoletja: dve kraljestvi: rastline, živali Carl Linné: Systema naturae ( strani, 12. izdaja 2300 strani botanika: organizmi s klorofilom a (zelene rastline, vse alge, dinoflagelati, evglenoidi, nekatere bakterije) druge skupine bakterij glive (virusi) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 4
5 Kaj je to - rastlina? pet kraljestev Robert H. Whittaker (1969) Lynn Margulis in Karlene Schwartz (1988) Lynn Margulis Monera (Prokaryotae) Protoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia modrozelene bakterije vse alge, dinoflagelati, evglenoidi mahovi, praprotnice, semenke Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 5
6 Pet kraljestev Plantae Animalia Fungi Protoctista Lynn Margulis Monera (Prokaryotae) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 6 Margulis in Schwartz, 1988
7 Pet kraljestev Animalia živali Plantae rastline Fungi glive Protoctista protoktisti (evglenoidi, alge...) Monera (Prokaryotae) prokarioti Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 7 Prirejeno po Margulis in Schwartz, 1988
8 Koliko je kraljestev? Pet kraljestev Šest kraljestev Animalia Animalia Plantae Fungi Plantae Fungi Protoctista Protoctista Monera (Prokaryotae) Tri domene Eubacteria Archaebacteria Animalia Plantae Protoctista Eukarya Fungi Bacteria Archaea Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 8
9 Koliko je kraljestev? Tri domene Animalia Plantae Protoctista Fungi Carl Woese (1976): 23 glavnih razvojnih vej Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 9
10 Koliko je kraljestev? Pet kraljestev Štiri kraljestva Animalia živali Plantae Fungi rastline glive Protoctista Monera (Prokaryotae) bakterije učni načrt Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 10
11 Rastline delijo nekatere lastnosti z drugimi organizmi iz okolja dobijo energijo za svoje aktivnosti so sestavljene iz celic: ena celica ali več milijard celic se razmnožujejo se odzivajo na okolje, v katerem živijo so se razvile iz prednikov (evolucija, dedovanje) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 11
12 Rastline imajo nekatere posebne lastnosti so evkarioti (jedro) so avtotrofni organizmi Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 12 fotosinteza, klorofil imajo celično steno, ki vsebuje celulozo so pritrjeni organizmi pomembne posledice za strategijo preživetja mnoge se razmnožujejo nespolno (vegetativno) in spolno imajo neomejeno rast celo življenje spreminjajo obliko svojega telesa
13 Seme se razvije v rastlino s koreninami, steblom in listi oljna repica Brassica rapa Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 13
14 Kritosemenke Cvet cvetno odevalo Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 14 mali zvonček Galanthus nivalis
15 Kritosemenke Pestič 6 prašnikov pestič Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 15 plodnica
16 Kritosemenke Plodnica 6 prašnikov semenska zasnova zaprta v plodnici kritosemenke semenska zasnova v plodnici pestič semenska zasnova Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 16 plodnica
17 Kritosemenke Plodnica semenska zasnova zaprta v plodnici kritosemenke semenska zasnova v plodnici Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 17
18 Kritosemenke Plodnica semenska zasnova zaprta v plodnici kritosemenke semenska zasnova v plodnici Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 18
19 Kritosemenke Plodnica semenska zasnova zaprta v plodnici kritosemenke semenska zasnova v plodnici Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 19
20 Kritosemenke Plodnica Spletna povezava: Zeleni škrat / Kino / Razburljivo življenje malega zvončka Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 20
21 Golosemenke semenska zasnova smreka Picea abies Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 21
22 Golosemenke semena prosta na plodni luski plodna luska seme Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 22
23 Seme se razvije v rastlino s koreninami, steblom in listi seme semenke golosemenke kritosemenke seme zaprto v plodu semenska zasnova v plodnici semena prosta na plodni luski Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 23
24 Seme se razvije v rastlino s koreninami, steblom in listi arašid: kaj je plod, kaj seme? Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 24
25 Seme kritosemenk dvokaličnice (fižol) odlomljen drugi klični list klična lista (kotiledona) hranilne snovi mlad pravi list zarodna korenina (radikula) semenska lupina (testa) Phaseolus vulgaris pravi list klični list Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 25
26 Seme kritosemenk enokaličnice (koruza) škrob (obarvan z jodovico) endosperm hranilne snovi testa in stena plodnice Zea mays klični list (ščitek ali skutelum) koleoptila poganjek z mladimi listi radikula koleoriza Klični list je močno spremenjen list!!! skladiščenje ali posredovanje hranilnih snovi zarodku v semenu Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 26
27 Seme kritosemenk Spletna povezava: Zeleni škrat / Poskusi sam / V semenu se kopičijo založne snovi Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 27
28 Kalitev kritosemenk fižol klični list sončnica pravi list meristemi steblo Phaseolus vulgaris kalilni kavelj ščiti mlade liste in meristem klični list klični list korenina pravi list epigeična kalitev klični list ščiti mlade liste in meristem koreninski sistem z glavno korenino Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 28
29 Kalitev kritosemenk fižol pravi list klični list pravi list epikotil hipokotil steblo klični list Phaseolus vulgaris klični list korenina podaljševanje hipokotila epigeična kalitev Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 29 koreninski sistem z glavno korenino
30 Kalitev kritosemenk grah pravi list Pisum sativum kalilni kavelj ščiti mlade liste in meristem steblo Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 30 korenina koreninski sistem z glavno korenino klični list
31 Kalitev kritosemenk grah pravi list klični list epikotil hipokotil pravi list Pisum sativum steblo hipogeična kalitev Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 31 korenina hipokotil ne raste koreninski sistem z glavno korenino klični list
32 Kalitev kritosemenk epigeična ali nadzemna kalitev klični list hipokotil Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 32 hipogeična ali podzemna kalitev
33 Kalitev kritosemenk koruza pravi listi Zea mays koleoptila ščiti mlade liste predrta koleoptila koleoriza ščiti korenino hipogeična kalitev Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 33 korenina razvoj nadomestnih korenin (šopast koreninski sistem)
34 Poskus Kalitev kritosemenk koruza Zea mays Spletna povezava: Zeleni škrat / Poskusi sam / Koruza zaznava težnost Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 34
35 Poskus Kalitev kritosemenk Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 35
36 Splošna opažanja o gibanju in rasti kalečih rastlin poglavje Charles Darwin Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 36 soavtor sin Francis Darwin (botanik, fiziolog, FRS)
37 Splošna opažanja o gibanju in rasti kalečih rastlin Charles Darwin Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 37
38 Darwinove knjige The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the First Part of the Geology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle' (1842) Geological observations on Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, and on South America: being the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle, under the Command of Capt. FitzRoy, during the Years (1842-6) Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' round the world, under the command of Captain Fitz-Roy (1845) A Monograph of the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes (1851) A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain (1854) A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. (1854) On the origin of species by means of natural selection (1859) On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects (1862) The variation of animals and plants under domestication (1868) The descent of man and selection in relation to sex (1871) The expression of the emotions in man and animals (1872) The movements and habits of climbing plants (1875) Insectivorous plants (1875) The effects of cross and self-fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom (1876) The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species (1877) The power of movement in plants (1880; soavtor Francis Darwin) The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms (1881) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 38 Charles Darwin
39 Darwin in rastline Spletna povezava: Zeleni škrat / Radovednež / Zakaj so Charlesa Darwina zanimale samo živali? Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 39 Charles Darwin
40 Uvrstitev v sistem poenostavljena uvrstitev! Kraljestvo: bakterije (Prokaryotae) modrozelene cepljivke (cianobakterije) Kraljestvo: protoktisti (Protoctista) alge Kraljestvo: rastline (Plantae) mahovi praprotnice semenke golosemenke kritosemenke dvokaličnice enokaličnice Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 40
41 Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 41 Biti rastlina je težko
42 Biti rastlina je težko pritrjen način življenja!!!! Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 42
43 Biti rastlina je težko Pridobivanje snovi in energije zunanji vir energije (svetloba) kloroplasti CO 2 (plin) skozi listne reže O 2 (plin) produkt fotosinteze skozi listne reže skozi površino drugih organov fotosinteza celično dihanje H 2 O (tekočina) skozi površino korenin Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 43 mineralne snovi (raztopljene v vodi) skozi površino korenin elementi: N, K, Ca, P, Mg, S, Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo
44 Biti rastlina je težko Pridobivanje snovi in energije Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 44 zunanji vir energije (svetloba) kloroplasti CO 2 (plin) skozi listne reže O 2 (plin) produkt fotosinteze skozi listne reže skozi površino drugih organov H 2 O (tekočina) skozi površino korenin preproste anorganske snovi in svetloba iz teh gradnikov rastline naredijo: ogljikove hidrate, maščobe, amino kisline in beljakovine, nukleinske kisline, barvila, vitamine, eterična olja, alkaloide... celo telo rastline gradbeni material za telo rastline in metabolni aparat, ki vzdržuje življenje mineralne snovi (raztopljene v vodi) skozi površino korenin elementi: N, K, P, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo
45 Pridobivanje snovi in energije zunanji vir energije (organske snovi: ogljikovi hidrati, maščobe, beljakovine) H 2 O snovi za izgradnjo telesa (organske snovi:ogljikovi hidrati, maščobe, beljakovine esencialne aminokisline, vitamini...) Primer: vegetarijanski Homo sapiens O 2 esencialni elementi (raztopljeni v vodi, v rastlinski hrani) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 45
46 Biti rastlina je težko Pridobivanje snovi in energije stalno spreminjanje oblike telesa neomejena rast (delovanje meristemov) doseganje velike višine (sekundarna rast les in lubje) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 46
47 Biti rastlina je težko Pridobivanje snovi in energije zunanji vir energije (svetloba) preskrba z vodo CO 2 (plin) skozi listne reže H 2 O (transpiracija) izguba velikih količin vode zaradi odpiranja listnih rež za privzem CO 2 preprečitev izgube vode skozi površino telesa (povrhnjica prevlečena s kutikulo, reguliranje odpiranja rež) učinkovit sistem za privzem vode (razvejan koreninski sistem) učinkovit sistem za transport vode (žile ksilem) H 2 O (tekočina) skozi površino korenin Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 47
48 Biti rastlina je težko Pridobivanje snovi in energije zunanji vir energije (svetloba) preskrba vseh celic s potrebnimi snovmi CO 2 (plin) skozi listne reže O 2 (plin) učinkovit sistem za transport vode in mineralnih snovi (žile ksilem) učinkovit sistem za transport organskih snovi (žile floem) sistem za preskrbo s kisikom (medcelični prostori, aerenhim) H 2 O (tekočina) skozi površino korenin mineralne snovi (raztopljene v vodi) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 48
49 Biti rastlina je težko Preživetje neugodnih razmer zima, suša,... trajnice shranjevanje založnih snovi (koren, čebula, gomolj...) odmetavanje listov (ločitveno območje na listnem peclju) zagotavljanje preživetja vrste (seme) enoletnice zagotavljanje preživetja vrste (seme) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 49
50 Biti rastlina je težko Obramba pred rastlinojedci rastlinojedci (herbivori) neužitnost ali strupenost (trda težko prebavljiva tkiva, kopičenje snovi slabega okusa, kopičenje kristalov, kopičenje strupov alkaloidi, proteinazni inhibitorji) obrambne strukture (trni in bodice) možnost ponovne rasti po obžiranju (zalistni in interkalarni meristemi, celjenje ran) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 50
51 Biti rastlina je težko Razmnoževanje cvet (kritosemenke) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 51
52 Biti rastlina je težko Razmnoževanje prenos peloda žuželke (lepljiv pelod; privabljanje žuželk barviti cvetovi, vonj, nektar) veter (veliko peloda, lahek nelepljiv pelod, potresavanje prašnic, brazda z veliko površino) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 52
53 Biti rastlina je težko Razmnoževanje zorenje plodu zaščita pred ratlinojedci (neopaznost zelena barva; neužitnost trdota, kislost, trpkost; strupenost) zagotavljanje uspešnosti kalitve semena (kopičenje založnih snovi v semenu) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 53
54 Biti rastlina je težko Razmnoževanje razširjanje semen živali (barviti plodovi, vonj, nagrada sladkorji v plodovih, seme zaščiteno pred prebavo...) veter (veliko semen, lahko seme oz. plod, letalne naprave...) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 54
55 Biti rastlina je težko Največji in najstarejši Sekvoja: 1400 ton 90 metrov 3200 let orjaška sekvoja (mamutovec) Sequoiadendron giganteum Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 55
56 Biti rastlina je težko Največji in najstarejši slon Sekvoja: 1400 ton 90 metrov 3200 let orjaška sekvoja (mamutovec) Sequoiadendron giganteum Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 56
57 Biti rastlina je težko Največji in najstarejši Sekvoja: 1400 ton 90 metrov 3200 let Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 57 orjaška sekvoja (mamutovec) Sequoiadendron giganteum
58 Biti rastlina je težko Največji in najstarejši ~ sinjih kitov dolžina do 34 m masa ~ 100 ton (do 136 ton) Sekvoja: 1400 ton 90 metrov 3200 let Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 58 orjaška sekvoja (mamutovec) Sequoiadendron giganteum
59 Biti rastlina je težko Največji in najstarejši ~ 200 afriških slonov ramenska višina 4 m masa ~ 7 ton (do 12 ton) Sekvoja: 1400 ton 90 metrov 3200 let Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 59 orjaška sekvoja (mamutovec) Sequoiadendron giganteum
60 Biti rastlina je težko Največji in najstarejši 4000 let dolgoživi bor Pinus longaeva 90 metrov 3200 let orjaška sekvoja (mamutovec) Sequoiadendron giganteum Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 60
61 Biti rastlina je težko Pa tudi zelo majhni Wolffia borealis prašnik pestič najmanjša semenka velikost cele rastline: 1 mm konica šivanke prašnica brazda plodnica prašnična nit Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 61 materinska rastlina hčerinska rastlina (vegetativno)
62 Biti rastlina je težko enaka glavna načela strategije za preživetje raznolikost pri izvedbi Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 62
63 Biti rastlina je težko Spletne povezave: Zeleni škrat / Radovednež / Kdo je največji organizem na našem planetu? Zeleni škrat / Radovednež / Kaj je to - rastlinska slepota? Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 63
64 Ozdravimo rastlinsko slepoto.
65 Žarnice za rastline Akcijski spekter fotosinteze 100 hitrost fotosinteze Relativna absorpcija oz. relativna hitrost fotosinteze klorofil a klorofil b karotenoid Valovna dolžina (nm) Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 65
66 Žarnice za rastline Relativna intenziteta svetlobe oz. relativna hitrost fotosinteze hitrost fotosinteze Valovna dolžina (nm) žarnica Gro-Lux (Sylvania) Spletna povezava: Sehlicht versus Wuchslicht Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 66
67 Žarnice za rastline Relativna intenziteta svetlobe Valovna dolžina (nm) intenziteta svetlobe na površju Zemlje žarnica Gro-Lux (Sylvania) Spletna povezava: Sehlicht versus Wuchslicht Barbara Vilhar: Splošna botanika PeF 67
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