KAKARAPARTI BHAVANARAYANA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)

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1 Class: Semester: Title of The Paper: Paper Code: W.E.F I B.Sc. MICROBIAL DIVERSITY, I CBBOT CBZ ALGAE & FUNGI Total No of Hours for Teaching - Learning 60 Hours Instructional Hours for Week Duration of Semester End Examination in Hours Max Marks Theory Practical CIA SEE 3 Hours Credits Course objectives: This course will orient the students with the basics of Microbiology. This course will enable the students to identify the structure and uses of microorganisms This course will enable the students to acquire knowledge fungal use to plant growth. This course will enable the students to know the importance of Algae as rich protein source. This course will help the students, about the use of microbes to human beings. Course Outcomes: Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, play central roles in soil fertility and promoting plant health. The microbial diversity describes complexity and variability among microorganisms at different levels of biological organisation. It includes genes, species, eco systems, evolutionary and functional process. And also it constitutes an extraordinary reservoir of life in the biosphere that has only just begun.

2 Syllabus MICROBIAL DIVERSITY, ALGAE & FUNGI UNIT- I: Origin and Evolution of Life, Microbial diversity 1. Origin of life theories 2. Geological time scale (12 hrs) 3. Microbial diversity-mycoplasma Chlamydia -Archaebacteria Actinomycetes UNIT- II: VIRUSES AND BACTERIA (12 hrs) 1. Viruses: General account of Viruses, structure, replication and transmission of plant diseases caused by Viruses. 2. Bacteria: Structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance. Outlines of plant diseases of important crop plants caused by Bacteria and their control. UNIT III: CYANOBACTERIA AND LICHENS (12 hrs) 1. Cyanobacteria: General account of cell structure, thallus organization and their uses as Biofertilizers 2. Structure, reproduction and life history of Nostoc and Scytonema 3. Lichens Morphology Anatomy Reproduction Economic importance UNIT IV Algae (12 hrs) 1. General account, economic importance of Algae. 2. Structure, reproduction, life history of Oedogonium, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia UNIT V: FUNGI 1. General characters, and economic importance 2. Structure, reproduction and life history of Albugo, Penicillium, Puccinia 3. General account of plant diseases caused by Fungi and their control Suggested Readings: (12 hrs) Alexopolous, J. and W.M Charles.1988 introduction to mycology.wiley Eastern, New Delhi. Ananthanarayan&Panikers ; Microbiology 9 th edition. Pandey, B.P College Botany Vol. I: Algae, Fungai, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi.

3 Pandey, B.P Botany for Degree students: Diversity of microbes, Cryptograms, Cell biology and Genetics. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S A textbook of Algae. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S A textbook of Plant Pathology. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi Sharma, O.P A text book of Thallophyta, McGraw Hill Publishing. Co. New Delhi. Thakur, A.K. and S.K. Bassi. 2008, A text book of Botany: Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogams. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Vashishta, B.R., A.K. Sinha and V.P.Singh Botany for Degree Students: Algae. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi Vashishta, B.R Botany for Degree Students: Fungi. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi.

4 Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75 MODEL PAPER SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum ONE question from each unit, max Eight from all.) Answer any five of the following questions 1. Mycoplasma 2. TMB 3. Transformation 4. Uses of Lichens 5. Nanndrous form of Oedogonium 6. Cystocarp 7. Structure of Cyano bacteria 8. Teleospores 9. Asexual reproduction of Pencilium 5x5=25M SECTION-B (Essay Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum two questions from each unit, either or internal choice) Answer All of the following questions 5x10=50M 10. (A) What are Actinomycetes and Anabaena (OR) (B) Write about Geological Time Scale 11. (A) Economic importance of Bacteria (OR) (B) Describe the cell structure of Bacteria 12. (A) Describe thallus organization and cell structure of cyanobacteria (OR) (B) Explain the process of reproduction in Lichens 13. (A) Explain the Life history of polysiphonia (OR) (B) Write is heteroecious rust? Explain life history of rust

5 CBBOT 101: Microbial Diversity, Algae & Fungi: Unit I Origin and Evolution of Life, Microbial Diversity: Short Answer Questions: 10. Mycoplasma 11. Chlamydias 12. Heterocysts 13. Hormogonia Essay Questions: 1. Write an account of Archaebacteria 2. What are Actinomycetes and Anabaena 3. Geological Time Scale Unit II Viruses and Bacteria: Short Answer Questions: 1. TMV 2. Viroids 3. Prions 4. Transformation 5. Conjugation 6. Transduction Essay Questions: 4. Sexual reproduction in Bacteria 5. Economic importance of Bacteria 6. Describe the cell structure of Bacteria 7. Discuss the symptoms and transmission methods of plant diseases caused by virus.

6 Unit III Cyanobacteria and Lichens: Short Answer Questions: 1. Use of lichens 2. Structure of Cyanobacteria 3. Economic importance of Cyanobacteria Essay Questions: 1. Describe thallus organization and cell structure of cyanobacteria 2. Explain the process of reproduction in Lichens UNIT-IV Algae Shorts Essay 1. Nannandrous form of oedogonium 2. Macrandrous form of oedogonium 3. Cystocarp 4. Carposporophyte 5. Plurilocular form 6. Unilocular form 1. Life history of polysiphonia 2. economic importance of Algae 3. sexual reproduction in Ectocarpus Shorts UNIT-V Fungi Essay 1. Asexual reproduction in penicillium 2. Aecial spores 3. Teliospores 4. Uredinia 1. Write an essay on sexual reproduction and fruiting formation in penicillium. 2. Write is heteroecious rust? Explain life history of rust. 3. Write the economic importance of fungi

7 PRACTICAL SYLLABUS I B. Sc BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER I SEMESTER -I Paper-I-IP: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi 1. Knowledge of Equipment used in Microbiology: Spirit lamp, Inoculation loop, Hot- air oven, Autoclave/Pressure cooker, Laminar air flow chamber, Incubator, etc. 2. Preparation of solid and liquid media for culturing of microbes (Demonstration) 3. Study of viruses and bacteria using electron micro photographs 4. Gram staining of Bacteria 5. Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker, leaf blight of rice, Angular leaf spot of Cotton) and viruses (TMV, Vein clearing of Bhendi and Leaf curl of Papaya),Fungi (Late blight of potato, Red rot of Sugarcane and Paddy blast 6. Vegetative and reproductive structures of the following : a. Algae: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus,Polysiphonia, Nostoc and Scytonema b. Fungi: Albugo, Penicillium and Puccinia. 7. Section cutting of diseased material infected by Fungi and identification of pathogens as per theory syllabus 8. Lichens: Different types of thalli and Anatomy 9. Field Visit

8 PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS - MODEL PAPER PAPER I SEMESTER -I Paper-I-1 P: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi Time 3hrs Max. Marks: Identify giving reasons three of the given Algal mixture A". Leave your preparation for evaluation. Draw labeled diagrams. (Slide--1marks, Diagrams--1marks, Identification--1mark) 3 x 3 = 9 Marks 2. Make suitable stained preparation of the material "B" to bring out the details of internal structure--identify giving reasons. Draw labeled diagrams and leave your preparations for evaluation. (Slide-4 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-4 marks) 11 Marks 3. Conduct C.- Gram staining of Bacteria 10 Marks. 4. Write critical notes and Identify D, E, F, G and H 10 Marks. 5. Record (submission is compulsory) 5 Marks. 6. Viva Voce 5 Marks Total: 50 Marks ******Note: It will be reduced to 25 Marks******* Key: A. Algal material B. Fungi material C. Bacterial material. D. Permanent slide of Algal E. Permanent slide of plant pathology. Internal Assessment 25 Marks Total (CIA + SEM End Internal) 50 Marks

9 Class: Semester: Title of The Paper: Paper Code: W.E.F I B.Sc. DIVERSITY OF ARCHAEGONIATAE & II CBBOT CBZ PLANT ANATOMY Total No of Hours for Teaching - Learning 60 Hours Instructional Hours for Week Duration of Semester End Examination in Hours Max Marks Theory Practical CIA SEE 3 Hours Credits Course objectives: This course will enable the students, the type of green moss growing on rock. This course will give primary information about vascular and non vascular plants. This course will enable the students in knowing the gradual changes in reproductive system of Bryophyta, pteridophyta and Gymnosperms. This course will enable the students, in microscopic examination is much easier, quicker than that of chemical analysis. Course Outcomes: The Archegoniate is the study of ancestral green algae and gradually occupied the most primitive forms of land plants. This group is a large assemblage of Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms. The egg is the precursor of the sporophytic generation. The importance in the evolution of archegoniate is the separation of cell from the other inner cells, this cell is the egg cell. The evolution of sexual reproduction in archegoniates is the emergence of heterospory and this leads to formation of microspores and megaspores.

10 Syllabus UNIT- I: BRYOPHYTA 1. Bryophyta: General characters. 2. Structure,reproduction and Life history of Marchantia, and Funaria 3. Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes. UNIT- II: PTERIDOPHYTA 1. Pteridophyta: General characters. 2. Structure, reproduction and life history of Lycopodium, and Marsilea 2. Heterospory and seed habit 4. Stelar Evolution in Pteridophytes UNIT III: GYMNOSPERMS 1. Gymnosperms: General characters. 2.Morphology, Anatomy, reproduction and life history of Pinus, Gnetum UNIT IV: Tissues And Tissue systems 1. Tissues meristematic and permanent tissues (simple and complex) 2. Shoot apical meristem and its histological organisation 3. Root apical meristem and its histological organization UNIT V: Secondary growth 1. Anomalous secondary growth in Dracaena and Bignonia 2. Wood structure general account. Study of local timbers Teak, Rosewood, Red sanders and Terminalia tomentosa Reference Sambamurthy, A. V. S. S A Textbook of Plant Pathology. I. K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Sambamurthy, A. V. S. S A Textbook of Algae. I. K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Sharma, O. P Textbook of Thallophyta. McGraw Hill Publihing Co., New Delhi. Sporne, K. R Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson Co., Ltd., London. Thakur, A. K. and S. K. Bassi A Textbook of Botany: Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogams. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Vashishta, P. C., A. K. Sinha and Anil Kumar Botany Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams). S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi.

11 Model Question Paper SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) Answer any five of the following question 1. Archaegoniophore of Marchantia 2. Lycopodium Cone L.S 3. Heterospory 4. Gnetum Female Cone 5. Pinus Pollengrain 6. Sclerides 7. Phloem 8. Teak 5x5=25Marks SECTION-B (Essay Questions) Answer All of the following questions 9 a)write an account on Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes Or b) Give an account on capsule of Funaria 5x10=50Marks 10 a) Write an account on Stelar Evolution in Peridophytes Or b) How are sporocarps distributed in Marselia, Explain its structure and discuss its morphology 11.a) Describe the internal structure of Pinus Noedle Or b) Explain the internal structure of Gnetum Stem 12.a) Write an account on Xylem Or b) Write about histological organisation of shoot apical meristem 13. a) Describe anomalous secondary growth in Bignonia Or b) Write an account on Wood structure of Rose wood & Red Sanders

12 Question Bank UNIT-I Bryophyta Shorts 1. Gemmae 2. Archegoniophore of marchantia 3. Protonema of funaria 4. T.S of Marchantia thallus 5. Female shoot of funaria Essay 1. Write an account on the antheridiophore and archegoniophore of marchantia. 2. Describe the external and internal structure of the thallus in marchantia. 3. Give an Account of sexual reproduction in marchantia. 4. Describe the structure of sporophyte of funaria with a neat laselled diagram. Shorts 1. Short note on gametophyte of Lycopodium 2. Strobilus of Lycopodium 3. Protonema 4. Petiole of Marsilea 5. Morphotogical views on sporocarp. 6. Anatomy of rhizome & marsilia Essay UNIT-II Pteridophyta 1. Describe the development of male and female germetophyte fertilization and formation of embryo in marsilia 2. Write a general account of heterospory and seced habit 3. Describe different types of steles in pteridophyta 4. Describe the development of gametoplyte and sexual reproduction in Lycopodium UNIT-III Gymnosperms Shorts 1. Morphology of ovuliferous scale of pines 2. Pinus ovule 3. Male gametophyte of pinus

13 Essay 1. Describe the internal struture of pinus needle and point out its xerophytic characters 2. Deseribe the development of embryo in pinus 3. Male gametophyte of Gnetum 4. Female Gametophyte of Gnetum Shorts 1. Parenchyma 2. Sclerenclyma 3. Laticiferous tussue 4. Hydathodes 5. Stomata 6. Bulliform cells 7. Types of vascular bundles Essay UNIT-IV Tissues and Tissue Systems 1. Write an essay on complex tissues 2. Write an essay on mechanical tissue 3. Give a detailed account of fundamental tissue 4. Give a detailed account of vascular tissue system Shorts 1. Accessary cambial rings 2. Secondary growth in achyranthus 3. Secondary growth in Beta vulgaris 4. Porous and non-porous wood 5. Seasoning of wood 6. Preservation of wood Essay UNIT-V (Secondary Growth) 1. Anomalous secondary growth in stam of Boerhaavia 2. Anomalous secondary growth in Dracaena 3. Physical and chemical properties of wood

14 PRACTICAL SYLLABUS W.e.f: I B.Sc - BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS SEMESTER- II Diversity of Archaegoniatae & Plant Anatomy No. of Hours per week: 3 Max. Marks: 50 Credits: 2 External: 25 Internal: Morphology (vegetative and reproductive structures), anatomy of the following taxa : a) Marchantia, b) Funaria c) Lycopodium d) Pinuse) Gnetum 2. AnatomY 1. Demonstration of double staining technique. 2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides 3. Preparation of double staining slides 4. Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus. 5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S. 6. Field visits

15 I B.Sc - BOTANY PRACTICAL MODEL PAPER SEMESTER- II CBBOT 201P Diversity of Archaegoniatae & Plant Anatomy CB BOT 201P Practical Model Paper Semester II Max Marks: 50 Q. 1. Section cutting (Anatomy) A Marks Q.2. Section cutting (Pteridophyta) B -- 9 Marks Q.3. Section cutting (Gymnosperms) C -- 9 Marks Q.4. Spotless 3 slides D,E,F -- (3X4) 12 Marks (D-Bryophyta, E- Anatomy, F- Anatomy) Q. 5. Record Marks

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18 Short Plant Taxonomy and Metabolism CBBOT301 Paper - III UNIT I (Introduction to Plant Taxonomy) 1. Components of Taxonomy 2. Botanical gardens 3. Flora 4. Principals of ICBN 5. Author citation 6. Typification another 7. Binomial system 8. Valid publication 9. Principal of priority Essay 1. Write an account on Herbarium 2. Write about author citation and valid publication 3. Write an account on type method and principle of priority 4. Write an account on components of taxonomy Short 1. Phylogenetic system 2. Natural system 3. Merits of Engler & Prantl s 4. Merits of Bentham & Hooker 5. Demerits of Bentham & Hooker Essay UNIT II (Classification) 1. Write about Engler & Prantl s system of classification 2. Write about Bentham & Hooker system of classification with there merits & demerits 3. Write about phylogeny origin and evolution of angiosperms. 4. Write an account on types of classification

19 UNIT III (Systematic Taxonomy-I) Short 1. Economic importance of Annonaceae 2. Floral characters of Rutacea 3. Economic importance of Cucurbitaceae 4. Economic importance of Apiacea Essay 1. Write an account family Annonaceae 2. Write about floral characters and economic importance of family cucurbitaceae 3. Write about family apiaceae 4. Give an account of on family Rutaceae with economic importance Short UNIT IV (Systamatic Taxonoomy-II) 1. Floral character of Asteraceae 2. Economic importance of Astereceae 3. Economic importance of family Asclepiadaceae 4. Economic importance family Poaceae 5. Floral characters of family Asclepiadaceae Essay 1. Write about family Asteraceae 2. Give an account on floral characters and economic importance of family lamiaceae 3. Write about the family poacea Short 1. Anther structure 2. Micro sporogenesis 3. Development of male gametophyte 4. Types of ovules 5. Ovule structure 6. Mega sporogenesis 7. Pollination 8. Polyembryony UNIT V (Embryology)

20 Essay 1. Write an account an development of Male gametophyte 2. Write about types of Embryosac 3. Give an account on Tetrasporic type of embryosac 4. Write an account on Endosperm development and types. 5. Write an account an development of Dicot embryo 6. Give an account on development of Monocot embryo

21 CBBOT 301P Suggested Laboratory Exercises: II B.Sc BOTANY - SEMESTER-III Paper-III: PRACTICAL Plant Taxonomy and Embryology Total hours of laboratory Exercises 2 per week 1. Systematic study of locally available plants belonging to the families prescribed in theory syllabus. 2. Demonstration of herbarium techniques. 3. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts (Catharanthus, Hibiscus, Acacia, Grass). 4. Demonstration of Pollen viability test using in- vitro germination (Catharanthus). 5. Study of ovule types and developmental stages of embryo sac using permanent slides /Photographs. 6. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and monocot Embryos using permanent slides / Photographs 7. Isolation and mounting of embryo (using Symopsis / Senna / Crotalaria) 8. Field visits. 9. Study of local flora and submission of Field Note Book

22 CBBOT 301P II B.Sc., BOTANY- SEMESTER -III PRACTICAL MODEL PAPER III Plant Taxonomy and Embryology 1. Describe the given Plant specimens (A & B) in technical terms. Draw neat labeled diagrams of twig with inflorescence, L.S. of Flower, T.s. of Ovary and floral Diagram. Give floral formula. Identify the family. 2x 10 = 20 Marks (Description- vegetative - 2 marks, floral 4 marks; diagrams-3 marks, Identification-1 marks) 2. Derive the plant specimens C & D to their respective families- 2x4 = 08 marks 3. Identification of spotters - D, E,and F (Embryology ) 3x4 =12 marks 4. Record & Herbarium (submission compulsory) 10 marks Total : 50 Marks

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26 Plant Physiology & Metabolism -CBBOT401 Question Bank UNIT I (Plant Water Relations) Short 1. Physical properties of water 2. Imbibition 3. Osmosis 4. Stomata structure 5. Components of water 6. Diffusion Essay 1. Explain about opening & closing of stomata 2. Write an account on active & passive absorption 3. Write about Ascent of sap Short 1. Micro nutrients 2. Macro nutrients 3. Enzyme action 4. Transcription Essay UNIT II (Mineral Nutrition & Enzymes) 1. Write an account on essential elements and their role in plant metabolism, and their deficiency symptoms. 2. Write about biological nitrogen fixation? 3. Write an account on Characteristics & classification of enzymes. Short 1. Photosynthetic pigments 2. Cycle photophosphorylation 3. CAM pathway 4. Kranz anatomy 5. C4 pathway 6. Photorespiration UNIT III (Photosynthesis)

27 Essay 1. Write an account on calvin cycle 2. Write about Hatch-Slack Pathway 3. Write an account on photorespiration Short 1. Simple lipids 2. Glycolipids 3. Anaerobic respiration 4. Beta oxidation Essay 1. Write about glycolysis 2. Discuss about kreb s cycle 3. Write an account on types of lipids 4. Give an account on Beta oxidation Short 1. Growth 2. Auxins 3. Gibberellins 4. Ethylene 5. ABA 6. Brasinosteriods 7. Vernalization 8. Photo periodism 9. Cytokinesis Essay UNIT IV (Plant Metabolism) UNIT V (Growth and Development) 1. Write an account on Growth and Development. 2. Write about physiological effect of Auxins & Gibberellins 3. Write an account on physiological effect on Ethylene and ABA 4. Write about photoperiodism

28 CBBOT 401P II B. Sc BOTANY SEMESTRE- IV, Paper IV: PRACTICAL SYLLABUS PAPER-IV: Plant Physiology and Metabolism Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30 2 per week Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Osmosis by potato osmoscope experiment 2. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method using leaves of Rhoeo / Tradescantia. 3. Structure of stomata (dicot & monocot) 4. Determination of rate of transpiration using cobalt chloride method. 5. Demonstration of transpiration by Ganongs photometer 6. Demonstration of ascent of sap/transpiration pull. 6. Effect of Temperature on membrane permeability by colorimetric method. 7. Study of mineral deficiency symptoms using plant material/photographs. 8. Separation of chloroplast pigments using paper chromatography technique. 9. Rate of photosynthesis under varying Co 2 concentrations. 10. Effect of light intensity on oxygen evolution in photosynthesis using Wilmott bubbler

29 II B. Sc SEMESTER- IV, BOTANY PRACTICAL MODEL PAPER - IV - Plant Physiology and Metabolism 1. Perform the Experiments A & B. Give the aim, principle, procedure and observation. Tabulate the results if any. Draw labeled diagram. 2 x 15 = 30 marks 2. Give the protocol of the experiments C & D 2 x 5 -= 10 marks 3. Record & Viva 10 marks marks

30 Class: Semester: Title of The Paper: Paper Code: W.E.F III B.Sc. CBZ CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND V CBBOT PLANT BREEDING Total No of Hours for Teaching - Learning 60 Hours Course objectives Instructional Hours for Week Duration of Semester End Examination in Hours Max Marks Theory Practical CIA SEE 3 Hours Credits This course will enable the students, to increase the crop improvement by using hybrid techniques. Will enable the students, to study the structure and function of chromosome, gene and allies and their proper alignment. Will enable the students, to know the resistance against biotic and abiotic stress. This course is aimed to increase the yield of crop. Course Outcomes: Cell biology gives the knowledge about cell structure and cell organelles and their functioning. Plant breeding is the special technique, it helps the people to create hybrids for Economic and Aesthetic reasons. Polyploids is the technique in plant breeding, it gives new genetically distinct lineage, the polyploids generally have large fruits, many human food crops such as wheat, maize, potato, tobacco. Plant genetics is a specialisation within the field of genetics that studies the botanical subjects such as trees, flowers, ferns, mosses and fungi. Students are learning plant cell unique genetic codes for the purpose of botanical research comparative genetics and industrial research. In instructions on agriculture studies for the development of superior varieties of major crops. Plant genetics play a key role in the modern day theories of heredity, it helps in encompassing advancements in biotechnology.

31 Syllabus CBBOT 501 UNIT I Cell Biology: (12hrs) 1. Cell, the unit of life- Cell theory, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Eukaryotic cell components. 2. Ultra structure and functions of cell wall and cell membranes. 3. Chromosomes: morphology, organization of DNA in a chromosome (nucleosome model), Euchromatin and heterochromatin. UNIT II Genetic Material: (12hrs) 1. DNA as the genetic material: Griffith s and Avery s transformation experiment. 2. DNA structure (Watson & Crick model) and replication of DNA (semi-conservative) 3. Types of RNA (mrna, trna, rrna), their structure and function. UNIT III Mendelian Inheritance: (12 hrs) 1. Mendel s laws of Inheritance (Mono- and Di- hybrid crosses); backcross and test cross. 2. Chromosome theory of Inheritance. 3. Linkage: concept, complete and incomplete linkage, coupling and repulsion; linkage maps based on two and three factor crosses. 4. Crossing Over: concept & significance. UNIT IV Plant Breeding: (12 hrs) 1. Introduction and Objectives of plant breeding. 2. Methods of crop improvement: Procedure, advantages and limitations of Introduction, Selection, and Hybridization (outlines only). UNIT V Breeding, Crop Improvement and Biotechnology: (12 hrs) 1. Role of mutations in crop improvement. 2. Role of somaclonal variations in crop improvement. 3. Molecular breeding use of DNA markers in plant breeding and crop improvement (RAPD, RFLP).

32 Suggested activity: Seminar, Debate, Quiz, observation of live cells and nucleus in Onion peels, observation of Meiotic nuclei in Maize pollen. Solving Genetics problems. 1. Old, R.W. and Primrose S.B. 1994, Principles of Gene Manipulation Blackwell Science, Watson, J.D. (1977): Molecular Biology of the Gene, W.A. Benjamin, Inc., Menlo Park- California, Reading-Massachusetts, London, Amsterdam, Don Mills, Ontario, Sydney. 3. Gardner,E.J & Snusted, D.P.(1984): Principles of Genetics (7thedition) John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore 4. Lewin, B. (1985) Genes VII Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad.

33 MODEL QUESTION PAPER SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) Answer any five of the following question 1. Endoplasmic reticulum 2. Golgibodies 3. Avarys transformation experiment 4. Back cross 5. Two factor cross 6. Advantages of introduction 7. RAPD 8. Somoclonal variation & in crop improvement 5x5=25M SECTION-B (Essay Questions) 9. a) Write an account on Eukaryotic cell components Or b) Write about Ultra structure & functions of cell wall 10. a) Write about t RNA structure & functions Or b) Write about DNA as the genetic material write an account on replication of DNA 11. a) Write an account on mendelian laws of inheritance Or b) Write an account on crossing over & its significance 12. a) Write an account on advantages and limitations of Selection Or b) Write an account on introduction and objectives of Plant breeding 13. a) Write about somoclonal variations in crop improvement Or b) Write about DNA markers used in plant breeding and crop improvement

34 Cell Biology Genetics & Plant Breeding CBBOT501 - Paper - IV UNIT I Cell Biology Short 1. Cell theory 2. Mitochondria 3. Chloroplast 4. Endoplasmic reticulum 5. Ribosomes 6. Golgibodies 7. Euchromatin 8. Hetero chromatin Essay 1. Write an account on Eukaryotic cell components 2. Write about Ultra structure & functions of cell wall 3. Write about chromosome morphology UNIT II Short 1. Griffith s transformation experiment 2. Avarys transformation experiment 3. DNA Watson & Crick Model 4. t RNA 5. m RNA Essay 1. Write about DNA as the genetic material write an account on replication of DNA 2. Write about t RNA structure & functions Short UNIT III (Mendelian Inheritance) 1. Chromosome theory of inheritance 2. Linkage 3. Back cross 4. Test cross

35 5. Linkage maps 6. Crossing over 7. Two factor cross Essay 1. Write about di-hybrid cross 2. Write an account on mendelian laws of inheritance 3. Write an essay on linkage 4. Write an account on crossing over & its significance Short UNIT IV (Plant Breeding) 1. Objectives of plant breeding 2. Advantages of introduction 3. Hybridization Essay 1. Write an account on introduction and objectives of Plant breeding 2. Write an account on advantages and limitations of Selection 3. Give an account on Hybridization Short UNIT V (Breeding Crop improvement and biotechnology) 1. Mutations in crop improvement 2. RAPD 3. RFLP 4. Somoclonal variation & in crop improvement Essay 1. Write an account on role of mutations in crop improvement 2. Write about somoclonal variations in crop improvement 3. Write about DNA markers used in plant breeding and crop improvement

36 PRACTICAL SYLLABUS PAPER V CBBOT 501P Suggested Laboratory Exercises CBBOT 501P 1. Study of the structure of cell organelles through photomicrographs. 2. Study of structure of plant cell through temporary mounts. 3. Study of various stages of mitosis using cytological preparation of Onion root tips. 4. Study of DNA packing by micrographs. 5. Study of effect of temperature & organic solvent on permeability of cell membrane. 6. Numerical problems solving Mendel Laws of inheritance 7. Chromosome mapping using 3 point test cross data. 8. Hybridization techniques emasculation, bagging (for demonstration only). 9. Field visit to a plant breeding research station. 10. Calorimetric estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method.

37 PAPER-V: CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING CBBOT 501P 1. Perform the Experiment A.Perform squash on onion root tip, prepare the slide, identify at least one division stage. Write the procedure and draw the diagram of reported stage. 1 x 15 = 15marks 2. Give the experimental protocol of the experiments B 1 x 10 = 10 marks 3. Solving numerical problems on Mendelian in heritance C,D 2x 7 1/2 =15 marks 4. Record & Viva = 10 marks A-Onion root squash technique B- Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method C&D Numerical problems on Mendelian Inheritance marks

38 Class: Semester: Title of The Paper: Paper Code: W.E.F III B.Sc. PLANT ECOLOGY& CBZ V CBBOT PHYTOGEOGRAPHY Total No of Hours for Teaching - Learning 60 Hours Course objectives Instructional Hours for Week Duration of Semester End Examination in Hours Max Marks Theory Practical CIA SEE 3 Hours Credits This course will enable the students to study the Ecology and Environment and the students will be prepared to understand ecological system anywhere. This course will ensure the students, that they can step beyond theoretical into real life situations and comprehend the nature of environment. Each student produces a comprehensive report about an ecological region to demonstrate mastery of plant ecology. This course will enable the students to know the habit and habitat of plants on tis globe. This course will enable to know the endemic status of medicinal plants. Course Outcomes: Plant ecology deals with the plant-plant interaction,plant growth and plant resource allocation, individual variation within plant population crop-weed competition and the application of ecological and evolutionary knowledge to plant production system. One of the most important aspects of plant ecology is the role, plants played in creating the oxygenated atmosphere of earth at the same time plants began removing carbondioxide and many other events in the earth history.the purpose of phytogeography is to know how the plants migrate from one place to phylogeny and phytogeography work together so closely. The aim of phytogeography is to discover the similarities and diversities in the plants and floras of the present and past found in the widely separated parts of earth.

39 SYLLABUS III B. Sc. - SEMESTER- V: BOTANY THEORY SYLLABUS PAPER-VI: PLANT ECOLOGY& PHYTOGEOGRAPHY UNIT I. Elements of Ecology 1. Ecology: definition, branches and significance of ecology. 2. Climatic Factors: Light, Temperature. 3. Edaphic Factor: Origin, formation, composition and soil profile. 4. Biotic Factor: Interactions between plants and animals. (12 hrs.) UNIT II. Ecosystem Ecology (12 hrs.) 1. Ecosystem: Concept and components, energy flow, Food chain, Food web, Ecological pyramids. 2. Productivity of ecosystem-primary, Secondary and Net productivity. 3. Biogeochemical cycles- Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous. UNIT III Population &Community Ecology 1. Population -definition, characteristics and importance, outlines ecotypes. 2. Plant communities- characters of a community, outlines Frequency, density. 3. Interaction between plants growing in a community. UNIT IV Phytogeography 1. Principles of Phytogeography. 2. Phytogeographic regions of India. 3. Phytogeographic regions of World. 4. Endemism types and causes UNIT- V: Plant Biodiversity and its importance 1. Definition, levels of biodiversity-genetic, species and ecosystem. 2. Biodiversity hotspots- Biodiversity hotspots of India. 3. Loss of biodiversity causes and conservation (In-situ and ex-situ methods). 4. Seed banks - conservation of genetic resources and their importance. (12 hrs) (12 hrs) (12 hrs.) Suggested activity :Collection of different soils, studying their texture, observing polluted water bodies, student study projects, debates on man s activity on ecosystem and biodiversity conservation methods, visiting a nearest natural vegetation area. Visit to NGO, working in the field of biodiversity and report writing.

40 Books for Reference 1. Daubenmire, R.F. ( ): Plants & Environment (2nd Edn.,) John Wiley & Sons., New York 2. Puri,.G.S. (1960): Indian Forest Ecology (Vol.I & II) Oxford Book Co., New Delhi & Calcutta. 3. Billings, W.B. (1965): Plants and the Ecosystem Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., Belmont 4. Misra, R. (1968): The Ecology work Book Oxford & INH Publishing Co., Calcutta 5. Odum E.P. (1971): Fundamentals of Ecology (2nd Edn.,) Saunders & Co., Philadelphia & Natraj Publishers, Dehradun. 6. Odum E.P. (1975): Ecology By Holt, Rinert & Winston

41 CBZOO 502 MODEL PAPER SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) Answer any five of the following questions 5x5=25M 1. Effect of temperature on vegetation 2. What is biotic factor 3. Ecological pyramid 4. Phosphorous cycle 5. Quadrats 6. Central India 7. Endemism origin 8. Hotspots SECTION-B (Essay Questions) Answer All of the following questions 5x10=50M 9. a) Discuss the importance of temperature former of plant growth (OR) b) What are hydrophytes? Morphological and anatomical characters 10. a) Nitrogen cycle in detail b) What is ecosystem? Describe the structural and functional aspects of an ecosystem 11. a) Write in detail about the interactions in a biological community? b) Define population? Discuss briefly the various characters that are shown by population 12. a) What is endemism? Write in detail about endemism b) Describe different phytogeography regions in India 13. a) Define the term Biodiversity? Explain the scope and importance of biodiversity b) Discuss the status of India as a mega diverse nation of Biodiversity

42 Question Bank Shorts CBBOT502 Plant Ecology & Phytogeography UNIT I (Elements of Ecology) 1. What do you understand by the word Ecology? 2. Effect of temperature on vegetation 3. Pedogenesis 4. What is biotic factor Essay 1. Discuss the importance of temperature former of plant growth 2. Describe the role of light in an ecological factor. 3. What are hydrophytes? Morphological and anatomical characters Shorts UNIT II (Ecosystem Ecology) 1. Ecological pyramid 2. Food chain and food web 3. What is primary and secondary productivity 4. Phosphorous cycle Essay 1. Nitrogen cycle in detail 2. Pond Ecosystem 3. What is ecosystem? Describe the structural and functional aspects of an ecosystem. UNIT III (Population and Community Ecology) Shorts 1. Ecads 2. Mortality and Natality 3. Quadrats 4. Stratification 5. mirmicophyli

43 Essay 1. write in detail about the interactions in a biological community? 2. Define population? Discuss briefly the various characters that are shown by population. 3. Discuss the age distribution and its effect on population. UNIT IV (Phytogeography) Shorts 1. Central India 2. Andaman Nicobar islands 3. Neo endemism 4. Endemism origin Essay 1. Describe different phytogeography regions in India 2. What is endemism? Write in detail about endemism Shorts 1. Earth summit 2. Genetic diversity 3. Value of biodiversity 4. Hotspots 5. Endemic species in India Essay UNIT V (Bio-diversity and its Importance) 1. Define the term Biodiversity? Explain the scope and importance of biodiversity. 2. Enumerate the levels and types of Biodiversity 3. Discuss the status of India as a mega diverse nation of Biodiversity

44 CBBOT 502P III B. Sc. - SEMESTER- V: BOTANY PRACTICAL CBBOT502 P PAPER-VI: PLANT ECOLOGY& PHYTOGEOGRAPHY Total hours of teaching 30 3 hrs. per week 1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables; soil thermometer, maximum and minimum thermometer, anemometer, psychrometer, rain gauze, and lux meter. 2. Permeability (percolation; total capacity as well as rate of movement) of different soil samples. 3. Determination of soil ph 4. Study of morphological and anatomical adaptations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (4 each) 5. Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus by species area curve method 6. Study of Phytoplankton and macrophytes from water bodies. 7. Study of species diversity index of vegetation. 8. Estimation of Primary Productivity of an ecosystem 9. To study field vegetation with respect to stratification, canopy cover and composition. 10. Study of plants included in agro forestry and social forestry. 11. To locate the hotspots, phyto geographical regions and distribution of endemic plants in the map of India. 12. The following practical should be conducted in the Field/lab with the help of photo-graphs, herbarium, Floras, Red data book- Study of endangered plants species, critically endangered plants species, vulnerable plant species and monotypic endemic genera of India.

45 CBBOT 502P III B. Sc - SEMESTER- VI: BOTANY PRACTICAL MODEL PAPER PAPER VI: PLANT ECOLOGY & PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 1. Study Project under supervision = 15 Marks 2. Record & Viva-Voce = 10 Marks 3. Experiment A = 10 Marks 4. Anatomical adaptations of B (Section cutting) = 10 Marks 5. Spotters C&D (2x2 1/2) = 5 Marks Total = 50 Marks 1. Study Project of a surrounding Ecosystem (terrestrial or aquatic)(plant diversity, animal diversity, human activity, pollution levels, restoration efforts under supervision. 2. Presentation of the project work in Q & A session. 3. A -determination of soil porosity/ph/percolation/retaining capacity. 4. B- Xerophyte/Hydrophyte anatomical adaptations. 5. C & D-anemometer/rain gauze/lux meter.

46 Class: Semester: Title of The Paper: Paper Code: W.E.F III B.Sc. CBZ VI CBBOTA ORGANIC FARMING & SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Total No of Hours for Teaching Learning 60 Hours Learning objectives Instructional Hours for Week Duration of Semester End Examination in Hours Max Marks Theory Practical CIA SEE 3 Hours Credits This course will enable the students, to develop a sustainable agriculture system for guaranteed adequate food production in the foreseeable future. Will enable to develop self sufficient agriculture system which would rely as much as possible upon resources from within its own resources. Will enable the students, to develop an alternative strategy over chemical farming which would be a guideline for the working of biological process in natural eco-sytem. Course Outcomes: By learning this course, the students get self-employment in maintaining organic farming. The students get well aware of environmental pollution and global warming. Organic farming not only helps in preserving more natural habitat areas, but also encourage birds and other natural predators to live happily on farm farmland, which assist in natural pest control.

47 SYLLABUS Unit - I: Concept of organic farming: 1. Introduction: Farming, organic farming, concept and development of organic farming. 2. Principles of organic farming, types of organic farming, biodynamic farming. (12hrs) 3. Benefits of organic farming, need for organic farming, conventional farming v/sorganic farming 4. Scope of organic farming; Andhra Pradesh, National and International status. 5. Agencies and institutions related to organic agriculture. 6. Requirements for organic farming, farm components for an organic farm Unit - II: Organic plant nutrient management: (12hrs) 1. Organic farming systems, soil tillage, land preparation and mulching. 2. Choice of varieties. 3. Propagation-seed, planting materials and seed treatments, water management 4. Green manuring, composting- principles, stages, types and factors, composting methods, Vermi composting 5. Bulky organic manures, concentrated organic manures, organic preparations, organic amendments and sludges. 6. Bio-fertilizers- types, methods of application, advantages and disadvantages, standards for organic inputs- fertilizers Unit-III: Organic plant protection: (12hrs) 1. Plant protection- cultural, mechanical, botanical pesticides, control agents 2. Weed management 3. Standards for organic inputs- plant protection. Unit- IV: Organic crop production practices: (12hrs) 1. Organic crop production methods- rice, coconut. 2. Organic crop production methods- vegetables- okra, amaranthus, cucurbits. 3. Livestock component in organic farming. 4. Sustainable Agriculture-Apiculture, Mushroom cultivation.

48 Unit- V: Organic Certification 1. Farm economy: Basic concept of economics- demand &supply, economic viability of a farm. 2. Basic production principles, reducing expenses, ways to increase returns, cost of production system. Benefit/ cost ratio, marketing, imports and exports. 3. Policies and incentives of organic production. 4. Farm inspection and certification. 5. Terrace farming. Books for Reference: (12hrs) 1. Palaniappan SP &Anandurai K Organic Farming Theory and Practice. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur 2. Joshi, M New Vistas of Organic Farming 2nd Ed. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur. 3. Farming system : Theory and Practice - S.A.Solaimalai 4. Organic Farming: Theory and Practice- S.P.Palaniappan and K.A. Annadurai 5. A hand book of Organic Farming by A.K.Sharma Suggested Activities: Preparation of Vermicompost in small scale, observing sewage sludge disposal mechanisms in urban/semi urban areas, studying the usage, of green manures, neem oil, neem cake, pongamia oil in organic farming, livestock component in various farming methods, visiting an Apiculture center, drawing various terrace farming models

49 MODEL QUESTION PAPER Section A Short Answer Questions: Answer any FIVE of the following 1. Bio dynamic forming? 2. Components for an organic form? 3. Soil tillage? 4. Seed treatment? 5. ly Botanical pesticides? 6. A pi culture? 7. Terrace forming? 8. Organic crop production of rice 5 X 5 = 25M Answer the following 10 X 5 = 50M 9. a) Give an account on requirement for organic forming & components for an organic form? or b) Write about organic forming concept and development organic forming 10. a) Write an account on principles and types of Green maruring? b) Write about advantages and disadvantages of fertilizers? 11. a) Write an account on Weed management? b) Write an account on Botanical Pesticides and control agent? or Or 12. a) Write an account on Mushroom cultivation? b) Give an account on organic crop production of rice and coconut? 13. a) Write an account on policies and incentives of organic production? Or Or b) Give an account on form economy?

50 CBBOTA 601 Paper III B.Sc Botany VII A Organic Farming & Sustainable Agriculture UNIT I Concept of Organic Family Short 1. Organic Farming 2. Types of Organic Farming 3. Biodynamic Farming 4. Requirements for Organic Farming 5. Components for an organic farm Essay 1. Write an account on Benefits of Organic Farming 2. Give an account on Requirements for organic farming & Components for an organic farm 3. Write about Agencies and institutions related to related to organic agriculture 4. Write about organic farming concept and development of organic farming Short 1. Soli tillage 2. Green Manuring 3. Vermin Composting 4. Bulky Organic manures 5. Mulching 6. Seed treatment Essay UNIT II Organic Plant Nutrient Management 1. Write an account on propagation of planting materials and seed treatment 2. Write an account on principals and types of green manuring 3. Write about advantages and disadvantages of Fertihzers 4. Write an account on types and methods of applications

51 UNIT III Organic Plant Protection Short 1. Botanical Pesticides 2. Plant Protection 3. Control agents of plant protertion Essay 1. Write an account on weed management 2. Give an account on standards for Organic inputs 3. Write an account on Botanical Pesticides & Control agents UNIT IV Organic Crop Production Practices Short 1. Organic Crop Production of rice 2. Apiculture 3. Give stock component in organic farming 4. Amaranthus Essay 1. Write an account on mushroom cultivation 2. Write about organic crop productions methods of cucurbits and okra 3. Give an account on organic crop production of rice and coconut Short 1. Economic viability of a farm 2. Farm inspection 3. Terrace farming Essay UNIT V Organic Certification 1. Write an account on policies and incentives of organic production 2. Give an account on form economy 3. Write an account on farm inspection and certification 4. Give an account on basic production principle marketing imports and exports

52 Paper-VII-A: Practical Semester VI, Paper-VII-A: Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture Total hours of teaching 30 2 hrs per week 1. Study of different bio pesticides, weedicides, inorganic and organic fertilizers 2. Deficiency symptoms of nutrient deficiency symptoms (photographs) 3. Soil testing, liming, and fertilizing 4. Preparation of enriched Farm Yard Manure. 5. Study of composting methods. 6. Preparation of vermicompost. 7. Study of recycling of farm waste. 8. Study of methods of green manuring. 9. Study of steps in mushroom cultivation 10. Visit to urban waste recycling unit. 11. Study project report under supervision of lecturer farm manure preparation/vermicompost// /waste management// green manures/ mushroom cultivation / nutrient requirements of vegetables. Expected domain skills to be achieved: Performing Soil analysis, soil enrichment methods, composting procedure, recycling of wastes, use of waste materials in mushroom cultivation, understanding nutrient requirement of various crops, identifying various methods of keeping soil health

53 PRACTICAL MODEL PAPER Paper-VII-(A) : Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture Q1. Project report (A) - 15 marks Viva-voce on study project -05 marks Q2. Identify and write notes on B, C, D, and E (4x5) -20 marks B- inorganic manures/bio-weedicides/bio-pesticides (photograph/ specimen) C- Compost preparation method (photograph/instrument) D- Green manure type (plant specimen/photograph) E- Waste recycling method (photograph/live specimen/institute/organization) Q4. Field report - 05 marks Q5. Record - 05 marks TOTAL: 50 marks

54 Class: Semester: Title of The Paper: Paper Code: W.E.F III B.Sc. CBZ VI CBBOTB NURSERY, GARDENING AND FLORICULTURE Total No of Hours for Teaching - Learning 60 Hours Learning objectives Instructional Hours for Week Duration of Semester End Examination in Hours Max Marks Theory Practical CIA SEE 3 Hours Credits This course will enable the students, to know about plant propagation, grow to usable size. Will encourage to learn the students, the different type of gardens such as home garden, school garden, hospital gardens and community gardens. To encourage a creative environment in which people can contribute their skills, learn from each other, and develop new skills and fresh ideas. This course will enable the students to know about house plants, flowering gardens, pot plants and cut flowers. Course Outcomes: Floriculture is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and for floristry. Floriculture crops include breeding plants, house plants, flowering garden, pot plants cultivated green and cut flowers, nursery crops, bedding and garden plants consists of young flowering plants. The major flowering plants are poinsettias and orchids. Gardening is the practice of growing and cultivating plants as a part of horticulture. Gardening ranges in scale from fruit orchards, to long boulevard plantings with one or more different types of shrubs, trees, and herbaceous plants, residential yards.

55 Gardening is a very specialized with only one type of plant grown or involved a large number of different plants in mixed planting. Gardening is considered by many people to be a relaxing activity.

56 Syllabus Unit I: Nursery: 1. Definition, objectives, scope and building up of infrastructure for nursery. 2. Planning and seasonal activities - Planting - direct seeding and transplants. 3. Nursery Management and Routine Garden Operations. Unit II: Gardening 1. Definition, objectives and scope - different types of gardening. (12 hrs.) (12 hrs.) 2. Landscape and home gardening - parks and its components, plant materials and design. 3. Computer applications in landscaping. 4. Gardening operations: soil laying, manuring, watering. 5. Landscaping Places of Public Importance: Landscaping highways and Educational Institutions) 6. Some Famous gardens of India. Unit III: Propagation methods 1 Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings, transplanting of seedlings. (12 hrs.) 2.Air- layering, cutting, selection of cutting,propagule collecting season, treatment of cutting rooting medium and planting of cuttings - Hardening of plants. 3. Propagation of ornamental plants by rhizomes, corms tubers, bulbs. Unit IV: Floriculture: 1. Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; herbaceous, perennials and ornamental trees. 2. Ornamental bulbous and foliage plants; Cacti and succulents. 3. Ornamentals-palms. 4. Cultivation of plants in pots; Indoor gardening; Bonsai. Unit V: Commercial Floriculture (12 hrs.) (12 hrs.) 1. Factors affecting flower production; Production and packaging of cut flowers; Flower arrangements; Methods to prolong vase life of flowers 2. Cultivation of Important cut flowers (Carnation, Aster, Dahlia, Gerbera, Anthuriams, Gladiolous, Marigold, Rose, Lilium)

57 3. Management of pests, diseases and harvesting. Books for Reference: 1. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi. 2. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras. 3. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil. institution) 4.Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers. Suggested Activities: Raising a nursery, managing it, studying and drawing various land scaping designs, practicing layering methods, using shade nets to protect horticultural crops, practicing indoor gardening techniques, visiting florists and recording their methods of prolonging vase life of commercial cut flowers.