Family: Begoniaceae. Synonym(s): Status: Assessor Approved. Designation: H(HPWRA)

Transcription

1 Taxon: Begonia nelumbiifolia Family: Begoniaceae Common Name(s): lilypad begonia lotus leaved begonia water lily begonia Synonym(s): Begonia caudilimba C.DC. Begonia derycxiana Lem. Gireoudia nelumbiifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) Klotzsch Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 24 Jul 2017 WRA Score: 10.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Naturalized, Herbaceous, Ornamental, Rhizomatous, Self-Compatible Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=1, n=0 y=-2,?=-1, n=0 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y High y y Page 1 of 17

2 Option Answer 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 y=1, n=0 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) n n n Page 2 of 17

3 Supporting Data: 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n "Damp thickets and forests, alt. 1-1,650 meters; Alta Verapaz; Izabal; Santa Rosa. Southern Mexico to Colombia." [No evidence of domestication] 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? WRA Specialist Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? WRA Specialist Personal Communication NA 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. [Accessed 20 Jul 2017] High "Native: Northern America Northern Mexico: Mexico - San Luis Potosi Southern Mexico: Mexico - Chiapas, - Federal District, - Hidalgo, - Oaxaca, - Puebla, - Tabasco, - Veracruz Southern America Central America: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Panama Western South America: Colombia" 202 Quality of climate match data High USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. [Accessed 20 Jul 2017] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y "Damp thickets and forests, alt. 1-1,650 meters" [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m in regions with a tropical climate, demonstrating environmental versatility] Page 3 of 17

4 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. [Accessed 20 Jul 2017] y "Native: Northern America Northern Mexico: Mexico - San Luis Potosi Southern Mexico: Mexico - Chiapas, - Federal District, - Hidalgo, - Oaxaca, - Puebla, - Tabasco, - Veracruz Southern America Central America: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Panama Western South America: Colombia" 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? Dave's Garden Lotus Leaved Begonia, Water Lily Begonia - Begonia nelumbiifolia. [Accessed 21 Jul 2017] y "This plant has been said to grow in the following regions: Anniston, Alabama Beverly Hills, California Big Pine Key, Florida Clearwater, Florida De Leon Springs, Florida New Port Richey, Florida Saint Petersburg, Florida Zephyrhills, Florida Kurtistown, Hawaii" 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Liogier, A.H. & Martorell, L.F Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Second Edition Revised. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico "Cultivated and escaped in moist districts at lower to middle elevations, Puerto Rico; a native to Mexico and Colombia, cultivated in the tropics." Page 4 of 17

5 "Originally collected by G. Staples on the Big Island in 2007, this Begonia is distinct with its circular, dinner-plate sized, lotus-shaped leaves, which give it its specific epithet. The material examined from our collection was from a steep hillside in a wet, shady valley in Honomū. Also collected by G. Staples in 2007 was material from O ahu and determined to be a new naturalized record. Material examined. HAWAI I: South Hilo Distr., Old Māmalahoa Hwy, Honomū Gulch, N e, leaves over 12 across, white flowers on Parker, J.L. & Parsons, B New Plant Records from stalks 3 4 ft tall, 25 Jan 2012, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED165; the Big Island for Bishop Museum Occasional Papers boundary between North and South Hilo Distr., roadside on Hwy 19, 118: mauka side of highway, on crumbling lava embankment in heavy shade, damp pockets of humus on steep rock face, first naturalized record for the species on Hawai i Island, 15 Apr 2007, G. Staples O AHU: Pali Hwy, windward side, 50 ft uphill from pulloff parking area by hairpin turn, steep rock bank in deep shade, under secondary disturbed vegetation of Psidium cattleianum, Citharexylum caudatum, Fraxinus, Schinus, growing in pockets of humus on rock face, first genuinely naturalized record for this species on O ahu, 9 mar 2007, G. Staples 1300." 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall [Potential weed. Impacts unspecified] "References: Puerto Rico-CW- 261, United States of America-N-101, United States of America-N- 1114, Cuba-NI-1505, Global- CD-1611, -I-, Cuba-W-2055, Cuba-W- 1977, Global--1324" 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall No evidence 304 Environmental weed n Knox, G. W., Wilson, S. B., Deng, Z. and Freyre, R Alternatives to Invasive Plants Commonly Found in North Florida Landscapes. ENH1206. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL. [Accessed 21 Jul 2017] "Table 1. Invasive ornamentals commonly found in north Florida landscapes and commonly available native and non-native, noninvasive substitutes" [Invasive ornamental - Colocasia esculenta. Non-native, non-invasive substitute = Begonia nelumbiifolia, Lotusleaf begonia] 305 Congeneric weed y Fox, A. M., Gordon, D. R., & Stocker, R. K Challenges of reaching consensus on assessing which non-native plants are invasive in natural areas. HortScience, 38(1): "Conversely, wax begonia (Begonia cucullata Willd.; Category II) and lantana (Category I) were assigned Caution in the north (where they both occur) but lantana received Do not use and begonia received Avoid with risk-benefit analysis in the central and south zones." Page 5 of 17

6 Imada, C.T New Hawaiian plant records for Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 96: Tassin, J., Triolo, J., & Lavergne, C Ornamental plant invasions in mountain forests of Réunion (Mascarene Archipelago): a status review and management directions. African Journal of Ecology, 45(3): "Previously reported as naturalized on Hawai i (Wagner et al. 1999), B. foliosa is now recorded from O ahu in very wet native-dominated habitat at Mount Kaala. This matforming herb is described as having brittle stems, making it difficult to remove. The fragmenting stems probably allow it to spread vegetatively. Begonia foliosa var. miniata, the name originally applied to this taxon in Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1999), has subsequently been determined to be a misapplied name (Staples & Herbst 2005). Material examined. OAHU:Waianae Mts, slopes on SE side of Mt Kaala, 1040 m, wet walls just south of stream and waterfall, localized, 4 Jul 1999, S. Perlman & B. Garnett " "Table 1 List of the ornamental species threatening mountain forests on Reunion. Invasiveness status is evaluated as highly invasive (+++), invasive (++) or potentially invasive but detected only in gardens (+)." [Begonia diadema, Begonia foliosa var. miniata, & Begonia rex listed as invasive (++) and targeted for Early detection and control] 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n [No evidence] "Herbaceous; rhizome repent, short, 15 mm. thick, setose, internodes extremely short; stipules persistent, lanceolate, over 2 cm. long, entire, rather firm, pilose; petioles cm. long, 8 mm. thick, sparsely rufous-hirsute, soon glabrous; leaf-blades peltate, obliquely very broadly ovate or subelliptic, 7-9-nerved, evenly rounded except for the abruptly acuminate apex or slightly produced at the ends of the nerves, remotely denticulate, soon glabrous, the margin ciliate and sometimes purple, cm. long, cm. wide, thin; peduncle usually exceeding the leaves, to 66 cm. long, 6 mm. thick, soon glabrous; cymes regular, much branched, diffuse, 2-5 dm. broad; bracts deciduous, ovate, obtuse; pedicels slender, 9-22 mm. long; staminate tepals 2, suborbicular, 6-8 mm. long, white or pale pink; stamens few, anthers narrowly obovate, equaling or longer than the filaments; pistillate flowers ebracteolate; pistillate tepals 2, like the staminate; ovary 3-celled, placentae bifid, ovuliferous on all sides, styles connate at base, distinctly divided, the stigmatic surface linear, spiral, continuous; capsule erect or somewhat nutant, broadly ovoid, 6-10 mm. long, wings very unequal, the largest ovate or deltoid, obtuse, to 15 mm. wide, seeds ellipsoid, blunt." 402 Allelopathic WRA Specialist Personal Communication Unknown Page 6 of 17

7 403 Parasitic n "Herbaceous; rhizome repent, short, 15 mm. thick, setose, internodes extremely short" [Begoniaceae. No evidence] 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals WRA Specialist Personal Communication Unknown. Some Begonia species have edible foliage 405 Toxic to animals n Quattrocchi, U CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Wagstaff, D.J International poisonous plants checklist: an evidence-based reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL No evidence No evidence 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens Backyard Gardener Begonia nelumbiifolia (Lily-pad Begonia). [Accessed 24 Jul 2017] [General, widespread pests] "Problems Diseases : Rhizactonia Root and Stem Rot Pest : Thrips Pest : Spider Mites Pest : Mealybugs Pest : Whiteflies Pest : Slugs and Snails Fungi : Powdery Mildew Fungi : Leaf Spots Pest : Scale Insects Fungi : Sooty Mold 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n Quattrocchi, U CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Wagstaff, D.J International poisonous plants checklist: an evidence-based reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL No evidence No evidence 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., & Ennos, R. A. (2015). Maintenance of species boundaries in a Neotropical radiation of Begonia. Molecular Ecology, 24(19), "Begonia nelumbiifolia grows in moist shaded areas," Page 7 of 17

8 "Damp thickets and forests, alt. 1-1,650 meters"... "Herbaceous" [No evidence. Unlikely given wet habitat and herbaceous habit] 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., & Ennos, R. A. (2015). Maintenance of species boundaries in a Neotropical radiation of Begonia. Molecular Ecology, 24(19), "Begonia nelumbiifolia grows in moist shaded areas," "boundary between North and South Hilo Distr., roadside on Hwy 19, Parker, J.L. & Parsons, B New Plant Records from mauka side of highway, on crumbling lava embankment in heavy the Big Island for Bishop Museum Occasional Papers shade, damp pockets of humus on steep rock face, first naturalized 118: record for the species on Hawai i Island" 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) Backyard Gardener Begonia nelumbiifolia (Lily-pad Begonia). [Accessed 24 Jul 2017] The National Gardening Association Water Lily Begonia (Begonia nelumbiifolia). Begonia-Begonia-nelumbiifolia/. [Accessed 24 Jul 2017] Dave's Garden Lotus Leaved Begonia, Water Lily Begonia - Begonia nelumbiifolia. [Accessed 24 Jul 2017] n "ph Range:6 to 7 Soil Range:Some Sand to Clay Loam Water Range:Moist to Moist " "Soil ph Preferences: Slightly acid ( ) Neutral ( )" "Soil ph requirements: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral)" 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit n "Herbaceous; rhizome repent, short, 15 mm. thick, setose," 412 Forms dense thickets Page 8 of 17

9 [No evidence to date] "Originally collected by G. Staples on the Big Island in 2007, this Begonia is distinct with its circular, dinner-plate sized, lotus-shaped leaves, which give it its specific epithet. The material examined from our collection was from a steep hillside in a wet, shady valley in Honomū. Also collected by G. Staples in 2007 was material from O ahu and determined to be a new naturalized record. Material examined. HAWAI I: South Hilo Distr., Old Māmalahoa Hwy, Honomū Gulch, N e, leaves over Parker, J.L. & Parsons, B New Plant Records from 12 across, white flowers on stalks 3 4 ft tall, 25 Jan 2012, J. Parker the Big Island for Bishop Museum Occasional Papers & R. Parsons BIED165; boundary between North and South Hilo 118: Distr., roadside on Hwy 19, mauka side of highway, on crumbling lava embankment in heavy shade, damp pockets of humus on steep rock face, first naturalized record for the species on Hawai i Island, 15 Apr 2007, G. Staples O AHU: Pali Hwy, windward side, 50 ft uphill from pulloff parking area by hairpin turn, steep rock bank in deep shade, under secondary disturbed vegetation of Psidium cattleianum, Citharexylum caudatum, Fraxinus, Schinus, growing in pockets of humus on rock face, first genuinely naturalized record for this species on O ahu, 9 mar 2007, G. Staples 1300." Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., & Ennos, R. A. (2014). Genetic differentiation and species cohesion in two widespread Central American Begonia species. Heredity, 112(4), [Potentially yes] "They also differ in their ecologies, with B. nelumbiifolia growing in moist shaded areas and B. heracleifolia in dry sun-exposed areas. These species typically occur in small isolated populations, although they can be locally abundant and form dense stands (Twyford, personal observation)." 501 Aquatic n Anonymous. (1958). Flora of Panama. Part VII. Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 45(1), 1-91 "Herbaceous. Rhizome repent, short, 15 mm. thick, setose, internodes extremely short."... "on rocky bank, forest along the Rio Indio de Gatun, near sea level" [Terrestrial herb] "Damp thickets and forests, alt. 1-1,650 meters; Alta Verapaz; Izabal; Santa Rosa. Southern Mexico to Colombia." 502 Grass n USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. [Accessed 21 Jul 2017] Genus: Begonia Section: Gireoudia Family: Begoniaceae 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n "Herbaceous; rhizome repent, short, 15 mm. thick, setose" [Begoniaceae] Page 9 of 17

10 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) n "Herbaceous; rhizome repent, short, 15 mm. thick, setose, internodes extremely short; stipules persistent, lanceolate, over 2 cm. long, entire, rather firm, pilose; petioles cm. long, 8 mm. thick, sparsely rufous-hirsute, soon glabrous; leaf-blades peltate, obliquely very broadly ovate or subelliptic, 7-9-nerved, evenly rounded except for the abruptly acuminate apex or slightly produced at the ends of the nerves, remotely denticulate, soon glabrous, the margin ciliate and sometimes purple, cm. long, cm. wide, thin" 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. [Accessed 21 Jul 2017] n "Native: Northern America Northern Mexico: Mexico - San Luis Potosi Southern Mexico: Mexico - Chiapas, - Federal District, - Hidalgo, - Oaxaca, - Puebla, - Tabasco, - Veracruz Southern America Central America: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Panama Western South America: Colombia" Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., Harrison, N., & Ennos, R. A. (2012). Population history and seed dispersal in widespread Central American Begonia species (Begoniaceae) inferred from plastome derived microsatellite markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 171(1), [No evidence] "Their widespread distributions (B. heracleifolia grows from Mexico to Honduras, B. nelumbiifolia from Mexico to Colombia) and their tendency to grow as ruderals differ from most other Begonia spp., which are often narrow endemics in primary habitat (Hughes & Hollingsworth, 2008)." 602 Produces viable seed y Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., & Ennos, R. A. (2014). Genetic differentiation and species cohesion in two widespread Central American Begonia species. Heredity, 112(4), "capsule erect or somewhat nutant, broadly ovoid, 6-10 mm. long, wings very unequal, the largest ovate or deltoid, obtuse, to 15 mm. wide, seeds ellipsoid, blunt." "Self-compatibility was confirmed using greenhouse-grown plants. One cultivated accession of B. nelumbiifolia and five accessions of B. heracleifolia from different populations were self-fertilized. Seeds were germinated in 9-cm pots of finely sieved bark, which were kept in a propagator at 25 1C, and germination was recorded after 6 weeks." 603 Hybridizes naturally y Page 10 of 17

11 Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., & Ennos, R. A. (2015). Maintenance of species boundaries in a Neotropical radiation of Begonia. Molecular Ecology, 24(19), "We selected two pairs of species that hybridize in the wild: B. heracleifolia and B. nelumbiifolia, and B. heracleifolia and B. sericoneura (Fig. 2; Burt-Utley 1985; R. Morris, pers. comm.)."... "Begonia nelumbiifolia grows in moist shaded areas, while B. heracleifolia has a preference for dry or seasonally dry habitats (Hoover 1979; Burt-Utley 1985). Natural hybrids have been reported at a number of locations (Burt-Utley 1985), and here, we analyse three sites [sites 1, 2 and 3 (S1, S2 and S3), Table 1] in the South of Mexico." 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., & Ennos, R. A. (2014). Genetic differentiation and species cohesion in two widespread Central American Begonia species. Heredity, 112(4), "Self-compatibility was confirmed using greenhouse-grown plants. One cultivated accession of B. nelumbiifolia and five accessions of B. heracleifolia from different populations were self-fertilized." 605 Requires specialist pollinators n Twyford, A.D. (2012). Speciation and gene flow in Central American Begonia L. (Begoniaceae). PhD Dissertation. The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., & Ennos, R. A. (2014). Genetic differentiation and species cohesion in two widespread Central American Begonia species. Heredity, 112(4), "Begonia have a distinct pollination biology and pattern of seed dispersal. Most Begonia species produce simple white or pink flowers, which are visited by generalist pollinators (Apidae, Halictidae and Trigona bees, Ågren & Schemske, 1991; Wyatt & Sazima, 2011). Pollinators are attracted to male flowers by a pollen reward, and visitation of female flowers is by deceit, as they produce no floral reward but are similar in appearance to the male flowers (Ågren & Schemske, 1991)." "peduncle usually exceeding the leaves, to 66 cm. long, 6 mm. thick, soon glabrous; cymes regular, much branched, diffuse, 2-5 dm. broad; bracts deciduous, ovate, obtuse; pedicels slender, 9-22 mm. long; staminate tepals 2, suborbicular, 6-8 mm. long, white or pale pink; stamens few, anthers narrowly obovate, equaling or longer than the filaments; pistillate flowers ebracteolate; pistillate tepals 2, like the staminate; ovary 3-celled, placentae bifid, ovuliferous on all sides, styles connate at base, distinctly divided, the stigmatic surface linear, spiral, continuous" [Self-compatible] "However, as many inflorescences are borne over a flowering season, there are plenty of opportunities for selfpollination. This would particularly be the case for species such as B. nelumbiifolia, which produces many densely-packed inflorescences that can easily become intertwined. Self-pollination in such a way would assure mating success if pollinators are rare, which may be expected in the isolated populations in which Begonia species typically grow." 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y Page 11 of 17

12 Backyard Gardener Begonia nelumbiifolia (Lily-pad Begonia). [Accessed 24 Jul 2017] Dave's Garden Lotus Leaved Begonia, Water Lily Begonia - Begonia nelumbiifolia. [Accessed 21 Jul 2017] "Herbaceous; rhizome repent" "Most begonias can be propagated from leaf, stem or rhizome cuttings in addition to being sown from seed. This begonia grows from a creeping rhizome." "Propagation Methods: By dividing the rootball By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets) From leaf cuttings From herbaceous stem cuttings From seed; winter sow in vented containers, coldframe or unheated greenhouse By simple layering" 607 Minimum generative time (years) "Herbaceous; rhizome repent, short, 15 mm. thick, setose, internodes extremely short" [Unknown. Probably between 1-2 years] 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) Anonymous. (1958). Flora of Panama. Part VII. Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 45(1), 1-91 "Chepigana District, Cana-Cuasi Trail (Camp I), alt. 240 m.," [Found along trail. Although seeds lack means of external attachment, the small size may allow for adherence to footwear, clothing or equipment] "roadside on Hwy 19, mauka side of highway, on crumbling lava embankment in heavy shade, damp pockets of humus on steep rock face, first naturalized record for the species on Hawai i Island, 15 Apr Parker, J.L. & Parsons, B New Plant Records from 2007, G. Staples O AHU: Pali Hwy, windward side, 50 ft uphill the Big Island for Bishop Museum Occasional Papers from pulloff parking area by hairpin turn, steep rock bank in deep 118: shade, under secondary disturbed vegetation " [Roadside distribution suggests possible inadvertent movement in soil attached to vehicles or machinery] 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y Page 12 of 17

13 Dave's Garden Lotus Leaved Begonia, Water Lily Begonia - Begonia nelumbiifolia. [Accessed 21 Jul 2017] Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R A Tropical Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "This plant has been said to grow in the following regions: Anniston, Alabama Beverly Hills, California Big Pine Key, Florida Clearwater, Florida De Leon Springs, Florida New Port Richey, Florida Saint Petersburg, Florida Zephyrhills, Florida Kurtistown, Hawaii" Cultivated in Hawaiian Islands as an ornamental 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant WRA Specialist Personal Communication Unknown. Possibly if grown with other ornamentals 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y de Lange, A. & Bournan, E Seed Micromorphology of Neotropical Begonias. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 90. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., Harrison, N., & Ennos, R. A. (2012). Population history and seed dispersal in widespread Central American Begonia species (Begoniaceae) inferred from plastome derived microsatellite markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 171(1), "On the basis of fruit and seed morphology, it is rather speculative to suggest other types of dispersal in Neotropical begonias. Secondary seed dispersal by rain-wash may occur in the majority of the begonias, including the wind dispersed ones." [Poorly wind dispersed] "Begonia spp. have tiny seeds that are not known to be dispersed by any animal vectors and are poorly wind dispersed, and therefore effective seed dispersal between populations is expected to be low." Page 13 of 17

14 705 Propagules water dispersed Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., Harrison, N., & Ennos, R. A. (2012). Population history and seed dispersal in widespread Central American Begonia species (Begoniaceae) inferred from plastome derived microsatellite markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 171(1), de Lange, A. & Bournan, E Seed Micromorphology of Neotropical Begonias. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 90. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Anonymous. (1958). Flora of Panama. Part VII. Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 45(1), 1-91 "Begonia spp. have tiny seeds that are not known to be dispersed by any animal vectors and are poorly wind dispersed, and therefore effective seed dispersal between populations is expected to be low." "On the basis of fruit and seed morphology, it is rather speculative to suggest other types of dispersal in Neotropical begonias. Secondary seed dispersal by rain-wash may occur in the majority of the begonias, including the wind dispersed ones." [Grows along rivers. Possibly water-dispersed] "on rocky bank, forest along the Rio Indio de Gatun, near sea level" [Overland water flow in damp habitat may facilitate dispersal of small Begonia seeds] "Damp thickets and forests, alt. 1-1,650 meters" 706 Propagules bird dispersed n Twyford, A. D., Kidner, C. A., Harrison, N., & Ennos, R. A. (2012). Population history and seed dispersal in widespread Central American Begonia species (Begoniaceae) inferred from plastome derived microsatellite markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 171(1), "Begonia spp. have tiny seeds that are not known to be dispersed by any animal vectors and are poorly wind dispersed, and therefore effective seed dispersal between populations is expected to be low." [No evidence] 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n de Lange, A. & Bournan, E Seed Micromorphology of Neotropical Begonias. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 90. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. [No apparent means of animal dispersal or external attachment in Begonia nelumbiifolia, a Neotropical species] "Seed dispersal of the Neotropical begonias, and most probably that of the Asian ones, distinctly differs from seed dispersal in African begonias. In the Neotropical begonias wind dispersal is predominant, and alternative types of dispersal are restricted to a limited number of sections. In Africa only about one fifth of the Begonia species are wind dispersed, almost two fifths are animal-dispersed, and over twofifths are dispersed by a combination of rain-wash and epizoochory (de Lange and Bouman, 1992)." 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut n Page 14 of 17

15 de Lange, A. & Bournan, E Seed Micromorphology of Neotropical Begonias. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 90. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. [No evidence of consumption] "Seed dispersal of the Neotropical begonias, and most probably that of the Asian ones, distinctly differs from seed dispersal in African begonias. In the Neotropical begonias wind dispersal is predominant, and alternative types of dispersal are restricted to a limited number of sections. In Africa only about one fifth of the Begonia species are wind dispersed, almost two fifths are animal-dispersed, and over two-fifths are dispersed by a combination of rain-wash and epizoochory (de Lange and Bouman, 1992)." 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) "capsule erect or somewhat nutant, broadly ovoid, 6-10 mm. long, wings very unequal, the largest ovate or deltoid, obtuse, to 15 mm. wide, seeds ellipsoid, blunt." [Densities unknown] 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. (2017) Seed Information Database (SID). Version 7.1. Available from: [Accessed 24 Jul 2017] Unknown. Several Beggonia species have orthodox seeds 803 Well controlled by herbicides Florida Natural Areas Inventory Begonia cucullata. fnai.org/invasives/begonia_cucullata_fnai.pdf WRA Specialist Personal Communication [Unknown. Related taxon controlled with herbicide] "Control Methods: Mechanical: Hand pull seedlings (IFAS, CAIP and FWC) Chemical: Foliar (1% glyphosate, IFAS, CAIP and FWC)" Unknown. No information on herbicide efficacy or chemical control of this species Page 15 of 17

16 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Backyard Gardener Begonia nelumbiifolia (Lily-pad Begonia). [Accessed 24 Jul 2017] Dave's Garden Lotus Leaved Begonia, Water Lily Begonia - Begonia nelumbiifolia. [Accessed 24 Jul 2017] "Pinching tips and pruning outer stems in the growing season gives a bushier plant, good for hanging baskets." "Propagation Methods: By dividing the rootball By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets) From leaf cuttings From herbaceous stem cuttings From seed; winter sow in vented containers, coldframe or unheated greenhouse By simple layering" [Possibly. May be able to tolerate mutilation, or cutting into pieces, if able to be propagated vegetatively] 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) WRA Specialist Personal Communication Unknown Page 16 of 17

17 Summary of Risk Traits: High Risk / Undesirable Traits Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility Thrives in tropical climates Naturalized on Hawaii Island and Puerto Rico Other Begonia species have become invasive Shade-tolerant May form dense stands in native range Reproduces by seeds and vegetatively by rhizomes Hybridizes with other Begonia species Self-compatible Seeds dispersed by wind, possibly water & intentionally by people Low Risk Traits Despite naturalization, negative impacts have not been documented to date Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs) Non-toxic Ornamental Herbicides may be able to effectively control this plant Page 17 of 17