Poisonous Plants That Contaminate Hay and Forage in the Western United States. Bryan Stegelmeier Dec 13, 2013
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1 Poisonous Plants That Contaminate Hay and Forage in the Western United States Bryan Stegelmeier Dec 13, 2013 Dec 2013
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4 Lupine spp. Over 500 species of annual or perennial in North America Over 150 quinolizidine/piperidine alkaloids have been identified
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8 Cleft Palate (40-50 days) Scoliosis Arthrogryposis Torticollis Kyphosis days Dec 2013
9 H N N H O H Anagyrine (7.2) N H N O Ammodendrine (134.4) Dec 2013
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15 N H Anabasine Utilizes Nicotiana glauca (anabasine) Cleft palate induced during days of N gestation Dec 2013
16 1 out of every 1000 live births 4 and 16 surgeries to repair Dec 2013
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19 Day 85 of gestation Privileged period of scarless healing Secondary tissue layers repair also Dec 2013
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21 VPI is characterized by absence of elopharyngeal closure. Normal closure accomplished by the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle. Hanes et al., 2006
22 Levator Veli Palatini Muscle Fiber Type Normal palate: 100% Type I (slow) fibers Cleft palate: 14% Type I (slow) 86% Type II (fast) fibers Dec 2013
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35 March 2, 2012
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38 Truly remarkable pressure Soluble proteins, carbohydrates, tannins, plant stage (lush immature early in day), saponins Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Red clover (Trifolium pratense), White clover (T. repens), Rarely Subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) Dec 2013
39 Nitrate Accumulating Plants
40 Sudan Grass, Johnson grass, Sorghum (Sorghum spp.), Fireweed (Kochia), Beets (Beta) Rape (Brassica), Corn (Zea), Rye (Secale cereale), Wheat (Triticum), Oats (Arena), Fescue (Festuca), Alfalfa (Medicago), Sweet clover (Melilotus), Flax and linseed (Linum), Lambsquarter (Chenospdium), Canada thistle (Cirsium), Jimson weed (Datura), Wild sunflower (Helianthus), Cheeseweed (Malva), Smartweed (Polygonum), Dock (Rumex), Nightshades (Solanum), Soybean (Glycine) Dec 2013
41 Species Heavy fertilization Drought, rainy season after drought, cloudy weather, early in the morning, decreased temperatures, herbicides Nitrates in water, silage juices, manure pits Retained and even higher in hay Forages toxic >10,000 ppm (1%) dry weight basis Dec 2013
42 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Containing Plants Dec 2013
43 Boraginacea Amsinckia intermedia (tarweed) Borago officinalis (borage) Cynoglossum officinale (hound s tongue) Echium plantagineum (echium) Heliotropiu europaeum (heliotrope) Symphytum officinale (comfrey) Compositae Senecio (1200 species) S. jacobaea (tansy ragwort) S. vulgaris (common groundsel) S. longilobus (threadleaf groundsel) S. riddellii (Riddell groundsel) Liguminosae Crotalaria (600 species) C. sagittalis (rattlebox) C. spectabilis (showy crotalaria) C. retusa (wedge-leaf rattlebox) C. pallida (smooth crotalaria) C. juncea (sun hemp) Dec 2013
44 Nov 2013 Food and Feed Quality Risk Assessment
45 Nov 2013 Afghanistan: Charmak disease kills people and livestock 16 December Over 270 people have been diagnosed with a hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), locally known as camel belly or charmak disease
46 Conium maculata Poison Hemlock Dec 2013
47 Solanum spp.
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50 Hyoscyamus niger Henbane Dec 2013
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52 Neurotoxic cardenolides Unpalatable, but horses eat them in hay Central stimulation, convulsions and rapid death Lethal dose 0.05% BW dm in hay Dec 2013
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56 Centauria repens (Russian knapweed)
57 Centauria solstitialis (Yellowstar thistle)
58 PPRL 2013
59 Sorghum spp. (Sudan, Johnson grass, sorghum and hybrids) Triglochin spp. (arrowgrass) Prunus spp. (Plums, cherries, chokecherries, wild black cherry, plum thickets) Dec 2013
60 Kip Panter Dale Gardner Steve Colegate Stephen Lee Kevin Welch Zane Davis Ben Green Daniel Cook Mike Ralphs Jim Pfister Dec 2013
61 Resource List USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory State Agricultural Extension Service- State Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory- Contact your local or state veterinarian (Utah State Diagnostic Laboratory) or (laboratories accredited by American Association of Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories) Local Herbarium- Contact your local county agent or your Land Grant College or University (lists of public herbaria throughout the world) Microscopic analysis of feces and ingesta- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories Dec 2013
POISONOUS PLANTS THAT CONTAMINATE HAY AND FORAGES IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 1 Bryan L. Stegelmeier 2 ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION
POISONOUS PLANTS THAT CONTAMINATE HAY AND FORAGES IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 1 Bryan L. Stegelmeier 2 ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION In the Western United States poisonous plants are estimated to cost the
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