Radiodonta e.g. Anomallocaris

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2 CAMBRIAN Terreneuvian Epoch 2 Epoch 3 Furongian e.g. Anomallocaris Gilled lobopodians Bivalved arthropods Trilobitomorpha Eurypterida Bradoriida Branchiopoda Remipedia Swimming with flap-like structures Swimming with body Swimming with unspe- -cialized appendages Swimming with spe- -cialized appendages Compound eye Bioluminescence Gills Brooding of eggs Direction of displacement Appendages/body movement Swimming with flap-like structures Bivalved arthropods e.g. Nereocaris Swimming with body Trilobita e.g. Opipeuterella Swimming with unspecialized appendages e.g. Parabolbozoe Swimming with specialized appendages

3 Te Cr J T P C D S O Ca Gilled lobopodians Bivalved arthropods Phylogenetic relationship Fossil record Potential fossil record Planktonic/nektonic Possible /nektonic Artiopoda Trilobitomorpha Eurypterida Bradoriida Arthropoda Euarthropoda Pancrustacea Major radiations in other groups living in the water column Marrellomorpha Acritarchs Fish Cephalopods Suspension feeders Diatoms Baleen whales Penguins } Branchiopoda Remipedia Phyllocarida Lophogastrida Mysidia Cumacea Isopoda Amphipoda Euphausiacea Amphionidacea Decapoda

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6 Decay Transport Scavenging Dissolution Disarticulation Recalcitrant parts SCFs, shells Bioturbation

7 ARTHROPODS IN THE PELAGIC FOOD WEB Feeding on Tertiary consumers >200 mm (top s) Secondary consumers mm (macrozooplankton) Primary consumers mm (mesozooplankton) RECENT No arthropods Remipedia Branchiopoda EARLY PALAEOZOIC Eurypterida Gilled lobopodians Bivalved arthropods Trilobitomorpha Bradoriida Trilobitomorpha Branchiopoda <0.2 mm (picoplankton, phytoplankton, microzooplankton) Eggs Larval stages Eggs Larval stages

8 TAXA IN THE WATER COLUMN HIGHER TAXA EXAMPLES RANGE IN THE WATER COLUMN LIFESTYLE ANATOMICAL PREADAPTATIONS FEEDING HABITS TROPHIC LEVEL REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY Gilled lobopodians Pambdelurion Kerygmachela Opabinia efficient eyes ial appendages, efficient respiration unknown Artiopoda Basal arthropods Trilobitomorpha Bivalved arthropods (excluding Bradoriida and ostracoda) Agnostida Ptychopariida Corynexochida Redlichiida Burlingiidae Proetida Anomalocaris Tamisiocaris Schinderhannes Nereocaris Erjiecaris Isoxys / Tuzoia Ptychagnostus Ctenopyge Thoracocare Beishanella Schmalenseeia Carolinites to Devonian to Ordovician Ordovician ial/filtring appendages, efficient respiration buoyant body ial appendages, efficient respiration ial appendages efficient respiration unknown unknown larval stage Asaphida Pricyclopyge Ordovician Eurypterida Adelophthalmus Pterygotus Acutiramus Ordovician to Permian ial appendages unknown Arthropoda Bradoriida Halocyprida Myodocopida Branchiopoda Remipedia Anabarochillina Bolbozoe / Richteria known from appendages only in the water column Silurian to Recent to Recent in the water column ial appendages, efficient respiration ial appendages, efficient respiration ial appendages, efficient respiration ial appendages larval stage Pancrustacea Phyllocarida Amphipoda known from appendages only Caryocaris Rosagammarus to Recent Ordovician to Recent Triassic to Recent eyes, ial appendages Peracarida Isopoda Mysidia Lophogastrida Cumacea in the water column Siriella Schimperella Carbocuma in the water column Jurassic to Recent Carb. to Recent Carb. to Recent ial appendages, efficient respiration larval stage Eucarida Euphausiacea Amphionidacea Decapoda Aciculopoda Devonian to Recent