Status of Living and Extinct Taxa. Mammals Amphibians Birds. Nearly 1/3 (31%) is globally threatened or extinct. DRAFT

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1 Status of Living and Extinct Taxa Mammals Amphibians Birds Nearly 1/4 (22%) is globally threatened or extinct. Nearly 1/3 (31%) is globally threatened or extinct. 1/7 (14%) is globally threatened or extinct. Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 2.1

2 The Geologic Time Scale The Geologic Time Scale Geologic era or event Geologic period Geologic epoch Time (mya) DiSTance on a football field (yds) Earth is formed 4, Archean 4,300 Proterozoic 2,500 Paleozoic Cambrian 542 Paleozoic Ordovician 488 Paleozoic Silurian 444 Paleozoic Devonian 416 Paleozoic Carboniferous Paleozoic Permian Mesozoic Triassic Mesozoic Jurassic Mesozoic Cretaceous 145 Cenozoic Tertiary Paleocene 65 Cenozoic Tertiary Eocene 55.8 Cenozoic Tertiary Oligocene 33.9 Cenozoic Tertiary Miocene 23 Cenozoic Tertiary Pliocene 5.3 Cenozoic Quaternary Pleistocene Cenozoic Quaternary Recent (Holocene) Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 3.1

3 Natural Selection and Evolution Changes in populations + over time Differential reproduction Competition for environmental resources needed for survival Heritable variation Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 4.1

4 Timeline of Ideas Leading Up to and Following Darwin s Work 1798 An Essay on the Principle of Population: Malthus states increasing human population will need more food than available Zoological Philosophy: Lamarck suggests evolution occurs in an individual organism some organs used more, some less. Darwin is born Darwin drops out of medical school, begins religious studies at Cambridge. Botany professor recommends him to the Beagle expedition Principles of Geology: Lyell discusses the great age of the Earth, how small changes over long periods lead to change on a grand scale Darwin joins the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle as naturalist, reads Lyell s first volume H.M.S. Beagle returns. Naturalists help Darwin catalog his specimens. Farmers and pigeon breeders describe to him their efforts to improve crops and animals. (continued on next page) Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 4.2

5 1842 Sketch on Natural Selection: Darwin s initial version of his theory of evolution Alfred Wallace comes to the same conclusion as Darwin: natural selection is a driving force behind evolution. Linnaean Society presents the men s work together On the Origin of Species: Darwin explains his theory of evolution by natural selection Austrian monk Gregor Mendel proposes the Laws of Heredity, based on his work with peas, mostly unnoticed until nearly Thomas Hunt Morgan s work on eye color in fruit flies reveals the mechanism of mutation, the source of genetic variation Systematics and the Origin of Species: Ernst Mayr gives examples of geographic isolation and how it leads to speciation Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and James Watson discover the structure of DNA. Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 4.2

6 Complete Whale Fossil Chart O B, D T A K M Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 5.1

7 Whale Evolutionary Tree Modern toothed and baleen whales (including O) Miocene (25 mya) Oligocene basilosaurs (B) protocetids (T) remingtonocetids pakicetids (K) Eocene Paleocene (65 mya) paraxonians (hoofed land mammals) mesonychids (M) Key: Horizontal line (T) indicates that these are no known descendents of these fossils. Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 5.2

8 Taxonomy Mouse E. coli House cat Human Chimpanzee Level Northern red oak tree Domain Eukarya Eukarya Bacteria Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Animalia Eubacteria Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Magnoliophyta Chordata Proteobacteria Chordata Chordata Chordata Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Class Magnoliopsida Mammalia Gamma Proteobacteria Order Fagales Rodentia Enterobacteriales Carnivora Primates Primates Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 7.1 Enterobacteriaceae Felidae Hominidae Hominidae Family Fagaceae Muridae (superfamily, Muroidea; subfamily, Murinae) Genus Quercus Mus Escherichia Felis Homo Pan Species Quercus rubra Mus musculus Escherichia coli Felis domesticus Homo sapiens Pan troglodytes

9 Vertebrate Forelimbs humerus humerus radius carpals ulna radius ulna humerus carpals fused radius and ulna (radioulna) carpals pig frog whale Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 7.2

10 Homology and Analogy humerus radius ulna carpals humerus radius ulna carpals Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 7.3

11 Vertebrate Tree lamprey Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 7.4

12 Hypotheses for Vertebrate Phylogeny CLADE lamprey frog bird whale pig human node 5 node 4 node 3 node 2 HYPOTHESIS 1 node 1 lamprey frog bird pig whale human HYPOTHESIS 2 lamprey frog bird human whale pig HYPOTHESIS 3 Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 7.5

13 Vertebrate Phylogeny lamprey frog bird human whale pig double-pulley ankle Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 8.1

14 Skull Measurements 4 angle of forehead 2 angle of face 1 incisors 3 molars Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 8.2

15 Mice in a Light Granite Environment Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 12.1

16 Mice in a Dark Lava Bed Environment Science & Global issues/evolution transparency 12.2

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