Allelopathic Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Solanum muricatum and Eichhornia crassipes on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Sunflower

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1 Aville online t DOI: ISSN: Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 1-7 (2018) Reserch Article Allelopthic Effects of Aqueous Extrcts of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes on Seed Germintion nd Seedling Growth of Sunflower Sivci A. 1*, Tektş M. 2, B K. 2 nd Altun P. 2 1* Deprtment of Biology, Arts nd Science Fculty, Adiymn University, Adiymn, Turkey 2 Grdute School of Sciences, Adiymn University, Adiymn, Turkey *Corresponding Author E-mil: sivci@gmil.com Received: Revised: Accepted: ABSTRACT In this study; the llelopthic potentil of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes were exmined on seed germintion nd seedling growth of sunflower (Helinthus nnuus L.). Solutions in different concentrtions were prepred from the lef extrcts of oth plnts (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%). It ws determined tht the lef extrcts of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes do not hve ny significnt impct on the germintion of the sunflower seeds. It ws determined tht ll concentrtions of Solnum murictum hve significnt effects on the wter uptke cpcity of the sunflower seeds when compred to the control, wheres it ws detected tht only some concentrtions of Eichhorni crssipes hd importnt effect. It ws found tht high concentrtions of these two plnts cuse to decreses in the root nd shoot length, root nd shoot wet weight, nd root dry weight of the sunflower seedlings. Key words: Allelopthy, Eichhorni crssipes, Germintion, Helinthus nnuus, Seedling growth, Solnum murictum INTRODUCTION The llelochemicls relesed y plnts my trigger or inhiit the growth of the sme or different species of plnts in different concentrtions 1,2. It is considered tht llelopthic chemicls hve n importnt potentil s hericide in the control of the weeds or s resource for the new hericides 3,4. It hs een determined tht high concentrtions of Dturstrmonium L. extrcts hve decresed the primry root elongtion nd lterl root development, root hir length nd intensity in the soyen, nd prevented the cellulr division in the root tips, ut incresed the chromosoml errtion index nd micronucleus index 5. Allelochemicls my chnge the mounts nd contents of plnt growth regultors, so they my inhiit the growth nd development of the plnts 6,7. Allelochemicls re synthesized from the different prts of the plnt such s root, trunk, lef, pollen, seed nd flower nd excreted to their surroundings with different wys such s root lekge, percoltion from the prts ove the ground, evportion nd decy 3. Cite this rticle: Sivci, A., Tektş, M., B, K. nd Altun, P., Allelopthic Effects of Aqueous Extrcts of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes on Seed Germintion nd Seedling Growth of Sunflower, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(5): 1-7 (2018). doi: Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 1

2 Allelopthic chemicls could regulte sterilized petri pltes nd 20 sunflower seeds respirtion, photosynthesis, trnspirtion, were plced in ech one. The seeds were iochemicl metolism nd even the protein wetted y extrct solutions tken from nd nucleic cid synthesis 8. Sunflower different concentrtions of S. murictum nd (Helinthus nnuus L.) is n importnt plnt in E. crssipes in equl volumes (4 ml). The terms of griculture. In previous studies, it hs seeds were left for germintion in climte een determined tht it hs llelopthic cinet t 23±2 C, in humidity rtio etween impcts 9,10. Previous studies hve lso reported 60-65%, nd under 12 hours of dylight nd tht Eichhorni crssipes hs llelopthic 12 hours of drkness. The germintion effects 11,12. The min im of this study ws to percentge of the seeds, root nd shoot determine the llelopthic effects of Solnum lengths, nd root nd shoot wet weights were murictum, which is tropicl or semi-tropicl determined t the end of trils. Root nd shoot plnt nd whose llelopthic effects hve not dry weights were determined fter they hve een studied efore, nd Eichhorni crssipes, een dried t 70 C for 48 hours. which is n qutic plnt nd known to hve In order to determine the wter uptke llelopthic impct on the sunflower seeds cpcities, one grm sunflower seed ws hving n economicl importnce. Serching weighed nd put within the extrcts in equl nd finding plnt-sed hericides in the volume nd in different concentrtions. After control of the weeds insted of synthetic 24 hours, their weights were mesured. Wter chemicls s hericide will increse the uptke cpcities were clculted y deducting importnce of these kinds of studies due to the their weight t the eginning from their weight fct tht it is economic nd not thret for fter 24 hours.sttisticl ssessments of the humn helth. In the current study, the effects study dt were conducted y using SPSS 15.0 of the lef extrcts of Solnum murictum nd progrm. LSD test ws used to determine the Eichhorni crssipes in vrious concentrtions differences etween the verges. The vlue (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%) were exmined on P<5 ws ccepted s significnt in the the germintion nd wter uptke cpcities of nlyses. seeds, root nd shoot length, nd wet nd dry weights in seedlings of sunflower. MATERIAL AND METHODS The leves of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes were dried t 25 C in room temperture within period of 4-5 weeks. Five grm ws tken from the dried lef smples of ech plnt, put into 100 ml distillte wter, nd were shken in drkness t 25 C for 48 hours. Aqutic extrcts were filtered nd centrifuged t 9000 rpm t 4 C for 15 minutes. Their finl volumes were djusted to 100 ml 12,13. Solutions in different concentrtions were prepred from prepred stocks (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%). The sunflower seeds used in the study were Siren cultivrs. The seeds were sterilized for 15 minutes with 2% sodium hypochlorite nd fter tht, they were wshed with distiled wter for 4 times. The filter ppers were plced to the upper nd lower prts of the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It ws determined tht the wter uptke cpcities were decresed when compred to the control depending on the incresing concentrtions of the S. murictum extrcts (P<5). The lowest wter uptke ws determined in 40% concentrtion for 24 hours (Fig. 1). In E. crssipes concentrtions, it ws detected tht there ws n increse in the 5% concentrtion nd there ws decrese in the other concentrtions when compred to the control. It ws found tht the decrese is significnt in the 40% concentrtion when compred to the control (P<5) (Fig.1). In the high concentrtions of S. murictum nd E. crssipes (40%), the wter uptke ws decresed respectively y 15.13% nd 9.34% when compred to the control. In some of the previously conducted llelopthic studies, it ws specified tht the wter uptke cpcities of the seeds decresed Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 2

3 depending on the incresing concentrtions of length t the 40% concentrtion of S. the plnt extrcts 13,14. Likewise, in this study, it murictum ws 39.05%, it ws determined s ws determined tht the wter uptke 33.48% in the shoot length. At 40% cpcities of the sunflower seeds were concentrtion of E. crssipes, 37.96% decresed t high concentrtions of oth plnt decrese in root length nd 24.97% decrese extrcts. It ws lso detected tht the in shoot length were determined. Root wet llelopthic effects of S.murictum extrcts weights were found to e reduced when were more thn E. crssipes extrcts. compred to the control t the highest It ws found tht the lef extrcts of S. concentrtions of S. murictum nd E. murictum nd E. crssipes hd decresed crssipes extrcts (40%) (P<5) (Fig. 5). It effects on the germintion of the sunflower ws found tht the shoot wet weights seeds when compred to the control. It ws significntly decresed in the 40% determined tht this decrese ws not concentrtions of oth plnt extrcts when significnt (P>5). The lowest germintion compred to the control (P<5) (Fig. 6). cpcity ws detected in 10% nd 20% Similrly, it ws oserved tht there ws concentrtions of S. murictum nd in the 10% significnt decrese t the 40% concentrtions concentrtion of E. crssipes (Fig. 2). Mny of S. murictum nd E. crssipes when llelopthic studies reported tht there hve compred to the control in the root dry weights een negtive effects on the germintion (P<5) (Fig. 7). It ws detected tht the depending on the concentrtions of the plnt chnge in the shoot dry weights ws not extrcts 15,16,17. In contrst to these studies, the significnt when compred to the control results of this study indicted tht S. (P<5) (Fig. 8). murictum nd E. crssipes extrcts do not In study in which the llelopthic hve ny significnt effects on the germintion effects of the Xnthium strumrium shoot of the sunflower seeds when compred to the extrcts on lentil ws exmined, it ws control. It is known tht the llelopthic effects specified tht the germintion, plumule length, could e chnged depending on the nd the seedling dry weights re negtively concentrtion of the llelopthic compounds, ffected t high concentrtions 18. In nother ffection period nd the development stge of study, the llelopthic effects of sunflower the plnt 8. exmined in rley. They found tht the It ws found tht the root length germintion nd growth of the rley were decresed in ll the concentrtions of S. decresed 19. Lvndul ngustofoli lef murictum nd E. crssipes extrcts. While extrcts inhiited the germintion nd there ws decrese in the root length of S. development of Lens culinris, while its seed murictum t 20% nd 40% concentrtions extrcts inhiited the germintion nd when compred to the control, similr development of L. culinris nd Ze mys 20. decrese ws determined t 40% concentrtion Jfriehyzdi nd Jvidfr reserched the in E. crssipes (P<5) (Fig. 3). Likely, the llelopthic effects of some Brssic species extrcts of S. murictum nd E. crssipes hd on the germintion nd growth of the decresing effect on the shoot lengths sunflower. The inhiitor effect ws determined depending on the incresing t the high concentrtion. It ws determined concentrtions.the decrese in the shoot tht the root length is more sensitive to the length ws found to e significnt in the 40% extrcts when compred to the hypocotyl concentrtions of S. murictum nd E. length 13. In ccordnce with these studies, the crssipes (P<5) (Fig. 4). The negtive present study suggested tht the root nd shoot effects in the root length of the extrcts of length, nd root-shoot wet weight, nd root dry S.murictum nd E. crssipes were more weight were negtively ffected depending on efficient when compred to their effects on the the high concentrtions of oth S. murictum shoot length. While the decrese in the root nd E. crssipes. Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 3

4 Root length (cm) Germintion rtes (%) Cpcity of wter intke (g) c c c c c c Concentrtions (%) Eichhorni crssipes Solnum murictum Fig. 1: Wter uptke cpcities of the sunflower seeds t different concentrtions of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes (fter 24 hours) Eichhorni crssipes Solnum murictum Concentrtions (%) Fig. 2: Germintion rtios of the sunflower seeds t different concentrtions of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes Eichhorni crssipes Solnum murictum Concentrtions (%) Fig. 3: Root lengths of the sunflower seedlings t different concentrtions of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 4

5 Shoot wet weight (g) Root wet weight (g) Shoot length (cm) 4.5 Eichhorni crssipes Solnum murictum Concentrtions (%) Fig. 4: Shoot lengths of the sunflower seedlings t different concentrtions of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes 0.9 Eichhorni crssipes 0.8 Solnum murictum c c d c Concentrtions (%) Fig. 5: Root wet weights of the sunflower seedlings t different concentrtions of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes Eichhorni crssipes Solnum murictum Concentrtions (%) Fig. 6: Shoot wet weights of the sunflower seedlings t different concentrtions of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 5

6 Shoot dry weight (g) Root dry weight (g) Fig. 7: Root dry weights of the sunflower seedlings t different concentrtions of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes 0 5 Concentrtions 10 (%) Eichhorni crssipes Solnum murictum 0.6 Eichhorni crssipes Solnum murictum Concentrtions (%) Fig. 8: Shoot dry weights of the sunflower seedlings t different concentrtions of Solnum murictum nd Eichhorni crssipes CONCLUSIONS The germintion of the sunflower seeds ws not influenced y the lef extrcts of S. murictum nd E. crssipes, while the seedling growth ws rther ffected negtively. It ws found tht oth plnt extrcts showed differences in some growth prmeters of the sunflower (wter uptke cpcity, root-shoot length, root-shoot wet weight, nd root dry weight). The 40% concentrtions of S. murictum nd E.crssipes my e used llelopthic inhiitory for seedling growth except for the germintion in sunflower. 2. Al-Twh, A.R.M., Odt, N., Use of sorghum nd mize llopthic properties to inhiit germintion nd growth of wild rley (Hordeum spontneum). Not Bot Hort Agroot Cluj. 38(3): (2010). 3. Rice, E.L., Allelopthy, 2nd ed. Acdemic Press, Newyork, 422 p. (1984). 4. Dudi, N., Poljkoff-Myer, A., Myer, A.M., Putievsky, E., nd Lerner, H. R., Essentil oils s llelochemicls nd their potentil use s iohericides. J Chem Ecol. 25: (1999). 5. Ci, S. L., Mu, X. Q., Allelopthic Potentil of queous lef extrcts of Dtur strmonium L. on seed germintion, seedling growth nd root REFERENCES 1. Nrwl, S.S., Allelopthy In Crop Production. Jodhpur,Rjsthn İndin Scientific Pulishers. 288 p. (1994). Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 6

7 ntomy of Glycine mx (L.) Merrill. (Sunflower) on Solnum nigrum (Blck Allelopthy J. 30: (2012). Nightshde) seed germintion nd growth 6. Yng, Q.H., Ye, W. H., Lio F.L., Yin, X. in lortory condition. Journl of J., effects of llelochemicls on seed Horticulturl Science nd Ornmentl germntion. Chin J Ecol. 24: Plnts. 2(1): (2010). (2005). 15. Fritz, D., Bernrdi, A.P., Hs, J.S., 7. Cheng F., Cheng Z., Reserch progress on Ascoli, M.B., Bordignon, S.A.L., Poser, the use of plnt llelopthy in griculture G., Germintion nd growth ınhiitory of nd the physiologicl nd ecologicl effects of Hypericum myrinthum nd H. mechnisms of llelopthy. Front. Plnt Polynthemum extrcts on Lctuc stiv Sci. 6: 1020 (2015). L. Brzilin J. of Phrmcognosy. 17(1): 8. Reigos, M. J., Pedrol, N., Gonzlez, L., (2007). Allelopthy: A Physiologicl Process with 16. Kml, J., Impct of llelopthy of Ecologicl Implictions. Springer, sunflower (Helinthus nnuus L.) roots Dordrecht, 649 p. (2006). extrct on physilology of whet (Triticum 9. Mueen, K., Ndeem M.A., Tnveer, A., estivum L.). Africn J. Zhir, Z.A., Allelopthic effects of Biotechnology.10(65): sorghum nd sunflower wter extrcts on (2011). germintion nd seedling growth of rice 17. Bjln, I., Znd, M., Rezee, S., (Oryz stiv L.) nd three weed species. Allelopthic effect of vrious orgns of The Journl of Animl nd Plnt Sciences. wlnuts (Juglns regi) on seed 22(3): 738 (2012). germintion of whet. Americn-Eursin 10. Hesmmi, E., Jmshidi, A., Mghsoudi T., J Agric nd Environ Sci. 13(9): Srdrud, N. M., Helinthus nnuus (2013). llelopthic effects on erly growth stges 18. Benys, E., Hssnpourgdm, M.B., of Brssic npus. Indin Journl of Zehtpslmsi, S., Khtmin Oskooei, Fundmentl nd Applied Life Sciences. O.S.: Allelopthic effects of Xnthium 4(S3): (2014). strumrium L. shoot queous extrct on 11. Khket, T. P., Singh, M., Dhnd, S., germintion, seedling growth nd Singh, T., Singh, J., Biochemicl chlorophyll content of lentil (Lens chrcteriztion of consortium compost of Culinris Medic.). Rom Biotechnol Lett. toxic weeds Prthenium hysterophorus 15: (2010). nd Eichhorni crssipes. Bioresource 19. Ashrfi, Y.Z., Sdeghi, S., Mshhdi, Technology. 123: (2012). R.H., Hssn A.M., Allelopthic effects of 12. Chi, T.T., Ngoi, J.C., Wong, F.C., sunflower (Helinthus nnuus) on Hericidl potentil of Eichhorni germintion nd growth of wild rley Crssipes lef extrct ginst Mimos (Hordeum spontneum). Journl of pigr nd Vign rdit. Int. J. Agric. Agriculturl Technology 4(1): Biol. 15: (2013). (2008). 13. Jfriehyzdi, E., Jvidfr, F., Comprison 20. Kr, Y., Allelopthic effect of different of llelopthic effects of some Brssic extrct concentrtions of Lvndul species in two growth stges on ngustofoli Miller. on seed germintion germintion nd growth of sunflower. nd seedling growth of Ze mys L nd Plnt, Soil nd Environment. 57(2): Lens culinris. J of Environmentl (2011). Protection nd Ecology, 17(1): Sdeghi, S., Rhnvrd, A., Ashrfi, Z.Y., (2016). Allelopthic effect of Helinthus nnuus Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 7