Allelopathic effect of three weed species on germination and growth of onion cultivars

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1 Allelopthic effect of three weed species on germintion nd growth of onion cultivrs Rent Bličević 1, Mrij Rvlić 1, Petr Čuk 2, Nikolin Šević 3 1 Fculty of Agriculture, Josip Jurj Strossmyer University of Osijek, Krlj Petr Svčić 1d, 3 Osijek, Croti, e-mil: mrvlic@pfos.hr 2 PIK Vinkovci d.d., Mtije Gupc 13, Vinkovci, Croti 3 Student, Fculty of Agriculture, Osijek, Croti Astrct The im of the reserch ws to determine llelopthic potentil of three weed species (Amrnthus retroflexus, Solnum nigrum, Sorghum hlepense) on germintion nd growth of two onion cultivrs (Holndski žuti nd Srerenc mjski). Effect of wter extrcts from dry oveground weed iomss in concentrtions of 1, 5 nd 1% (1, 5 nd g/l) ws exmined under lortory conditions in petri dishes. The results showed tht ll extrcts significntly decresed germintion, root nd shoot length nd fresh weight of onion seedlings. A. retroflexus nd S. nigrum extrcts hd greter inhiitory potentil nd reduced seedlings growth over 5%. Extrcts in concentrtions of 5 nd 1% exhiited higher negtive effect. Differences in sensitivity mong onion cultivrs were recorded. Key words: llelopthy, wter extrcts, Amrnthus retroflexus, Solnum nigrum, Sorghum hlepense Introduction Allelopthy is defined s ny direct or indirect hrmful or eneficil effect of one plnt, fungus or microorgnism on the other through production of llelochemicls (Rice, 1984.). Allelopthy plys n importnt role in groecosystems nd relese of llelochemicls in soil inhiits seed germintion, growth nd estlishment of griculturl crops (Aldrich nd Krmer, 1997.). Identifiction of llelopthic potentil of weeds nd their effect on crops leds to etter understnding of weed species nd reduction of their negtive impct on growth nd yield of crops. Studies on llelopthic effect of weeds on onion re scrce. Negtive effect of Chenopodium lum on onion ws reported y Reinhrdt et l. (1994.). So the im of the study ws to determine llelopthic potentil of redroot pigweed (Amrntus retroflexus L.), lck nightshde (Solnum nigrum L. emend. Miller) nd johnsongrss (Sorghum hlepense (L.) Pers.) wter extrcts on germintion nd growth of two onion cultivrs. Mterils nd methods Experiment ws conducted in 15 in the Lortory of Phytophrmcy t the Fculty of Agriculture in Osijek. Plnts of redroot pigweed (A. retroflexus), lck nightshde (S. nigrum) nd johnsongrss (S. hlepense) were collected in summer of 14 t the flowering stge (Hess et l., 1997.) from griculturl fields. Aoveground fresh iomss of weeds ws oven dried, cut into smll pieces nd ground with electronic grinder into fine powder. Wter extrcts were prepred ccording to Norsworthy (3.) y mixing grms of dry weed iomss with ml of distilled wter. The mixture ws kept for 24 h t room temperture nd filtered through muslin cloth nd filter pper. Otined extrcts were diluted with distilled wter to give finl concentrtions of 1, 5 nd 1% (1, 5 nd g/l).

2 Onion seeds were purchsed from seed compny nd two cultivrs, cv. Holndski žuti nd cv. Srerenc mjski, were used in the germintion test. Thirty seeds of onion were plced in sterilized petri dishes (9 cm) on filter pper. In ech petri dish 3 ml of extrct ws dded, while distilled wter ws used in control. Petri dishes were kept t room temperture (22 C ± 2) for 1 dys. All tretments hd four replictions nd experiment ws conducted twice. Allelopthic effect ws evluted through numer, length of root nd shoot (cm) nd fresh weight of seedlings (mg). Germintion percentge ws clculted s G = (Germinted seed/totl seed) x. The collected dt were nlysed sttisticlly with ANOVA nd differences etween tretment mens were compred using the LSD-test t proility level of.5. Results nd discussion A. retroflexus wter extrct showed llelopthic effect on germintion of onion cultivrs (Grph 1.). Significnt germintion reduction ws oserved with the highest concentrtion of extrct for 25.4 nd 19.2%, respectively. A. retroflexus wter extrcts Holndski žuti Srerenc mjski Onion cultivrs 1 g/l 5 g/l g/l Grph 1. Effect of A. retroflexus wter extrcts on germintion of onion cultivrs Root length of onion ws significntly reduced with ll extrct concentrtions up to 96.3% (Tle 1.). Similrly, shoot length nd fresh weight of onion seedlings were inhiited with the ppliction of extrcts for over 9%. Lower concentrtion hd slight stimultory effect. Tle 1. Effect of A. retroflexus wter extrcts on growth of onion cultivrs A. retroflexus Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (mg) iomss in Holndski Srerenc Holndski Srerenc Holndski Srerenc wter, g/l žuti mjski žuti mjski žuti mjski c.11 c c.11 c c.3.5 c Mens followed y the sme letter within the column re not significntly different t P<.5. Appliction of S. nigrum wter extrcts in 5 nd 1% concentrtion significntly reduced germintion of Holndski žuti cultivr for 13.9 nd 29.4%, while the highest concentrtion reduced Srerenc mjski germintion for.1% (Grph 2.).

3 S. nigrum wter extrcts c Holndski žuti Srerenc mjski Onion cultivrs 1 g/l 5 g/l g/l Grph 2. Effect of S. nigrum wter extrcts on germintion of onion cultivrs Extrcts of S. nigrum showed significnt effect on onion growth (Tle 2.). With few exceptions of lower concentrtion, ll extrcts gretly reduced root nd shoot length nd fresh weight of onion seedlings. Tle 2. Effect of S. nigrum wter extrcts on growth of onion cultivrs S. nigrum Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (mg) iomss in Holndski Srerenc Holndski Srerenc Holndski Srerenc wter, g/l žuti mjski žuti mjski žuti mjski c c 4.9 c 1.14 c c.66 c.7 d.8 d Mens followed y the sme letter within the column re not significntly different t P<.5. Similr effect on germintion ws recorded when S. hlepense extrcts were pplied (Grph 3.). Germintion inhiition mounted up to 34.8% nd ws greter in Holndski žuti cultivr. S. hlepense wter extrcts c Holndski žuti Srerenc mjski Onion cultivrs 1 g/l 5 g/l g/l Grph 3. Effect of S. hlepense wter extrcts on germintion of onion cultivrs

4 Higher concentrtions of S. hlepense extrct significntly reduced root nd shoot length nd fresh weight of oth onion cultivrs (Tle 3.). Lower concentrtions only slightly reduced or even promoted shoot length nd fresh weight of seedlings. Tle 3. Effect of S. hlepense wter extrcts on growth of onion cultivrs S. hlepense Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm) Fresh weight (mg) iomss in Holndski Srerenc Holndski Srerenc Holndski Srerenc wter, g/l žuti mjski žuti mjski žuti mjski c c c c 8.4 c Mens followed y the sme letter within the column re not significntly different t P<.5. On verge, extrcts from A. retroflexus nd S. nigrum hd higher inhiitory effect nd reduced seedlings length nd fresh weight for over 5%, while S. hlepense extrcts reduced shoot length nd fresh weight round 25%. According to Mrinov-Serfimov (1.) extrcts from A. retroflexus nd S. nigrum showed inhiitory effect on soyen, pe nd vetch, while Goluinov nd Iliev (14.) reported inhiitory effects of S. hlepense ginst legume crops. Germintion nd growth of onion seedlings decresed proportiontely s concentrtion of weed iomss in wter extrcts incresed. Inhiitory effect of higher nd stimultory effect of lower concentrtions of weed wter extrcts ws lso reported y Mrinov-Serfimov (1.) nd Bličević et l. (14.). The results showed tht extrcts hd greter effect on seedlings growth rther thn on onion seed germintion. Regrdless of extrct, concentrtion nd cultivr, germintion inhiition verged round 1%, while seedlings length nd weight were reduced over %. This is in greement with findings of others (Konstntinović et l., 14., Klinov et l., 12.) who concluded tht effect of llelochemicls is more pronounced on the seedlings growth. Onion cultivrs differed in their susceptiility to wter extrcts. On verge, inhiition of germintion in Holndski žuti cultivr mounted up to 14.5%, while in Srerenc mjski for 6.5%. Likewise, reduction of fresh iomss in Holndski žuti cultivr ws higher. However, seedlings length of oth cultivrs ws similrly ffected. Sensitivity of crops to llelochemicls is different mong species nd genotypes within species (Asghri nd Tewri, 7., Bličević et l., 14.). Conclusions The results showed tht investigted weed species possess certin llelopthic potentil, oth inhiitory nd stimultory. The effect depended on extrct concentrtion nd onion cultivr. Since the experiment ws conducted only in Petri dishes, further studies in pots nd under field conditions re necessry to fully determine weeds llelopthic potentil. Literture 1. Aldrich, R. J., Kremer, R. J. (1997): Principles in Weed Mngement. 2nd Edition. Iow Stte University Press.

5 2. Asghri, J., Tewri, J. P. (7): Allelopthic Potentils of Eight Brley Cultivrs on Brssic junce (L.) Czern. nd Setri viridis (L.) p. Beuv. Journl of Agriculturl Science nd Tehcnology, 9, Bličević, R., Rvlić, M., Knežević, M., Serezlij, I. (14): Allelopthic effect of field indweed (Convolvulus rvensis L.) wter extrcts on germintion nd initil growth of mize. The Journl of Animl nd Plnt Sciences, 24 (6), Goluinov, I., Iliev, A. (14): Allelopthic effect of wter extrcts of Sorghum hlepense (L.) Pers., Convolvulus rvensis L. nd Cirsium rvense Scop. on erly seedling growth of some leguminous crops. Pesticides nd Phytomedicine, 29 (1), Hess, M., Brrlis, G., Bleiholder, H., Buhr, H., Eggers, T., Hck, H., Stuss, R. (1997): Use of the extended BBCH scle generl for the description of the growth stges of mono- nd dicotyledonous species. Weed Reserch, 37, Klinov, S., Goluinov, I., Hristoskov, A., Iliev, A. (12): Allelopthic effect of queous extrct from root system of johnsongrss on the seed germintion nd initil development of soyen, pe nd vetch. Herologi, 13 (1), Konstntinović, B., Blgojević, M., Konstntinović, B., Smrdžić, N., (214): Allelopthic effect of weed species Amrnthus retroflexus L. on mize seed germintion. Romnin Agriculturl Reserch, 31, Mrinov-Serfimov, P. (1): Determintion of Allelopthic Effect of Some Invsive Weed Species on Germintion nd Initil Development of Grin Legume Crops. Pesticides nd Phytomedicine, 25(3), Norsworthy, J. K. (3): Allelopthic Potentil of Wild Rdish (Rphnus rphnistrum). Weed Technology, 17, Reinhrdt, C. F., Meissner, R., Luschgne, N. (1994): Allelopthic interction etween Chenopodium lum L. nd certin crop species. South Africn Journl of Plnt nd Soil, 11 (1), Rice, E. L. (1984): Allelopthy. 2 nd edition. Acdemic Press, Orlndo, Florid. Aleloptski utjecj tri korovne vrste n klijvost i rst kultivr luk Sžetk Cilj istrživnj io je ispitti leloptski potencijl tri korovne vrste (Amrnthus retroflexus, Solnum nigrum, Sorghum hlepense) n klijvost i rst dv kultivr luk (Holndski žuti i Srerenc mjski). Utjecj vodenih ekstrkt od suhe ndzemne mse korov u koncentrcijm od 1, 5 i 1% (1, 5 i g/l) ispitn je u lortorijskim uvjetim u petrijevim zdjelicm. Rezultti su pokzli d su vodeni ekstrkti znčjno smnjili klijvost, duljinu korijen i izdnk te svježu msu klijnc luk. Ekstrkti A. retroflexus i S. nigrum imli su jči inhiitorni učink te su smnjili rst klijnc preko 5%. Ekstrkti u koncentrcijm od 5 i 1% pokzli su veći negtivni učink. Zilježene su rzlike u osjetljivosti kultivr luk n učink ekstrkt. Ključne riječi: leloptij, vodeni ekstrkti, Amrnthus retroflexus, Solnum nigrum, Sorghum hlepense