Ch. 2 Patterns Association
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1 Ch. 2 Patterns of Ch. 2 Patterns of Association Association Classifying organisms by habitat, evolutionary relationships, trophic interactions (feeding) Classifying organisms by habitat, evolutionary relationships, trophic interactions (feeding)
2 Spatial Distribution Benthos live on or in sediments Epifauna: on sediment Infauna: in sediment Pelagic open water Nekton Nekton: free swimming Plankton free float & drift w/ currents swimming Plankton: float & drift w/ currents
3 Evolutionary Adaptations Evolution: Change in the genetic structure of a population DNA (instructions inherited from ancestors) found in genes Inherited traits may individual s ability to survive & reproducee Survival of Fittest
4 Mechanisms of Evolution Change in genetic structure of population s gene pool 1. Natural Selection (Descent w/ Modification) main mechanism a. Overproduction & struggle for existence: Pop. can produce far more offspring than environment can support (food, water, shelter) Leads to struggle for existence, disease, death
5 1. Natural Selection ( Nature Selects ) b. Individual Variation Individuals in pop. vary in traits (eye color, body shape, speed, intelligence.) Traits are heritable (passed to offspring) Sulcata Tortoises African Painted Dog
6 1. Natural Selection ( Nature Selects ) c. Unequal reproductive success: Individuals w/ advantageous traits for local environment have: Greatest # of surviving, fertile offspring Traits that enhance survival: most common in future generations Ex: streamlined marine body: shark Sea lion penguin
7 Natural Selection Advantageous traits vary with habitat Coral Reef: Colorful fish in a colorful habitat Kelp Forest: Fish colors blend in with habitat
8 Mechanisms of Evolution 2. Mutation: A change in DNA structure Produces raw material on which natural selection acts (new traits) DNA (Double helix): 1000 s of DNA base pairs make up 1 gene Gene = sequence of DNA
9 Mechanisms of Evolution 2. Mutations: create variation in gene pool Most have no significant effect Neutral common, don t influence success of species Unfavorable (deleterious) rare Ex. Hemophilia Favorable (advantageous) accumulate b/c their beneficial
10 Mechanisms of Evolution 2. Mutation: A change in DNA structure Produces raw material on which natural selection acts DNA (Double helix): 1000 s of DNA base pairs make up 1 gene
11 Mechanisms of Evolution 3. Gene flow: Exchange of genes between populations Immigrants bring in new traits Emmigrants leave pop. (traits lost) 4. Genetic Drift: Random loss of traits in small isolated pops. Natural disaster sudden loss of traits Plate tectonics continents separate population
12 Species Group of interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring New species arise from Reproductive Isolation Physical Plate Tectonics Rafted/blown to island Behavioral Nocturnal vs. diurnal Feeding, Ex: Orca
13 Are Orcas Speciating? Residents & Transients Live in same area (sympatric) Differ in: morphology, behavior, social habits, foraging, genetics DNA studies: they haven t interbred in past 100,000 years reproductively isolated Residents Transient
14 Residents Piscivorous Cooperative feeding Travel in large pods (5-50) Vocalization Major Differences Transients Eat marine mammals Often feed alone Travel in small pods (1-7) Little vocalization
15 REPRODUCTION How genes are transferred through generations of organisms 2 strategies Asexual (cloning) Sexual
16 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Production of offspring from 1 parent Offspring are genetically identical to parent Rely on mutations for variations in their DNA Produce many offspring, susceptible to disease, environment, etc. 3 Forms: 1. Cellular Fission (Unicellular, Cell splits in 2 (bacteria)
17 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 2. Fission: multicellular, split in 2 (coral) 3. Budding: multicellular, mini adults grow on parent & drop off (anemone, sponge) Some organisms do both asexual & sexual repro. (anemone) Animal split into 2
18 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Production of offspring from 2 parents Offspring are different from parents Few offspring produced Variation = some less susceptible to disease, environmental factors Results from recombination of genes during meiosis & fertilization
19 Genes contain DNA & are located on chromosomes in each cell Diploid = paired chromosomes Sex Chromosomes (X & Y)
20 Meiosis: Paired sex chromosomes separate & recombine at fertilization Gametes (egg or sperm) contain only 1 complete set of chromosomes per cell (haploid) Zygote = 2 sets of chromosomes (1 from Dad, 1 from Mom) Gametes Haploid Zygote Diploid (2 sets) XX X XY + non-sex chromosomes X or Y (one) XX or XY
21 Taxonomy (Biological Classification) Describe/classify know species (10-30 million) Observe & describe, Latin name, Place in hierarchy of taxa (related groups) Common ancestry: Evolution, Homology (similar features), Embryology Structure, behavior, DNA Big to small groups Earliest Cells
22 Taxonomic System of Classification Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) Phylogeny (cladistics): species w/ similar derived traits share common ancestor Kingdoms (6): Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Protista, Plantae, Animalia Phytoplankton Algae Eelgrass saltgrass Invertebrates Vertebrates Swedish Naturalist
23 Phylogenetic Tree: Evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Based on fossil record, morphology, embryology, development patterns, DNA & protein sequences... Branching at nodes = speciation Cladogram
24 Linnaeus Hierarchal Subcategories (8): Degree of similarity Kingdom: largest category (few-6) Species: smallest (many) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens
25 Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell Lack Nucleus & distinct organelles Have Nucleus & specialized organelles EU = true Algae & Phytoplankton Few in sea Decomposers
26 Eukaryotic Plant Cell Chloroplast Site of Photosynthesis Mitochondria Powerhouse of cell (energy & respiration)
27 Acquiring Energy Generate ATP (stores & transports chemical energy in cells) Photosynthesis (Autotrophs) 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O H 2 O + 6O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 Sun Chlorophyll Anaerobic 2 (C 2 H 5 OH) + 2 CO ATP (energy) alcohol Or C 3 H 6 O 3 lactic acid C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Aerobic 6 CO H 2 O + 37 ATP
28 Energy Transfer- Food Chain Marine Woodland Top Consumer (Carnivore) Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer (Herbivore) Primary Producer Decomposers recycle all trophic levels
29 Food Webs: Complex feeding relationships
30 Symbiosis Close interaction of 2 species (3 types): Mutualism: both organisms benefit Remora Commensalism: 1 benefits, other isn t helped or harmed Parasitism: 1 benefits, other is harmed Clownfish & Anemone Remora & Shark Zooxanthellae & Coral Nematode in fish Whale barnacles
31 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Charles Darwin Evolution & Natural Selection 1858: Writings on N.S. presented (decades of research prior) 1859: Darwin publishes Origin of Species Alfred R. Wallace 1859
32 HMS Beagle (5 yrs): Map S. Hemisphere Darwin worked as a Naturalist Collected & studied flora & fauna Beginning of trip: Fixity of species After trip Discounted Fixity Formulating Natural Selection
33
34 Land Iguana & Darwin s Finch sp. Flightless cormorant Marine Iguana
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