Floral Diversity of Tolipir National Park (TNP), Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

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1 BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) 2014, 60 (1), PKISSN (Print) ISSN X (On-Line) Floral Diversity of Tolipir National Park (TNP), Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan ABU-UL-HASSAN FAIZ 1, MOHAMMAD ASAD GHUFARN 2, AFSAR MIAN 3 AND TANVEER AKHTAR 1 1 Department of Zoology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 2 Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan 3 Bioresource Research Centre (BRC), 34-Bazar Road, G-6/4, Islamabad, Pakistan ABSTRACT The present paper describes the floral diversity of the Tolipir National Park to develop the base line information about species composition and community structure. Survey of the floral diversity of that area was conducted in summer According to this survey, 35 tree species, 19 shrubs, 3 epiphytes, 4 climbers, 75 herbs, 10 ferns, 1 moss and 1 lichen species were recorded. The present results suggested a relatively long list of plant species (158) for an area of 50 Km 2, yet such a diversity can be expected under diversity in the physical conditions and hence the associated habitat conditions, i.e., variation in altitudes (1,367 2,617 m asl.), diversity in land exploitation pattern (arable terrace agriculture interspersed with the wild forested vegetation and ecotone effect), topographic diversity (hill slopes and plain hill tops having grasslands, and ravines with different degree of moisture conditions) and moisture conditions (deeper ravines with thick forested vegetation cover, hardly receiving the sun light, to open mountain ridges). The study suggested that the park area was rich in floral diversity, which needed rapid conservation measures. In future, further detailed studies can add some other rare species into this list. Keywords: Tolipir National Park, species composition, community structure. INTRODUCTION Plants clearly respond to environmental gradient, and plant distribution is believed to be a result of interactions among local environmental factors, physiographic tolerances and competitive dynamics (Palmer, 1994). Mountains are the most remarkable land forms on earth surface with prominent vegetation zones. Almost every type of climate can be found in mountains and a wide variety of flora form a gradient from tropical vegetation to alpine meadows. Vegetation types differ with changes in altitude and altitudinal patterns of plant species diversity have long been attracting the attention of ecologists (Adhikari et al., 1992, Fang, 2004). Plants in nature occur in repeating groups of associated plants, called communities. The structure of a community is determined mainly by the dominating plant species and not by other characteristics (Odum, 1971).Plant association is stable plant group in equilibrium with the surrounding environment and characterized by certain dominant species revealing a particular ecology (Blanquet, 1928).The community structure and distribution patterns are poorly understood, because they have not been given due attention by plant ecologists to date (Peer et al., 2007). The Himalayan forest vegetation ranges from tropical dry deciduous forests in the foothills to alpine meadows above timberline (Singh, 1992). Numerous studies about distribution of plants communities in Himalayas are present (Champion et al., 1965; Beg 1975; Malik et al., 1990, 1994, 2004, 2005,2007 ; Nazir et al.,2012) which have reported vegetation of different areas of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Some work has been undertaken on the vegetation on one hill of Tolipir (Hamayun, 2010). The area under the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is under tremendous pressure of overexploitation of medicinal plants due to local economic uplift, animal treatment and herbal doctors (Ahmed, 1999; Khan, 1951). Different areas of (AJK) from the botanical point ofview, have been investigated by different workers, such as, Neelum valley (Qamar & Minhas, 2006), Samahni valley (Ishtiaq et al., 2006; Khan et al., 2004), Ponch valley (Khan, 1985; Sidique, 1991), and Palandri (Haq & Hussain, 1995). Tolipir area, from the botanical point of view, is one of the least investigated area of the (AJK) with exception of a few contributions made (Hamayun, 2010). Present study was designed to investigate the floral diversity of Tolipir National Park. Local wisdom on ethno-botany was also collected. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tolipir (33 o NL, 73 o E, top altitude some 2,621 meter) gets its name from a mausoleum *Corresponding author: sabulhussan@gmail.com Contact No

2 44 A. FAIZ ET AL BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) (locally known as Mazaar) of a saint, known as Tolipir, located on the top folds of the mountain ridge at an altitude of some 3,100 m asl., falling in Pir Panjal Hills located in the western reaches of the Great Himalayan Range. The peak provides an amazing aerial view of the foothills, forests, rivers, streams and valleys. It is the highest mountain that can be seen from Rawalkot and vicinity, Abbass Pur and parts of the District Bagh. This is a famous hill station and the façade of this fabulous mountain is through unique and resembles the flare of Miran Jani and Thandiani. The general area, and group of villages or human settlements appearing in different top folds of the hills, surrounding this mausoleum, is generally recognized as Tolipir area. A number of villages and towns are scattered in the general Tolipir area. A pleasant breeze continues blowing throughout the day in all seasons but its speed increases in the afternoon hours. The major part of the rainfall is received in the form of summer monsoon during May-August. Minimum precipitation is received during autumn (September-November). Hailstorm is common during August-September, while snowfall is received at intervals between November and March especially at higher altitudes. Dew is frequent during different parts of the year, depending upon temperature and humidity (Khan, 2002). The mean winter temperature (during January) remains between 7 C o and 1 C o at lower and higher elevations, respectively. The mean summer maximum temperatures remain around 16 C º and 26 Cº in the parts located at higher and lower mountain folds, respectively (Shagufta, 2003; Abbasi & Khan, 2004). Table: 1 Temperature (cº) and precipitation (mm) of Tolipir area (2012) High Low Mean± SE Average Precipitation(mm) December ± November ± October ± September ± August ± July ± June ± May ± April ± March ± February ± January ± The average lowest temperature was recorded in January11C and goes on increasing till June 34 C. The average temperature goes on decreasing after June gradually and reaches to 14 C in December. The maximum precipitation was observed during the month of august (1018 mm) and minimum precipitation was observed in October (3 mm). ( Samples collection The general tract of Tolipir area was visited to collect all possible floral varieties. Attempts were made to collect/ record all the plant species present under different microhabitat variation. Using this data, list of the plant species in the Tolipir area was developed. For the purpose broad areas having reasonably similar vegetative conditions were identified using satellite imagery and the physical reconnaissance of the area, and were recognized as stands for sampling of the vegetation. Each stand was given a reference number and sampled using different numbers of 50 m long line transects at randomly selected locations in different parts of the stand. The length of the transect line touching or supposed to be touching a plant canopy was recorded with the name of the plant species. Different vegetative layers (herbs, shrubs, trees and epiphytes) were subjected to separate transect samplings. At places the cover provided by the different layers was thick and the branches of the adjacent trees intermingled. In such stands, the total tree cover recorded through transect samplings was more than 100%. The values of the relative covers were then worked out in such cases, taking the total cover as 100%. Taxonomic identification of plants The taxonomic identification of plants was carried out in the field. The specimens of all plants species were collected, pressed with a plant press using absorbent paper, and brought back to the laboratory. Each of preserved specimens of plants was identified in the laboratory, following Flora of Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 2008; Toshiyuki & Malik, 1992) and through physical comparing with the identified specimen, available at Herbaria of Quaid-

3 VOL. 60 (1) FLORAL DIVERSITY OF TOLIPIR NATIONAL PARK 45 e-azam Campus University of Punjab (Lahore), Pakistan Natural History Museum, Islamabad and Bio Resource Research centre (BRC) Islamabad (Pakistan). The transect data was suitably pooled to develop estimates on the vegetative cover occupied by different plant species and the total vegetative cover of the stands. The stand data was subject to computer based ordination to develop vegetation types, based upon the stand similarities in the vegetative composition. The distribution of different phyto-sociological communities was placed on the digitized map of Tolipir area, taking the help of satellite imagery. Data collection from local community The possible use of the plant species was determined through the information gathered from the local population (after taking the information consent) and the literature searched. The data was collected through formulated questionnaire based on interviews by resident of different villages of Tolipir area to obtain information on possible uses of each plant species. Meetings were also arranged with village heads or elected councilors. Oral Interviews using questionnaires were organized during summer (May-September, 2012). People from different socio-economic background from each locality were interviewed including herdsmen, plant collectors, hakims, social activists, traditional healers, ethnic groups and market dealers about presence and use and harvesting of medicinal plants in the area. During interview of people, the women were concentrated more than other fractions of population due to their regular and strong relationship with indigenous knowledge practices. RESULTS Species Diversity The plant survey, carried out during April- May, 2012, identified a total of 158 plant species (35 tree species (including gymnosperm), 19 shrubs, 3 epiphytes, 4 climbers,75 herbs,10 ferns, one moss and one lichen species) distributed in different parts of Tolipir area (Table 2). Phyto-sociology The association analysis on the stand data on the vegetative cover occupied by different plant species, using Wards s (linkage) and Euclidian methods ( measure of distance) identified three main vegetative types, based upon 80% similarity index, occupying different parts of Tolipir area is shown in Table 3.The association analysis is presented in dendrogram in Fig., 2. The percentage relative cover shared by different plant species in different vegetative types have been presented in Table 4. The general distribution of these vegetation types in the Tolipir area has been mapped in Figure 1. Aesculus indica is the only species of trees present in all the vegetative types, contributing different vegetative covers in different vegetation types, ranging between as low as 1% in a vegetative type and 98% in other vegetative types. The species emerges as the dominant species in three and subdominant in one vegetative type. Achellia millefolium, Artemisia dubia, Senecio chrysanthemoides and Adiantum capillus-veneris are four other species, which show their presence in all the vegetation types, created under the present analysis. Ethno-botany Almost all the plant species of Tolipir area are being traditionally exploited by the local populace in one way or the other, i.e., medicine, fodder, forage, timber and furniture wood, human food, fuel wood, construction material, decoration, vegetable and flavoring agents, etc., to different degrees. Most of the species are exploited in more than one way. The use of plants as traditional medicine is widespread throughout the world. Many species of the study area are known to be used in treatment of different ailments. Majority of human population depends on traditional medicine for their primary health and needs. The world market for herbal products based on traditional knowledge is now estimated to be worth US $ 60 million WHO (2002). A growing awareness of this new contributor to the foreign exchange reserves of several national treasuries is beginning to emerge. To satisfy growing market demands, surveys are being conducted to unearth new plant sources of herbal remedies and medicines (Hoareau, 1999). Hamalayas, has rich diversity of plant species and has been regarded as a treasure of medicinal plants. The study area of Poonch valley is also gifted with a variety of herbsand medicinal plant resources. Medicinal plants had continued to be used extensively as a major source of drugs for the treatment of many ailments. The people of Tolipir area like other people has dependent upon plant resources for their medicinal requirements and in this way a traditional system of folk recipes had evolved in the area over a period of time. As discovered in present research, people use plant species for curing different ailments. Different plant species are being exploited traditionally for different uses.the fruit of Aesculus indica is used for rheumatic pains, and parts of

4 46 A. FAIZ ET AL BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) Albizia lebbek to cure piles, diarrhea, dysentery, gonorrhea, skin diseases and leprosy. Nerium oleander has a value in treating snakebite cases. Artemisia dubia and Dioscorea deltoidea are used as vermicide. The diluted aqueous root extracts of Berberis lyceum is used as an eye lotion and blood purifier; and for the treatment for skin diseases, chronic diarrhea and piles. Euphorbia helioscopia has a value in curing for cholera; Mentha royleana for stomach disorder, gas trouble, indigestion, vomiting, cholera, fever and cough; Ficus palmata in diseases of lungs and the urinary bladder; Fumaria indica fever, constipation, pimples and skin infections to purify blood. Fresh leaves of Hedera nepalensis are used in the treatment of diabetes. The oil of Juglans regia is used to treat the rheumatic pain. Fruits of Myrsine africana are used as an anthelmintic, carminative, stomachic, laxative in dropsy and colic. Ointment prepared from it is considered effective against worms and skin diseases. Leaves of Plantago lanceolata and Rumex dentatus are applied to treat wounds and cutaneous infections. The leaves and shoots of Sarcococca saligna are boiled and applied on swollen joints and pains. Taraxacum officinale is used to treat the jaundice, kidney and liver disorder. Trichodesma indicum is used to cure diarrhea, dysentery, stomach inflammation, joint swelling, to make wound soft, stomach disorder and to kill intestinal worms in cattle. Verbascum thapsus is used to cure diarrhea and dysentery of cattle; an analgesic and antiseptic agents, piles, healing the wounds and ring worms. Valeraina jatamansi and V. Pyrolifolia have aromatic oil which is used in preparation of tranquilizers and remedy for suppression of urine. A number of species, including, Viola canscens, V. pilosa, Adiantum capillus-veneris and Rumex hastatus are effective at the cold, cough and asthma. Zanthoxylum armatum are used to cure gas trouble, cholera, stomach disorder, piles, mouth gum, toothache and indigestion. A number of species are used as food/ fruit, which includes Pyrus malus, P. pashia, Prunus armeniaca, P. persica, Ficus palmata, Duchesnea indica and Fragaria nubicola. Juglansregia the Kaghzi variety of walnut is valued for its thin shell and edible fruit. Leaves are also used as fodder for cattle, goats, and sheep; the plant is used as firewood when dry. Punica granatum is used as fruit; leaves are used as fodder for goats and sheep; as fuel wood. The fruits of Viburnum grandiflorum and Rubus fruticosus are edible; leaves and branches are used as fodder for livestock and as a fuel wood. Six tree species, i.e., Abies pindrow, Pinus roxburgii, Pinus wallichiana, Populus ciliata and Juglans regia, are frequently exploited as timber wood; used for construction of building and preparation of furniture. Juglans regia has a special value in furniture industry; while its bark is used as dye, which is good for carving and for gunstocks. The bark is also good for the gums and sold in the local market under the name Dandasa which is used for cleaning the teeth. Pinus roxburgii leaves are used as mud roof thatching and as anti-racking agent in mud plasters. It is valuable for its resin extract, which is used in the varnishes and Turpin. The prominent fuel wood species, like, Aesculus indica, Clematus grata, Salix acmophylla, Dicliptera bupleuroides and Cederala serrata are widely used in cooking and warming the houses. Both the wood and branches are used as fuel wood. The wood of Quercus incana is used as firewood and for making charcoal. Plants are important as livestock fodder. Aesculus indica, Albizia lebbek and Prunu spersica leaves are lopped off and used as fodder for livestock. Viburnum grandiflorum and Myrsine africana leaves and branches are used as fodder and as a fuel wood. Other plant species lies Adiantum capillus-veneris, Celtis caucasica, Hedera nepalensis,oenothera rosea, Rumex hastatus,trifolium repens and Urtica dioica are used as fodder.gerbera gossypina leaves and rhizome are given as fodder to milk producing (cattles) to increase milk products. Branches of Indigofera heterantha are used for preparation of sweeping material and making roof of huts and houses. It is also used as a fodder for the livestock. DISCUSSION The present results suggested a relatively long list of plant species (158) for an area of some 50 km 2, yet such a diversity can be expected under diversity in the physical conditions and hence the associated habitat conditions, i.e., variation in altitudes (1,367 2,617 m asl.), diversity in land exploitation pattern (arable terrace agriculture interspersed with the wild forested vegetation and ecotone effect), topographic diversity (hill slopes and plain hill tops having grasslands, and ravines with the different degree of moisture conditions) and moisture conditions (deeper ravines with thick forested vegetation cover, hardly receiving the sun light, to open mountain ridges). The present list of the plants is based upon a rapid phyto-diversity assessment, undertaken during spring. Therefore, more detailed sampling, carried out during different parts of the year, may add some other species into this list, especially the monsoon ephemerals and the rare ones. The

5 VOL. 60 (1) FLORAL DIVERSITY OF TOLIPIR NATIONAL PARK 47 present phyto-diversity also does not include the plants belonging to lower taxonomic groups, i.e., soil algae and fungi, and aquatic flora associated with the water bodies or the moist soils. No previous survey on the plant diversity is available specifically attempting Tolipir area. A recently conducted Ph.D. research is available on the biodiversity and ethnobotany of the general Poonch valley (AJK), which records a total of 169 plant species for the valley (Khan, 2008). The present list of plants is not directly comparable with the one presented previously which can be expected under the difference in nature and focus of the two studies. The list of Khan (loccit) caters a much wider area (which also includes the general Tolipir area) and concentrates mainly on the species having appreciable known ethno-botanical use. The present list, on the other hand, deals with the general phytodiversity of the tract falling under Tolipir area. The list of Khan (loccit), however, runs inconsiderable proximity to the present one, and keeping to the size of the area, the Tolipir area can be regarded as holding a rich phyto-diversity, attributable to diversity in the habitat conditions. One species of gymnosperm (conifers), i.e., Abies pindrow (partal or silver fir) is the dominant species in selected patches while Pinus wallichiana (biar or blue pine) and P. roxbeghii (Chir) have wider distribution but distributed in different patches in association with Abies pindrow. Amongst 32 other angiosperm tree species, eight, i.e., Dalbergia sisso (Sheesham), Pyrus malus, Albizia lebbek (Shirin), Eriobotrya japonica (louquat), Populus cilita (poplar or Safaida), Prunus armeniaca (Hari or apricot), P. domestica (plum) and P. persica (peach) are distributed in/ around cultivations or human settlements and have been planted by the inhabitants for their domestic exploitation. Large economically exploitable orchards/ plantations are not present in the area. Quercus baloot, Q. dilatata,acer pentapomicum and Aesculus indica are more prominent under wild, while the others have scattered appearances in different parts of Tolipir area. Among the shrubs Viburnum, Sarcoccoca, Indigofera, Rubus, Berberis and Skimmia laureola are relatively common, while the others exhibit scattered distributions. Moss (Bryophyte) and lichen species remain unidentified and appeared in places having higher moisture and shade. The Tolipir area presents a typical Himalayan moist temperate character, with tree cover varying at different places depending upon the topography and levels of human exploitation in different parts. Phytosocoiolgy There is a remarkable variation in the vegetative cover available in different vegetative types, ranging between 35% and 113% (complete with multiple cover layers at places). Three well defined layers, along with epiphytes have been exhibited in all the vegetative types, yet there is a remarkable variation in the size of different layers. Tree layer ranges between 14% and 100% (tree providing more than one overlapping layers). The shrub layer is not very well defined and is almost absent in some vegetative types, yet in others it may provide a cover of up to 9%. The herb layer is regular, appearing in all the vegetative types, providing covers falling between 12% and 46%. The vegetation types, identified under the present analysis, can be described as: 1. Celitis caucasica: The vegetative type exhibits the widest distribution in the Tolipir Area, represented in 52% of the stands. The community have a very open tree canopy (average = 13.7%), associated with scattered distribution of shrubs (vegetative cover = 8.5%) and herbs (vegetative cover = 12.2%). Ferns are present at some isolated spots, holding higher soil moisture (deep ravines, cover 0.02%). The epiphytes (cover < 1%) appear in association with trees. The vegetation type appears in the open areas having a lower vegetative cover (35.5%) with Himalayan moist forests standards. Thicker herb/ grass cover is expected to appear in these patches after the summer monsoon. The dominant cover in this vegetation type is although, shared between three plant species (Celitis caucasica = 5.9%, Lagustrum lucidam = 2.3% and Ailanthus altissima = 2.2%), yet the community presents an association of 61 species, presenting the highest species diversity in comparison with the other vegetative types established in Tolipir area. The high phytodiversity in the vegetation type can partially be attributed to its wide distribution and variation in the available habitat conditions. The vegetation type is represented by stretches of grasslands, with almost no tree and shrub cover, limited to almost leveled valleys located at higher altitudes, in the northeastern parts, represented by eight stands (15% of the sampled area). In the other parts, holding this vegetation type the shrubs and trees appear in different densities, yet the canopy remains very open. The major part of the vegetation is

6 48 A. FAIZ ET AL BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) associated with the agriculture and human settlements, agricultural fields appearing as terraces. 2. Aesculus indica: The vegetation type where Aesculus indica provide the omint cover can be further divided into three subtypes, depending upon decreasing cover provided by the dominant species, and its association with the other subdominants. a.achellia millefolium: The vegetative type is represented in five stands (some 10% of the sampling units) appearing in three isolated patches, located in the higher altitudes in the north-western, central and eastern parts of Tolipir area. The vegetation type presents an association of a minimum of 22 species, though the predominant cover (88-98% of the total cover) is provided by the Aesculus indica. The vegetative type bears a very thick cover of tree layer (103%, providing multiple layers). All the other species share a relatively minor cover. The shrub layer is rather scanty providing only about 2% of the total cover, while the herb layer is relatively rich (9% of the total cover). The ferns share relatively higher vegetative cover (0.43%), attributable to availability of the lower temperature and higher soil moisture under the thicker tree cover. Epiphytes also appear in relatively higher frequencies, under higher tree cover available in the vegetative type. The vegetative type presents very thick vegetation, where the overlapping layers provide an overall vegetative cover of around 113%. b. Anemone tetrasepala: The vegetation type is represented by three stands (6% of the sampled stands), appearing in two patches located in central and southern parts of Tolipir Area. The vegetation type has an open tree canopy, providing 55% cover. Shrubs, ferns and epiphytes do not contribute the appreciable cover. The rest of some 46% of the cover is provided by herbs. The vegetative cover in this vegetation type is almost complete. One species of trees, i.e., Aesculus indica, and a species of herb, i.e., Anemone tetrasepala, collectively share the major part of the vegetative cover in the vegetation type. The vegetation type has a relatively low phytodiversity, represented by seven species, which can be attributed to the limited distribution of the vegetation type in two patches having special habitat conditions with little microhabitat diversity. Among the other five species, Acellia millefolium and Artemisia dubia share higher vegetative cover. c. Ailanthus altissima: This is another association of 43 species, where Aesculus indica provides the dominant cover. The vegetation type has been recognized in 12 stands (23% of the sampled stands), yet it is present in limited tracts located in the north-western parts of the Tolipir Area, falling at higher altitudes. The vegetation type has high species diversity, indicating a larger variation in the microhabitat. The overall cover in the vegetation typeremains low (some 58%), which is mainly contributed by 15 tree species (49%), of which Aesculus share the major cover (37%) and Ailanthus contributes a very low vegetative cover (4%). The other 13 species have very small contribution in the total cover, and are associated with human habitations or agricultural fields. Twenty two (22) species of herbs have a higher contribution in the total cover (8%), while shrubs, ferns and epiphytes have very scattered appearances. 3. Abies pindrow: The vegetation type has an open canopy, yet relatively thick forested vegetation (84%), mainly shared by trees (72%), in association with herbs (12%), ferns (0.12%), and shrubs (0.03%). No epiphyte species has been recorded in the vegetation type. The vegetation type has been represented in five stands (10% of the sampled stands), and is present in two patches falling in the northern parts of the Tolipir Area, located at higher altitudes. The vegetation type represents an association of 18 species, i.e., 10 trees, one shrub (Viburnum grandiflorum), and six herbs and one fern (Adiantum capillusveneris). The tree cover is mainly contributed by Abies(57%), though Aesculus (8%) also has an appreciable share in the total cover. Among other tree species, Ficus palmata has a wider distribution and providing a higher cover (3%). Pinus wallichiana and P. roxburghii exhibit scattered appearance.

7 VOL. 60 (1) FLORAL DIVERSITY OF TOLIPIR NATIONAL PARK 49 Table 2. List of plant species diversity in Tolipir area Sr. No Scientific name Scientific name Scientific name Scientific name Tree 44 Isodon rugosus 88 Hypericum perforatum 133 Viola pilosa 1. Abies pindrow 45 Jasminum mesnyi 89 Iris milesii Grasses 2. Acer pentapomicum 46 Lagustrum lucidam 90 Launia secunda 134 Brachiaria spp. 3. Aesculus indica 47 Myrsine africana 91 Lespedeza juncea 135 Dactyloctenium aegyptium 4. Albizia lebbek (Linn.) 48 Rosa brunonii 92 Malvestrum 136 Desmostachya bipinnata coromendelianum 5. Castanea sativa 49 Rubus fruticosus 93 Medicago minima 137 Koeleria spp. 6. Cedrella serrata 50 Rubus niveus 94 Melilotus alba Desr 138 Oplismenus spp. 7. Celtis caucasica 51 Rumex hastatus 95 Mentha royleana Benth 139 Phalaris minor 8. Dalbergia sissoo 52 Sarcococca saligna 96 Nepeta erecta 140 Phragmites karka 9. Elaeagnus angustifolia 53 Sophora mollis (Royle) 97 Nepeta laevigata 141 Poa nepalensis 10. Elaeagnus umbellata 54 Vibernum nervosum 98 Nepeta nervosa 142 Pogonatherum spp. 11. Eriobotrya japonica 55 Viburnum cotinifolium 99 Oenothera rosea 143 Stipa sibirica 12. Ficus carica Linn. 56 Viburnum grandiflorum 100 Parthenium hysterophorus 144 Themeda spp. 13. Ficus palmate 57 Zanthoxylum armatum 101 Pimpinella stewartii Ferns 14. Juglans regia Linn. Herbs 102 Plantago lanceolata Linn. 145 Adiantum capillus-veneris 15. Nerium oleander 58 Achellia millefolium 103 Podophyllum emodi 146 Adiantum incisum 16. Pinus roxburgii Roxb 59 Ajuga bracteosa 104 Polygonatum multiflorum 147 Adiantum venustum 17. Pinus wallichiana 60 Allium griffithianum 105 Primula denticulata 148 Athyrium tenuifrons 18. Pistacia chinensis 61 Alysicarpus 106 Prunella vulgaris 149 Niogramme rosthornii bupleurifolius 19. Populus ciliata 62 Anaphalis adnata D.C 107 Ranunculus arvensis 150 Dryopteris juxtaposita 20. Prunus armeniaca 63 Androsace rotundifolia 108 Ranunculus hirtellus 151 Equisetum arvense Linn. 21. Prunus domestica 64 Anemone tetrasepala 109 Ranunculus muricatus 152 Polystichum squarrosum 22. Prunus persica 65 Aquilegia pubifoera 110 Rumex dentatus L. 153 Pseudophagopteris pyrrhorhachis 23. Punica granatum 66 Artemisia absinthium L. 111 Salvia hians 154 Pteris cretica 24. Pyrus malu 67 Artemisia maritime L. 112 Salvia lanata Epiphytes 25. Pyrus pashia 68 Artemizia dubia 113 Salvia moorcroftiana 155 Clematus grata 26. Quercus baloot 69 Asparagus filicinus 114 Sambucus wightiana 156 Hedera nepalensis 27. Quercus dilatata 70 Bergenia ciliata 115 Saussurea candolleana 157 Momordica dioica 28. Quercus glauca 71 Caltha alba 116 Senecio chrysanthemoides 158 Smilax glaucophylla 29. Quercus incana 72 Campanula benthamii 117 Seseli libanotis 30 Robinia pseudo-acacia 73 Cirsium falconeri 118 Swertia ciliata 31 Salix acmophylla 74 Conyza bonariansis 119 Taraxacum officinale 32 Salix denticulate 75 Dicliptera bupleuroides 120 Thalictrum pedunculatum 33 Sapindus mukorossi 76 Dioscorea bulbifera L. 121 Thymus liniaris

8 50 A. FAIZ ET AL BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) 34 Skimmia laureola (DC.) 77 Dioscorea deltoidea 122 Trichodesma indicum 35 Ziziphus spp 78 Duchesnea indica 123 Triufolium repens Shrubs 79 Epilobium tibetanum 124 Urtica dioica 36 Berberis lycium 80 Euphorbia helioscopia 125 Valeraina jatamansi 37 Clematis buchananiana 81 Euphorbia wallichii 126 Valeriana pyrolifolia 38 Clematus connate 82 Fragaria nubicola 127 Verbascum Thapsus 39 Clematus montana 83 Fumaria indica 128 Veronica beccabunga 40 Debregeasia salicifolia 84 Gallium aparine L. 129 Veronica biloba Linn. 41 Desmodium 85 Gallium asperifolium 130 Veronica melissifolia podocarpum 42 Heracleum 86 Gerbera gossypina 131 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria cachemiricum 43 Indigofera heterantha 87 Heracleum candicans 132 Viola canscens Table 3: Relative vegetative cover (% ±) shared between different plant species in different vegetative types established in Tolipir vicinity by Ward s method Names Vegetative Type Celitis caucasica Aesculus indica Anemone tetrasepala Ailanthus altissima Abies pindrow Constancy AV ± S.E AV ± S.E AV ± S.E AV ± S.E AV ± S.E % Class Abies pindrow ± I Aesculus indica 7.83 ± ± ± ± ± I Ailanthus altissima 0.30 ± ± ± ± I Albizia lebbek ± ± I Cederala serrata 0.06 ± ± ± ± I Celtis caucasica 0.32 ± ± ± ± ± I Dalbergia sissoo ± I Ficus palmate 2.53 ± ± ± I 6 Juglens rigia 0.97 ± ± ± I Pinus roxburghii 0.14 ± ± ± I Pinus wallichiana 0.90 ± ± ± ± III 7 Populus ciliata 0.86 ± ± ± ± I Pyrus malus ± I Pyrus pashia 0.62 ± ± ± I Quercus incana ± ± II Robinia pseudoacacia ± ± ± I Salix acmophylla ± I Smilax glaucophylla ± I

9 VOL. 60 (1) FLORAL DIVERSITY OF TOLIPIR NATIONAL PARK 51 Ziziphus spp ± I Berberis lycium ± IV 5 Isodon rugosus ± I Jasminum mesnyi ± I Lagustrum lucidam ± I Myrsine africana ± I Nerium oleander ± ± III 9 Punica granatum ± ± I Rosa brunonii ± II 6 Rubus fruticosus ± II 5 Sarcococca saligna ± III Skimmia laureola ± I 4 Viburnum grandiflorum 0.03 ± ± III 9 Vincetoxicum ± I hirundinaria Zanthoxylum armatum ± I Achellia millefolium 1.88 ± ± ± ± ± I Anaphalis adnata ± ± II 2 Androsace rotundifolia ± ± ± I Anemone tetrasepala ± ± ± ± I Aquilegia pubifoera ± ± I Artemisia dubia 9.59 ± ± ± ± ± I 3 Clematus grata ± I Conyza bonariansis 0.10 ± ± I Dicliptera bupleuroides ± I Dioscorea deltoidea ± I Elaeagnus angustifolia 0.06 ± ± I Euphorbia helioscopia ± ± I Euphorbia wallichii ± I Fragaria nubicloa ± II

10 52 A. FAIZ ET AL BIOLOGIA (PAKISTAN) Fumaria indica I Lespedeza juncea ± ± I Medicago minima ± ± I Mentha royleana I Oenothera rosea ± I Pimpinella stewartii ± ± I Plantago lanceolata ± I Pteris cretica ± ± II Ranunculus hirtellus ± ± II Ranunculus muricatus ± II Rumex dentatus ± III Rumex hastatus ± I Salvia lanata 0.33 ± ± ± I Saussurea candolleana 0.13 ± ± ± ± ± I Senecio ± I chrysanthemoides Swertia ciliate ± I Taraxacum officinale ± I Thymus liniaris ± I Trichodesma indicum ± I Trifolium repens ± ± I Urtica dioica ± II Valeriana pyrolifolia ± I Verbascum thapsus ± ± I Veronica melissifolia ± I Viola pilosa ± I Adiantumcapillusveneris 0.12 ± ± ± II Athyrium tenuifrons ± I Thalictrum ± I pedunculatum Hedera napalensis ± ± II Galium aparine ± ± I

11 VOL. 60 (1) FLORAL DIVERSITY OF TOLIPIR NATIONAL PARK 53 Table 4: Vegetative cover (%) occupied by different layers in different vegetative types Vegetative layer Vegetative Type A B C D E 10-13, 32 5, 16-17, 20, 23-31, 33-37, 40, 43, 44-48, 50, 9, 22, 39, , 49, , 6-8, 14-15, 18-19, Trees Shrubs Herbs Ferns Epiphytes

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