... -: Crop physiology. - : Crop technology. -: Crop improvement. -: Crop production.
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1 .:.:.: /.: - Thomas Malthus...: : : : : :...: : : : : : (Malthus ) beta."a" "carotene Bt Cotton No Tillage
2 ( ) Minimum Tillage ) ( - : :) : :) : :) : :.( :) : : : Field crops science Agro Agronomy Nomy - -: Crop physiology -: Crop ecology.( ) -: Crop improvement - : Crop technology -: Crop production : Field crop horticultural crops
3 : -: - - ) ( ) ( - - : ( ) -
4 - (Center of Origin) - : - : Vavilov ).( ()
5 Vavilov (Augustin Pyramus de Candolle) -: : : :. () Field Crops ))) ((( Classification -: - Botanical classification
6 Spermatophyte - Angiosperms - Gymnosperms - Monocotyledon - Dicotyledon - Orders () Species Genus Families.Varieties Kingdom-Plantae Division- Spermatophyte Subdivision- Angiosperms Class- Monocotyledons Order- Glomeflorae Family- Poaceae Genus- Triticum Species- aestivum Variety- Maxipak - : : : : : : : () : : Kingdom-Plantae Division- Spermatophyte Subdivision- Angiosperms Class- Dicotyledons Order- Malvalae Family- Malvaceae Genus- Gossypium Species- hirsutum Variety- Lashata -: - : : : : : : : () : : Scientific name Triticum aestivum L Linnaeus L
7 - () - : (Graminaceae) poaceae ( ) Spike -: Wheat Triticum () Barley Hordum aestivum L. Rice Oryza vulgare L. Corn (Maize) sativa L. Sorghum Sorghum bicolor Zea mays L. Moench. - : (Leguminosae) Fabaceae.( ) () () ) ( - : Horse bean or Broad bean Vicia faba L. Mung bean Phaseolus auras Rolts. Ground nut or Pea nut Arachis hypogaea L. Soybean Glycine max Merr.
8 Lentil Chickpea Alfalfa Berseem Lens Trifolium esculenta Moench. Cicer arietinum L. Medicago sativa L. alexandrinum L. -: Solanaceae - Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum L. potatoes Solanum tuberosum - : Chaenopodiacae Sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. - :Malvaceae Cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. -:(Compositae) Asteraceae ) Sunflower Helianthus annus L. - :(Cruciferae) Brassicaceae Rape or Canola Brassica napus Koch. - : Pedaliaceae
9 Sesame Sesamum indicum L. - : Linaceae Flax Linum usitatissimum L. Euphorbiaceae Tiliaceae Liliaceae - ) (Agronomic Classification) - : Cereal crops - : Legume seed crops - : Oil crops ( ) - : sugar crops ( ) -: Forage crops -: Fiber crops -: Drug crops -: Stimulants crops - -: Pernnial crops -: Biennial crops -:Annual crops
10 ) - - : Winter Crops -: Summer Crops - -: Green manure crops -: Silage crops () (Silo) - : Cover crops -:Companion crops ( - : Catch crops - :Emergencycrops -: %
11 -: - : -: - / / / / / Linnaeus / / Linnaeus : / /
12 / ((( Seed ))) - -: Seed Structure Testa- Hypocotyl - : Embryo - epicotyl ) - : Endosperm -. ( ) ( Seed maturity Shrinkage
13 Vernalization Dormancy Soil ))) ((( management ) () ( -: Tillage or Ploughing : - -: % - ) -: - (
14 - : - -: - -: - - x = -: : - : Local Plow -. Moldboard Plow () Disk Plow - -.() - - : Rotavator - -: Chisel Plow - -: Sub-soil Plow - -.() -
15 - : () - - : - () - :
16 1 Disking or Harrowing :
17 -.Disk harrow -.Spike tooth harrow -.Spring tooth harrow -.Rotavator - Levelling -: -:.Handmade Leveler.Land Leveler.Scraper.Land Plane Rolling -: -: Management ))) (((Crop - : - ) ) - - :
18 - - - :Broadcasting : :Seed Drilling -: : () -: () -: Farrow planting - : () : () () () -: :
19 -: : ) ( - : () : () Fertilization - (P) (Ca) (K) (N) P K N (S) (Mg) (Bo) (Fe) (Cl) (Ni) (Mo) (Cu) (Zn) (Mn) - : - : - -: - -
20 % % % % % % % - : - -: % () - () - % -: - : (N-P-K) (K) (P) (N) () (N-P-K) % % % -: % - : : %
21 Irrigation - - -: : () () -: - : -: () - : - :
22 Replanting Thinning () - () ( ) Hoeing - )
23 Weeding - - ((( ))) -: : : (Ergot) - () - -: - -: - - : - : -: () -.() -
24 : : - -.() : - -:Competition -
25 - : Parasitism - - : Allelopathy - - : % % : : () : Methods of weed control -
26 - : Hand pulling : () -: Hand hoeing : - : Tilling : -: Mowing : -: Heat : - : Mulching : -: Flooding : -: Competition : - : Chemical control : - - : Selective ( ) -. 2,4-D -: Non selective - -: -: Contact - -: Systematic - -: - : ,4-D -: -
27 -: :Biological control : -: : - -.( ) : : () : : : : : : : - - -: :.() : / / /
28 / / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / / / / / / / / / / / / / () / / / / / ) / / () / / / / / / / / / / / / ((( )))
29 : <<<< ( Temperature) >>>> () -
30 (Zero point of growth) - -: ( Maximum Temperature) -: ( Minimum Temperature) - : ( Optimum Temperature) ( ( ( ( )
31 - : -: ( - ( ) - : ( ( -: (Coagulation) -: ( ( - : - : -: (Suffocation) - :Physiological drought ( - Freezing: ( - Heaving : ( (
32 - Chilling: ( - :.() -: -: -.() - : -: Tropical zone -: Sub-tropical zone -: Mild zone - -: Cold zone -: Polar zone ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
33
34 - -: -: - : ( -: -: ( -: - : -: ( - : ( -: ( -: ( - () ( ( ( ( (
35 <<<< (Light) >>>> - 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ( ) % (Visible Light) ( ) (Ultraviolet) ( ).(Infra-red) ) ( ) ( ) ( ).( ) ( Light Duration - : Light intensity -: Kind of light -: : : ) ( ) 22 ( ) ( ) ( ) 22 ( 22 ()
36 () Photoperiodism ).(Florigen -: Short day plants ( ) -:Long day plants - :Day nutral flowering plants - :Intermediate plants ( ) -:Short long day plants. - :Long short day plants (Florigen) - : : : / () - :
37 ) -: Kind of light : ( ) - - : Heliophytes - :sciophytes - : - : -: o 65 -: : N 2 O 2 -: Diffuse light Sky light
38 %. % -:.( ) -: % % % -: - -: ( ) - : Chlorophyll formation -: Photosynthesis - : - : () -: - : ((( )))
39 - : - : C3 Plants - : Net assimilation rate(nar) ).( Riblose di phosphate Phospho glecric acid -: C4 Plants -: (NAR) - (C4) (Phosphoinole pirovate) (Oxalostate) -: Crassulaceae -: - ( C3).(C4) <<<< >>>> - % %
40 CO : Hydrophytes -: - - : Submerged plants Floating plants Amphibious plants ( ) - : Mesophyte % -: xerophyte % - - -: - : - Evaporation Transpiration (Evapotranspiration) - % % : % -.()
41 ) - : : - : -: - : Gravitational water -: Capillary water -: Hygroscopic water -:Water vapour -: -:
42 % - : % - :Available water -: -: - ) = Water use efficiency ( - : -: -: - : <<<< Wind >>>>
43 5 -: - : -: - <<<< >>>> -: ph
44 .% -:.a.b.c.d <<<< >>>> (smoke) smog (fog) - - ) <<<< >>>> % % % % % /
45 % - : Soil Soil ph Soil texture Weathering ) -: % % % % () -: -: Soil organic matter - -
46 -: Humus - : - : Soil solution % - : - - : - -: - : - : ( NaHCO3 Na2CO3)
47 - : - -: ) (Flora) ) (Fauna) - -: Allelopathy () -: Symbiosis - Rhizobium
48 : :Competition : Antagonism - Parasitism
49 ( ) - - : - () () () () () () Crop rotation (Crop Succession) - : -: :
50 - : : -: : - : - : - : :. : - : : (ph) -:
51 - : - : -: -: () -: : % () % - : : % - : :.() - - = -
52 () = () = = = -.() = = -: - = - = - : - ( ) () = = = ).( - % % - : ) = = () = = = : % - : -
53 = = : - : ) -: - () = = () = = : - : -:.() = = () = = : - : % % % % % % - : % - () - % -
54 = = % - % - % - : : : : () = = = = : - : % % % % % % -: / - / / / / : : : : = = () = = : - :
55 / / / / / / / / / % % % - : % % % % : : : : : = = () = = : % % % % % % % % - : -: % % % % % % % %
56 = = () = = : - : % % % % - % % % % - : % = = = = () () () = = % : - : %
57 % % % ((( Harvesting ))) Sorghum - -.% - -: % -: % -:.%
58 - : -: -: % -: -: - : -: - ) / / / / / / / / / / / - / / / / / / / % / /
59 ((( ))) ph Varieties Variety ) (Morphologic traits) Strain Acclimatization Adaptation - - -: Sexual reproduction Pistil stamen Hermaphrodite Monoecious Dioecious () (Cross over) Fertilization (n) (2n) (3n) (2n) () (2n) (2n) (Cross over) (n) () - : Asexual reproduction
60 -: - : Genetic variation Quantitative ) Qualitative traits traits (Minor genes) ( () () (Major genes) (continuous) --- : (Genotype x Environment Interaction) (discrete) - Selection - Hybridization - - : : Breeder seeds - nuclei seeds -:Foundation seeds - -:Registered seed -
61 - :Certified seed - -.() -. noxious weeds
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