Changing soils to manage plant

Transcription

1 Changing soils to manage plant communities Andrew Kulmatiski Assistant Professor University of Alaska Anchorage

2 The problem Ray of hope Future directions

3

4 mill. acres

5

6

7 Wet water hyacinth plants can weigh in excess of 200 tons per acre, each acre filling up to 100 truckloads of uncompressed plantsthat that mustbe disposed

8

9

10

11

12 Kudzu Kudzu. Brought to this country from Asia as an ornamental. Was developed nearherein the earlypartof the Twentieth Centuryand given to the world as a soil saving high protein forage plant by Mr. and Mrs. C.E. Pleas. The fast growing, deep rooted leguminous vine has been widely grown in the US as a erosion controlling plant that compares with ihalfalfa in pasture and hay making values.

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21 30/140 Hawaiian birds extinct 70/140 endangered 99% of San Francisco Bay biomass 1/4 of Florida plants $137 Billion USD / year and getting worse cumulative # of intro oduced species Time Adapted form Sailer (1983)

22

23 Biocontrol Cactoblastis and Opuntia

24 Rabbits + Myxomatosis

25 Larinus minutus, Sphenoptera jugoslavica

26 4/13 Centaurea biocontrols Urophora quadrifasciata Agapeta zoegena

27 Screwworm eradication Sterile Insect Technique

28

29

30

31 Seeded Seeded Seeded + AC Seeded + AC

32 Native grass, no AC + seed Native grass, AC + seed plot Exotic plants, AC/no seed Exotic plants, control/control plot

33 50 Non-native Native 40 Gro ound cover (%) Non-native Non-native Native Native Control AC Control AC

34 Reality bites

35 Back to the drawing board

36

37

38 Promising but what is going on?

39 What explains this distribution?

40 Washington State The Methow Valley 10 mi Bromus tectorum Cardaria draba Centaurea diffusa Poa bulbosa Sisymbrium sp.

41 Plant soil feedbacks (PSFs) A PLANT B A B A B _ + SOIL _ + _

42 PSF summary Positive PSFs = dense, persistent monocultures Negative PSFs = diversity

43 Landscape patterns of plants and soil traits Tillage boundary % cov er m tilled 5 m tilled 5 m untilled 50 m untilled Distance from historical tillage boundary =exotic vegetation = native vegetation

44 ic Ground Cove er (%) Percent Exot A) Exotics on tilled soil B) Natives on tilled soil Age Since Abandonment (Year) 10 0 tive Ground Co over Percent Nat Age Since Abandonment (Year) 0 1 Nmds Two alternative state communities: ii exotic and native Nmds 1 Kulmatiski Plant Ecology.

45 Soil Survey Decoupling land use from plant growth legacies Undisturbed, d non native Ex arable, native Ex arable, non native Undisturbed, native

46 Soil Nitrogen Status -1-1 Net N min (mg kg day ) Exotic Native Exotic Native Ex-arable Ex-arable Undisturbed Undisturbed Kulmatiski et al Journal of Applied Ecology

47 Soil microbial abundance Total PLFA (n g g -1 ) Exotic Native Exotic Native Ex-arable Ex-arable Undisturbed Undisturbed Kulmatiski and Beard Soil Biology and Biochemistry

48 Non native native plants create microbially poor, fast N cycling soils that benefit their own growth. Kulmatiski et al Journal of Applied Ecology Kulmatiski and Beard SBB

49 Experiments What explains this distribution? PSFs? Competition? Shading? g Tillage? Fungal communities?

50 Percent Cov ver * 30 * Feedba ack (% cover) % Exotic Native Percent Cov ver * * ns 7% 3% 10 ns * Exotic Cover (%) 0 Field: EA NA EA NA Seeded Plants: Exotic Native ns 9% 0 Extant Plants: Live Dead None Live Dead None Field: NA EA Seeded Plants: Exotic Native c Cover (%) * 20 ns Exoti 10 * 11% 0 Tillage: Untilled Tilled Untilled Tilled Field: EA NA Seeded Plants: Exotic Exotic 0 Fungicide: None Fungicide None Fungicide Field: EA NA Seeded Plants: Exotic Exotic

51 Non native plants create soils that increase their own growth, and. This effect is more important than competition, shading, tillage, fungicide, and seeding. Kulmatiski et al Journal of Applied Ecology

52 Novel weapons Ridenour and Callaway

53 Management Options?

54 Non native native Native Allelopathy

55 Non native native Native Allelopathy PSF

56 Non native native Native Allelopathy PSF

57 1 Kg has 1,000,000 m 2 surface area Adsorbs organic molecules not inorganics through Van der Waal s forces Made from coconut, bitumous, lignite, wood Powdered, pelletized, reactivated Iodine number, micropore/macropore

58 What does it do? Ridenour and Callaway

59

60

61

62 Triticum Brass. Juncea No AC / Mono No AC AC No AC AC Live Live Live Sterile Sterile

63 70 Pisum sativa No AC / No AC AC No AC AC Mono Live Live Live Sterile Sterile Poa pratensis No AC / No AC AC No AC AC Mono Live Live Live Sterile Sterile 1 Brass. Juncea 4 Triticum spp No AC / Mono No AC AC No AC AC No AC / Mono No AC AC No AC AC Live Live Live Sterile Sterile Live Live Live Sterile Sterile

64 AC Additioni Exotic plants have dominated the vegetation in this ex arable field since Following the application of activated carbon (AC) and native seed in 2002, however, the dominant native grass has shown a vigorous response. Thanks to USDA NRICGP/AFRI, Mellon Foundation, Switzer Foundation, UAA, Alaska Epscor, Karen Beard. Kulmatiski and Beard Restoration Ecology

65 AC Additioni Exotic plants have dominated the vegetation in this ex arable field since Following the application of activated carbon (AC) and native seed in 2002, however, the dominant native grass has shown a vigorous response. Gro ound cover (%) AC Control P. spicata (native) C. diffusa (exotic) L. serriola (exotic) Species Kulmatiski and Beard Restoration Ecology

66

67

68

69

70 PSFs: A literature review Native Non-native Weedy Noxious -2.0 Kulmatiski et al Ecology Letters Effect Size (d)

71 PSFs: A literature review Annual Biennial Per erennial Grass Forb Shrub Tree -2.5 Kulmatiski et al. In press. Ecology Letters Effect Size (d)