B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙYear (Ι Semester)

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1 COURSEΙ: Ι V B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙYear (Ι Semester) CELL BIOLOGY AND BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY Physico-chemical aspects: Structure, properties and biological significance of water, ph and its significance, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, isoelectric point, buffers (inorganic and organic) and their importance. Techniques in cell biology: Principles of light and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), cell fractionation (homogenisation and centrifugation), chromatography (paper chromatography and TLC) and spectrophotometry. Energy flow and enzymology: Laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy transfer and redox potential, ATP-the energy currency; enzymes-nature catalytic action,; nomenclature and classification of the enzymes, cofactors and isoenzymes, factors affecting enzyme activity, effects of substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature, ph and inhibitors on biochemical reactions. The Cell:Cell theory, comparative account of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; characteristics of archaebacteria; various stages of mitotic and meiotic cell divisions; role of centromere, kinetochore and spindle apparatus; mechanism of cell cycle control;chemical constituents of cell wall; Singer and Nicolson model of cell membrane, role of various membrane proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Nucleus: Ultra structure, nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex, nucleosome and higher level of organization of chromosomes;prokaryotic, eukaryotic and organellar ribosomes and their functions. Mitochondrion and chloroplast: Organelle structure and biogenesis, organization of macromolecular complexes, variation in size, shape, number and types of plastids. Other sub-cellular organelles: Golgi complex, endoplasticrecticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes and glyoxysomes. 1. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evaluation and Ecology by Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. (2006). S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 2. Cell and Molecular Biology by Gupta, P.K. (2003). Rastogi Publications, Meerut. 3. Cell and Molecular Biology by Rastogi, S.C. (2003). New era International (Pvt.)Ltd., (4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi.) 4. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L., and Cox, M.M. (2004). W. H. Freeman & Company, U.S.A. 5. The Cell, A Molecular Approach 5 th Edition by Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). ASM Press Washington, D.C. 820 pp.

2 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙYear (ΙI Semester) COURSE ΙΙ: DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLANT KINGDOM Plant Kingdom: Criteria of classification of living organisms into five kingdoms and the concept of three domain system. Algae: General characters, an outline classification of algae (by Fritsch, 1935 economic importance important features and life history of Chlorophyceae (Chlamydomonas), Xanthophyceae (Vaucheria), Phaeophyceae (Ectocarpus), Rhodophyceae (Batrachospermum). Ι Fungi: General characters, important features (in brief) and life history of Mastigomycotina (Phytophthora), Zygomycotina (Rhizopus), Ascomycotina (Saccharomyces), Basidiomycotina (Puccinia) and Deuteromycotina (Colletotrichum). Bryophytes: Outline classification, study of morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Hepaticopsida (Riccia), Anthocerotopsida (Anthoceros) and Bryopsida (Funaria). Pteridophytes: A general study of morphology, anatomy, and reproductive structure of Psilopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and Pteropsida (Dryopteris); stellar evolution. Gymnosperms: General study of morphology, anatomy and reproductivestructures of Cycadales (Cycas) and Coniferales (Pinus). V Angiosperms: Identification, nomenclature, classification:(bentham and Hooker),primitive and advanced features, salient features of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; diagnostic features (with reference to local flora) and economic importance of Ranunculaceae, Malvaceae, Brassicaceae, Papilionaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae and Liliaceae. 1. Fungi by Vashishta, P.C. (1992). S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi. 2. Bryophyta by Vashishta, B.R., Sinha, A.K. and Kumar, A. (1992). S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi. 3. Algae by Vashishta, B.R., Sinha, A.K. and Singh, V.P. (2008). S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi. 4. Botany Vol. II by Pandey, S.N., Trivedi, P.S. and Mishra, S.P. (1994) Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 5. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Lawrance, G.H.M. (1951). The Macmillan Compnay New York, 823 pp. 6. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Pandey, B.P. (1999). S. Chand and Company, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 600 pp. 7. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Singh, V. and Jain, D.K. (1981). Deep and Deep Publications, 489 pp. 8. An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms by Shukla, P. &Misra, S.C. (1991). Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd. (576, Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi-0014). 9. The Gymnosperm by Bishvas, C. and Johri, B.M. Narora Publishing House, New Delhi. 10. Morphology of Gymnosperms by Sporne, K.R. Hutchinson and Company (Publisher) Ltd., London.

3 COURSE ΙΙΙ: Ι B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙIYear (ΙII Semester) PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Plant water relations: Diffusion, osmosis and imbibitions, elementary idea of chemical, water and osmotic potential, absorption of water by cell and root; ascent of sap, transpiration and its significance, mechanism of stomatal movement. Mineral nutrition: Criteria of essentiality of elements, macro and micronutrients, role of essential elements, mineral deficiency symptoms and plant disorders, elementary idea of nutrient uptake and transport mechanism, role of cell membrane and ion pumps, carries and channels. Photosynthesis: Electromagnetic spectrum and light quality, photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic pigments, light reaction, C 3 and C 4 cycles, crassulacean acid metabolism, photorespiration, components of phloem and their role in translocation of photosynthates. Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway, cyanide-resistant respiration. Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, reduction of assimilation and nif genes. nitrogen into ammonia, ammonia Growth and development: Definition and phases of growth, seed germination, photoperiodism, vernalisation, general aspects of phytohormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene) and their roles, plant movements, biological clock. Adaptations: Concepts, ecads, ecotypes and ecoclines; adaptations in relation to soil oligotrophy. V Population: Concept of density patterns, population growth and carrying capacity. Indicators and amplitude:plant indicators and their role in environmental monitoring; ecological amplitude. Ecosystems: Concept and structure (abiotic and biotic components, food chain, food web and ecological pyramids); ecosystem function, energy flow, ecological efficiencies and productivity concept. Ecological succession: Types and mechanism of succession. Community: Characteristics and their measurement, niche concept, species diversity (alpha, beta and gamma) Plant Physiology by Devlin, R.M. and Witham, F.H. (1983). Prindle Weber and Schmidt, 577 pp. 2. Plant Physiology by Pandey, S.N. and Sinha, B.K. (2009). Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 680 pp. 3. Plant Physiology by Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Wadsworth Publishing Company, 682 pp. 4. Ecology and Environment by Sharma, P.D. (2005). Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut. 5. Ecology and Utilization of Plants by Sharma, P.D. (2006). Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut.

4 B.Sc. III Semester (Skill Enhancement Elective) Ordinary Meeting of B.O.S Held on Course 07: Methods of Environmental Analysis Credit: 02 Ι V Techniques in Environmental Analysis: Cell fractionation (homogenization and centrifugation), paper chromatography and spectrophotometry. Water Pollution Analysis: Colour, conductivity, temperature, odour, turbidity, hardness, determination of calcium, carbonate, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand. Air Pollution Analysis: Analysis of aerosol, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and ozone. Soil Pollution: Colour, moisture, temperature, ph, electrical conductivity, determination of magnesium, chloride, biological preparation and inoculation of culture media.

5 B.Sc. III Semester (Skill Enhancement Elective) Ordinary Meeting of B.O.S Held on Course 08: Techniques in Plant Breeding Credit: 02 Ι V Hybridization: Hybridization programme and procedure choice of parents, Evaluation of parents, Emasculation (Hand Emasculation, Suction Method, Hot water Emasculation, Alcohol treatment, Cold treatment), Bagging, Tagging, Pollination, Harvesting of F1 seeds, Raising the F2 generation. Procedure for Mutation Breeding: Objectives of the programme physical and chemical mutagens, Selection of the variety for Mutagen treatment, parts of the plant to be treated, Doses of the Mutagen, Giving Mutagenic treatment, Handling of the Mutagen treated population, Gamma Garden. Polyploidy: Origin and production of Auto polyploidy Spontaneous mutation, Physical & chemical agents, Regeneration in vitro, Colchicines treatment: Seed treatment, Seedlings, Growing Shoot apices, other chemical agents. Field plot techniques in plant Breeding: Priniciples of Experimental Designs - Replication Randomization, Complete Block & Split Plot Designs.

6 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙIYear (ΙV Semester) COURSE ΙV: DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS AND THEIR UTILIZATION Organization of higher plant body and adaptive systems: Tissue systems and their functions in stems of maize and sunflower, leaf of sugarcane, root of maize and ficus,plant adaptations (Nymphaea as aquatic, Cucurbita as mesophyte, Nerium as xerophyte, Bryophyllum as succulent and Rhizophora as halophyte). Ι V Shoot and root apices and lateral meristems: Organization, functions and theories of shoot and root apex (apical cell theory, histogen theory, tunica corpus theory, cyto-histo-zonation theory of shoot apex; Korper-kappe theory,queiscentcentre concept in root apex), origin of lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium), structure and functions of vascular cambium and their derivatives (basic structure of wood and bark components), structure and functions of periderm. Industrial use plants: Brief account of the natural rubber (Heveabrasiliensis), essential oils (lemon grass), an insecticide (neem) and dyes (saffron and turmeric), extraction and uses of cotton fibre. Medicinal Plants:A brief account of the important plant drugs and their chief constituents used in indigenous and allopathic systems of medicines, viz. Papaversomniferum, Rauwolfiaserpentina, Catharanthusroseusand Atropa belladonna. Cereals, pulses and oilseeds: General account of cultivation and uses of cereals (wheat and rice, a legume (Chickpea/Bengal gram) and a vegetable oil source (Mustard). Timber plants:general account of the properties and uses of teak, sal, shisham and chir woods. 1. A hand book for field identification of fifty important timbers of India by Rao, K.R. and Juneja, K.B.S. (1971). FRI and Colleges, Dehradun. 2. Plant Anatomy by Pandey, B.P. (1994). S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi, 644pp. 3. Plant Anatomy by Esau, K. (1965). John Wiliy and Sons. 4. Plant Anatomy by Fahn, A. (1990). Pergamin Press. 5. Ecology and Utilization of Plants by Sharma, P.D. (2006). Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut. 6. Economic Botany in the tropics by Kochhar, S.L. Macmillan Publishers India Ltd. 7. Economic Botany by Pandey, S.N. and Chadha Ajanta, Vikas publishing House, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 8. Economic Botany by Hill Albert, F. and Sharma, O.P., Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, Ltd. 9. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants by Foryter, A.S. and Giffords,Jr. E.M., VakilsFeffers and Simons Pvt. Ltd. Bombay

7 Ordinary Meeting of B.O.S Held on B.Sc. IV Semester (Skill Enhancement Elective) Course : Experiments in Cytology and Genetics Credit: 02 Ι V Chromosome Morphology: To study generalised plant cell, cell division (Meiosis and Mitosis) (polytene chromosomes, Sex chromosomes). Chromosome Methodologies: Prefixation, Fixation, Staining, Preparation of slide for mitotic study, Preparation of slide for meiotic study, Preparation of permanent slide. General Schedule for Double Staining Technique: Selection of the Material Tissues, Pre treatment and fixation and fixing chemical (formaldehyde), Section cutting, Double staining, Dehydration and Mounting. Monohybrid cross, Dihybrid cross, Floral biology and Floral morphology, Intervarietal hybridization in self pollinated cross, Effect of chemical / physical mutagens on seed germination and seedling growth.

8 B.Sc. IV Semester (Skill Enhancement Elective) Ordinary Meeting of B.O.S Held on Course : Study of Plant Diseases and Their Management Credit: 02 Unit- I A. Plant Viruses Structure of Viruses, Viral Parasitism and Morphological Symptoms B. Disease caused by Viruses and their Management: a. Yellow Vein Mosaic of Okra b. Leaf Roll of Potato Unit- II A. Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Structure of Bacterium, Mode of Infection, Symptoms of Bacterial Diseases B. Bacterial Diseases of Plant and their Management: a. Citrus Canker b. Scab of Potato Unit- III A. Plant Pathogenic Fungi Structure of Fungal Cell, Mode of Infection, Symptoms of Fungal Diseases B. Fungal Diseases of Plant and their Management: a. Stripe Rust of Wheat b. Early Blight of Potato Unit- IV A. Plant Parasitic Nematodes Structure of Nematode, Mode of Infection, Symptoms Caused by Nematodes B. Nematodes Diseases of Plant and Their Management: a. Root Knot Disease of Tomato b. Molya Disease of Wheat

9 Ordinary Meeting of B.O.S Held on B.Sc. IV Semester (Open Elective Course) Course 13: Basic Concept in Botany Credit: 04 Ι V Plant Kingdom, Classification; Bentham & Hooker Diagnostic features and economic importance of Solanaceae & Poaceae. Economic importance of cereals (Wheat), oils (Mustard), Pulse (Pea), Fibres (Cotton) and medicinal plants (Opium poppy). Characterization of algae bryophyte pteridophytes and Gymnosperms Eukaryotic cell structure, chemical composition or protoplasm, cell wall, plasma membrane, Mendel s laws of Inheritance. Environmental and Plant Physiology: Pollution (Air, Water, Soil, Noise & Radioactive), elementary concept of photosynthesis respiration.

10 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙIIYear (V Semester) COURSE V: Ι BIOLOGY OF CRYPTOGAMS Algae: Occurrence, distribution, range of thallus organization, cell organization levels, pigmentation and storage products in algae, Classification of algae (by Fritsch 1935), general characteristics of major classes; structure, reproduction and life cycle of different genera of algae belonging to Cyanophyceae (Nostoc), Chlorophyceae (Volvox), Xanthophyceae (Vaucheria), Charophyceae (Chara), Rhodophyceae (Batrachospermum) and Phaeophyceae (Ectocarpus); role of algae in human welfare. Fungi: Occurrence, ultrasructure of fungal cell, cell wall composition, classification of fungi (by Alexopoulas& Mims 1973), nutrition and reproduction in fungi (asexual and sexual). Fungal plant diseases: Symptoms, causal organism and management of major plant diseases(stem rust and loose smut of wheat, white rust of crucifers, late blight of potato, Tikka disease of groundnut and red rot of sugarcane.) Bryophytes: General characters, comparative account of morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funaria, evolution of sporophyte (developmental stages not included),bryophytes as water and air pollution bioindicators. V Pteridophytes: Primary vascular plants, outline classification, comparative account of morphology, anatomy and reproductionin Rhynia, Selaginella, Equisetum, Marsilea, Telome theory, heterospory and seed habit. 1. Plant Pathology 5 th Edition by Agrios George, N. (2006). Elsevier Academic Press, London, 922 pp. 2. An Introduction to Pteridophyta by Rashid, A., Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 3. Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams) by Vashishta, P.C., S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 4. Introductory Mycology IVth Edition by Alexopoulus, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). John Wiley and Sons Inc, USA. 5. Algae by Vashishta, B.R., Sinha, A.K. and Singh, V.P. (2008). S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd. 6. Plant Diseases 6 th Edition by Singh, R.S., Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, Pvt. Ltd., 7. Plant Pathology by Mehrotra, R.S., Aggarwal, A., Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi. 8. Bryophyta by Vashishta, B.R., Sinha, A.K. and Kumar, A. (1992)S. Chand and Comp. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 9. An Introduction to Embryophyta 5 th Edition by N.S., Parihar (1965). Central Book Deport, Allahabad, India. 10. Bryophytes: Morphology growth and differentiation by Mrs. PremPuri., Atma Ram and Sons, Delhi, 370 pp.

11 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙIIYear (V Semester) Course VΙ: UnitΙ UnitΙΙ UnitΙΙΙ UnitΙV BIOLOGY OF SEED PLANTS Gymnosperms: General characters, economic importance and outline classification (by Sporne, 1965). Cycadales: Vegetative organography and anatomy, reproductive cycle, sporophytes and sporangia, gametophytes, fertilization, embryogeny and seed development with special reference to Cycas. Coniferales: General organography and anatomy, foliage leaves, strobili and sporangia, reproductive cycle-sporogenesis, gametophytes, fertilization, embryogeny and seed development with special reference to Pinus Gnetales: Vegetative organography and anatomy, reproductive cycle- the strobili, sporogenesis, male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization and embryogeny with special reference to Ephedra. Phanerogams: General characteristics and types. Angiosperms: Organography and anatomy, histology venation; nodal and wood anatomy, general concepts of floral anatomy. Alternatives of reproduction:concept of flower as a modified determinate shoot, genetic control of floral organs, functions of flower, pollination (mechanisms and agencies),microsporogenesis(male gametophyte and pollen germination), megasporogenesis(development of female gametophyte), development of endosperm and embryo in monocotyledons and dicotyledons, seed dormancy and seed germination and fruit maturation, ripening and dispersal Morphology of Gymnosperms by Sporne, K.R. Hutchinson and Company (Publishers) Pvt. Ltd., London. 2. The Gymnosperms Structure and Evoluation by Biswas, C. and Johri, B.M., Narora Publishing House, New Delhi. 3. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms by Maheshwari, P. (1950). McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 453 pp. 4. The Embryology of Angiosperms by Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2008). Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 352 pp. 5. Reproductive Biology of Plants by Johri, B.M. and Srivastwa, P.S. (2001).,Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 320 pp.

12 Course VΙΙ: B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙIIYear (V Semester) MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY Ι Microbiology: Systematic position of microorganisms in biological world as proposed by Whittaker. General characteristic features and classification of bacteria (Bergey s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1974), brief account of prokaryotic and eukaryotic micro-organisms (bacteria and yeast),viruses(properties and classification, bacteriophage T4), general account of viroids, phytoplasma and actinomycetes. Genetic recombination in prokaryotes: Conjugation, transformation and transduction,biological nitrogen fixation. Industrial application of microorganisms: Organic acids, alcohol, preservation of products, antibiotics and biopesticides. foods, milk Pathological methods: Sterilization methods in plant pathology,isolation of fungi and bacteria from soil and infected plant material. General account of plant diseases: Symptoms, causal organisms and management of little leaf of brinjal, tobacco mosaic virus, citrus-canker, ear-cockle of wheat, root-knot of okra, early blight of potato, stem gall of coriander. V Defence mechanism in plants against pathogens: Physical and biochemical aspects,brief account of plant disease management (Chemical, biological) IPM systems elementary idea of transgenics, Symptoms caused by micro-organisms, Nematodes:An elementary idea about the structure of nematode, importance of nematodes as agricultural pest. 1. Fundamentals of Microbiology 5 th Edition by Alcamo, I. Edward. Wesley Longman Inc. 2. Introductory Microbiology by Heritage, J., Evans, E.G.V. and Killington, R.A., Cambridge University Press. 3. Wastewater Microbiology by Bitton Gabriel., Wiley Lics A John Wiley & Sons Inc. 4. Microbiology by Pelezar Michael, J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg Noel, R., Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, Ltd. 5. Plant Pathology 2 nd Edition by Mehrota, R.S., Aggarwal Ashok. (2003) Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, Ltd. 6. Plant Diseases 7 th Edition by Singh, R.S. (1998) Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. 7. Introductory Mycology by Alexopoulas Constantine John, Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8. Plant Parasitic Nematodes by Zuckerman, B.M., Mai, W.F. and Rohde, R.A., Academic Press New York San Francisco London.

13 COURSE VΙΙΙ: GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙIIYear (VI Semester) Ι V Mendelian inheritance: Principles of inheritance, back cross and test cross; gene interactions and modified dihybrid ratios, epistatic factors; complementary, supplementary and duplicate genes; multiple alleles and self incompatibility in plants; quantitative traits and multiple factor hypothesis (wheat kernel colour). Linkage, recombination and genetic makeup: Coupling and repulsion hypothesis; two and three point test crosses with their significance in chromosome mapping, changes in chromosome structure; origin types and effects of duplications, deletions, inversions and translocations. Sex determination and non Mendelian inheritance; Mechanisms of sex determination, balance concept of sex determination in Drosophila, sex linked inheritance in Drosophila and man. Maternal influence (Shell coiling in snails), kappa particles in Paramaecium, cytoplasmic inheritance in yeast (mitochondria) and Mirabilis jalapa (plastids). Types of plant reproduction: Vegetative, sexual and apomixis, their effects on generating and fixing genotypic variation. Methods of plant improvement: Plant introduction, purelineand mass selection, hybridizationtypes, techniques and importance. Mutations: Spontaneous and induced mutations, mutagen-types, transitions, transversions, and frameshift mutations,applications of mutations in crop improvement. Polyploidy: Origin, types and effects of auto and allopolyploidy, applications of polyploidy in crop improvement. 1. Principles and Methods of Plant Breeding by Borojevic, S. (1990). Elsevier New York. 2. Principles of Plant Breeding by Allard, R.W. (1960). John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 485 pp. 3. Problem Facing Plant Breeding by Vijendra Das, L.D. (2000). Jain for CBS Publishers and Distributors. 4. Genetics and Genomics 1 st Edition by Waseem Ahmad, Fareedi (2013). Pearson Education Dorling Kindersley (India) New Delhi. 5. Genetics 9 th Edition by Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. (2009). S. Chand and Company Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi.

14 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙIIYear (VI Semester) COURSE IX: UnitI UnitII UnitIII BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Nucleic acid: Composition of nucleic acid; DNA structure (A, B, and Z forms of DNA); different forms of RNA and their roles. Amino acid and protein metabolism: General characteristics of amino acids; GS/GOGAT cycle; transamination; peptide bond and polypeptide chain; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins; protein biosynthesis and its regulation; post translational modification of proteins; protein targeting; protein degradation. Carbohydrate metabolism: Characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, isomerism; biosynthesis of sucrose. Lipid metabolism: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, oxidation of fatty acids; glyoxylate cycle. Gene structure expression and regulation: Gene organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; operon concept; gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; inducible, repressible, positive and negative gene regulation; RNA splicing; mrna stability. Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction endonucleases; prokaryotic cloning vectors, cdna libraries, Southern and Northern analysis, DNA fingerprinting, chromosome walking; polymerase chain reaction; DNA sequencing. UnitIV Plant Biotechnology: Cellular differentiation and totipotency, clonal propagation; protoplast isolation and culture; somatic hybridization; genetic engineering of plants; vectors for gene delivery; methods of gene delivery; Agrobacterium the natural genetic engineer. 1. Plant Physiology by Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Wadsworth Publishing Company, 682 pp. 2. Plant Physiology by Pandey, S.N. and Sinha, B.K. (2009). Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 680 pp. 3. Plant Physiology by Devlin, R.M. and Witham, F.H. (1983). Prindle Weber and Schmidt, 577 pp 4. Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology by Srivastava, H.S. (2005). Rastogi Publications, Meerut. 5. Plant Physiology by Jain, V.K. (2008). S. Chand and Company Ltd. (Ram Nagar, New Delhi). 6. Plant Physiology 4 th Edition by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger (2006). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers

15 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙIIYear (VI Semester) COURSEX: Ι V SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Systemmatics: (aims and components of systematics, introduction, identification, nomenclature and classification), systematics in practice (importance of herbarium specimens and their preparation; role of herbaria), taxonomic hierarchy (taxonomic categories, taxonomic groups, concepts of species), International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (principles and rules; ranks and names, type method), systems of classification (Bentham & Hooker s system, Engler and Prantl s system). Angiosperime Families: Study of families of dicots (Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Rutaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Convolvulaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae and Euphorbiaceae) and monocots (Arecaceae and Poaceae) with special reference to local flora and plants of economic value. Introduction to environmental biology: Interrelationship between the living world and environment, the components and dynamism, homeostasis, relevance to man. Earth as a system and environment: the biosphere and lithosphere; components within biosphere (biomes). Soil general account and its adaptations. The living world-biotic components of environment, types of biotic interactions. Ecosystem: Concept of ecosystems and their types, structure and organization of ecosystem, functions and processes within ecosystem. Transfer of energy and minerals via grazing and detritus chains and role of microorganisms; concept and types of productivity. Human ecology: ecological management; renewable and non renewable resources and their management conservation of biodiversity endangered species. 1. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Lawrance, G.H.M. (1951). The Macmillan Compnay, New York, 823 pp. 2. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Pandey, B.P. (1999). S. Chand and Company, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 600 pp. 3. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Singh, V. and Jain, D.K. (1981). Deep and Deep Publications, 489 pp. 4. An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms by Shukla, P. and Misra, S.C. (1991). Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Ecology and Environment by Sharma, P.D. (2005). Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut. 6. Ecology and Utilization of Plants by Sharma, P.D. (2006). Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut.