W. DAVID SISSOM & VICTOR FET

Transcription

1 Family IURIDAE Thorell, 1876 W. DAVID SISSOM & VICTOR FET The family Iuridae Thorell, 1876 now includes six genera of scorpions distributed in North America (Hadrurus Thorell and Anuroctonus Pocock), South America ( Caraboctonus Pocock and Hadruroides Pocock), and southwestern Eurasia (Calchas Birula and lurus Thorell). It was initially recognized as a subfamily of the Pandinoidae Thorell to include the nominotypical genus and the North American Uroctonus Thorell, Pocock ( 1893b) greatly revised the higher classification of scorpions and considered an expanded family Iuridae to include three subfamilies: the Iurini (for Scorpiops Peters, lurus, Uroctonus, Anuroctonus, Vejovis C. L. Koch [= Vaejovis], Hadrurus, Caraboctonus, and Hadruroides), the Chaerilini (for Chaerilus Simon), and the Chactini (for the South American chactid genera and the European Euscorpius Thorell). Upon reevaluation by Kraepelin (1905), the Vaejovidae was expanded to five subfamilies: the Vejovinae (Vejovis, Hadrurus, Uroctonus, and Anuroctonus), the Syntropinae (Syntropis Kraepelin), the Iurinae (/urus), the Caraboctoninae (Hadruroides and Caraboctonus), and the Scorpiopsinae (Scorpiops). The genus Calchas, described a few years before Kraepelin's revision, was placed in the subfamily Chactinae of the Chactidae. In Kraepelin's classification, then, the genera currently assigned to the family Iuridae were distributed among four subfamilies and two families. This classification persisted for decades, with addition of genera to the existing subfamilies and a revision by Stahnke (1974) that separated Anuroctonus and Hadrurus from the Vaejovinae and placed them in a subfamily Hadrurinae. Vachon (1974) recognized the striking trichobothrial similarity between lurus and Calchas, but proposed no taxonomic changes. The current composition of the family and its recognition as a family are mostly the result of a thorough study by Francke & Soleglad (1981). The main synapomorphy for the family is the presence of a large, darkened basally-positioned tooth along the ventral margin of the cheliceral movable finger. The family was divided into two subfamilies by these authors: the Iurinae (including Iurus and Calchas) and the Caraboctoninae (with the tribe Hadrurini for Hadrurus and the tribe Caraboctonini for Hadruroides and Caraboctonus). Stockwell ( 1992) proposed the genus Anuroctonus Pocock as the sister group of the genus Hadrurus Thorell and resurrected the subfamily Hadrurinae Stahnke to accommodate them. While certain characters of Anuroctonus studied by Stockwell represent potential synapomorphies with the Iuridae, the significant differences that were discussed at length by Francke & Soleglad (1981) were largely ignored. Until these characters and others are addressed, the inclusion of Anuroctonus in the Iuridae should be regarded as tentative. The family includes three subfamilies, six genera, 21 species, and five subspecies (including two nominotypical forms). Iurini Thorell, 1876a: 11 (subfamily; part); type genus Iurus Thorell, Iurini: Thorell, 1876b: 84 (subfamily; part); Thorell & Lindstrom, 1885: 25 (subfamily; part); Pocock, 1893b: 306, 308 (subfamily; part). Jurini (ISS): Karsch, l 879a: 19 (subfamily; part). Iuridae: Pocock, 1893b: 306, 308 (part); Laurie, 1896b: 129 (part); Francke & Soleglad, 1981: ; Francke, 1982d: 73-74; Francke, 1982f: 73-74; Francke, 1985: 17; Pet, 1989a: 88; Fet, 1989b: 132; Sissom, 1990a: 127; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 5; Stockwell, 1992: 419; Kovarfk, 1997d: 184; Louren~o, 1998d: 135; Kovarfk, 1998c:

2 410 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Iurinae: Kraepelin, 1905: 341; Mello-Leitao, 1934: 80; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 118; Vachon, 1948a: 62; Millot & Vachon, 1949: 428; Bucherl, 197lb: 328; Stahnke, 1974b: 114. Jurinae (ISS): Birula, 1917a: 163; Birula, 1917b: 57; Werner, 1934a: ; Kastner, 1941: 236. DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, ASIA (Turkey), EUROPE (Greece). Subfamily CARABOCTONINAE Kraepelin, 1905 Caraboctoninae Kraepelin, 1905: 331, 333, 340, 345, 361; type genus Caraboctonus Pocock, Hadruroidinae Mello-Leitao, 1934b: 80, 81; type genus Hadruroides Pocock, Caraboctonaria ("tribus"): Birula, 1917a: 163. Caraboctoninae: Birula, 1917a: 163, 183, 189; Birula, 1917b: 51, 57-58; Werner, 1934a: 281, 284; Millot & Vachon, 1949: 428; Kastner, 1941: 230, ; Roewer, 1943: 236; Bucherl, 1967: 115; Bucher!, 1971b: 328; Stahnke, 1974b: ; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 249, (part); Sissom, 1990a: 131 (part); Louren~o, 1998d: 135 (part). Hadruroidinae: Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 125 (part); Mello-Leitao, 1945: 119; Bucher!, 1969: 768. Caraboctonini (tribe): Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 249, 254. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador (including Galapagos Islands), Peru. Genus CARABOCTONUS Pocock, 1893 Caraboctonus Pocock, 1893a: 92 (part); type species by monotypy Caraboctonus keyserlingi Pocock, Caraboctonus: Pocock, 1893b: 306, 309, ; Kraepelin, 1894: 182, ; Laurie, 1896a: 193; Laurie, 1896b: 129; K.raepelin, 1899: 189; Birula, 1917a: 163, 189; Birula, 1917b: 44, 47, 48, 57; Mello-Leitao, 1934b: 81; Werner, 1934a: 284; Kastner, 1941: 237; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 126; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 125; Cekalovic, 1966: 2; Biicherl, 1967: 115; Bucherl, 1969: 768; Bucherl, 197lb: 328; Stahnke, 1974b: 122; Vachon, 1974: 914, 936; Maury, 1975d: 10; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: , fig. 18, 34-37, 58; Francke, 1985: 6, 17, 20; Sissom, 1990a: 131; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 14, 15; Louren~o, 1998d: 135; Kovaffk, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Chile, Peru. NOTES: The single species of this genus, Caraboctonus keyserlingi, inhabits the arid and subarid Mediterranean-type habitats along the coasts of northern Chile and southern Peru (Lourern;o, 1995e). Caraboctonus keyserlingi Pocock, 1893 Caraboctonus keyserlingi Pocock, 1893a: 92-94, pl. V, fig. 8. HOLOTYPE: S? (BMNH), Coquimbo, Chile. PARATYPES: 1 o, 2 juv (BMNH) from same locality as holotype; 1 of unspecified age and sex (BMNH) from "Chili"; l juv (BMNH), from "Brazil". Caraboctonus keyserlingi: Kraepelin, 1894: ; Laurie, 1896a: 192; Kraepelin, 1899: 189; Kraepelin, 190la: 274; Pavlovsky, 1924: 84; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 130; Mello-Leitao, 1945: , fig ; Cekalovic, 1966: 3; Bucher!, 1969: 768; Bucherl, 197lb: 328; Vachon, 1974: 914, 936, fig. 16(5), 16(6), 139, 145, ; Louren~o, 1995e: 64-66, fig. 1-14; Kovai'fk, 1997d: 184; Louren~o, 1998d: 141, fig. 7; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Chile, Peru. NOTES: Pocock (1893a: 94) interpreted the Brazilian locality as erroneous.

3 SCORPIONES: IURIDAE 411 Genus HADRUROIDES Pocock, 1893 Hadruroides Pocock, 1893b: 306, 309, ; type species by original designation Hadrurus charcasus Karsch, Hadruroides: Kraepelin, 1894: 182, 206; Laurie, 1896b: 130; Kraepelin, 1899: 188; Pocock, 1900b: 474; Birula, 1917a: 163, 189; Birula, 1917b: 44, 48, 51; Mello-Leitao, 1934b: 81; Roewer, 1934: 236; Werner, 1934a: 284; Kastner, 1941: 237; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 126; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 119; Biicherl, 1964: 61; Biicherl, 1967: 115; Williams, 1970a: 31; Biicherl, 1971b: 328; Stahnke, 1974b: 122; Maury, 1975d: 10-11; Francke, 1977f: 75; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: , fig. 9, 13, 27-33, 58; Francke, 1985: 8, 17, 20; Sissom, 1990a: ; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 14; Lourern;o, 1995i: 74-76; Louren\:o, 1998d: 135; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Ecuador (including Galapagos Islands), Peru. NOTES: This small genus was revised by Maury (1975d), and a key to the species known at the time was provided. Since then, three new species have been added (Francke & Soleglad, 1980; Louren~o, 1995i), but an updated key has never been published. The genus currently includes nine species. Hadruroides lunatus is associated with rocky habitats (Aguilar, 1968) and is commonly found in the daytime underneath these rocks. Francke also collected specimens of H. lunatus under similar conditions, but found H. aguilari at night on top of bromeliad mats at the same locality (Francke & Soleglad, 1980). Hadruroides aguilari Francke & Soleglad, 1980 Hadruroides aguilari Francke & Soleglad, 1980: 2-8, fig. 1, HOLOTYPE: S? (AMNH), Cajamarguilla, Depto. Lima, Peru. PARATYPES: 2 S? (AMNH), same locality as holotype. Hadruroides aguilari: Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Peru (Depto. Lima). Hadruroides carinatus Pocock, 1900 Hadruroides carinatus Pocock, 1900b: 475. HoLOTYPE: c3' (BMNH), Los Banos del Inca near Cajamarca, Peru. PARATYPES: 4 specimens (BMNH, including S? allotype), same locality as holotype. Hadruroides carinatus: Maury, 1975d: 15-16, fig ; Francke, 1977f: 75; Lourern;o, 1994a: 157; Lourengo, 1995i: 74; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Peru. Hadrurus charcasus Karsch, 1879b: 135. HOLOTYPE: S? (ZMB 3062), Bolivia. Hadruroides charcasus (Karsch, 1879) Hadrurus paaschi Karsch, 1881f: 290 (synonymized by Maury, 1975d: 11). HoLOTYPE: ~? (ZMB 4072), Ecuador; presumably lost (Maury, 1975d: 13; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 321). Caraboctonus charcasus: Pocock, 1893a: 92. Hadruroides charcasus: Pocock, 1893b: 329; Pocock, 1900b: 475; Williams, 1970a: 31; Maury, 1975d: 11-13, fig. 1-10; Francke, 1977f: 75; Francke & Soleglad, 1980: 11; Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 312; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 245, fig ; Lourengo, 1994a: 157; Lourern;o, 1998d: 141, fig. 8; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. Hadruroides lunatus (MIS): Kraepelin, 1894: 207 (part); Kraepelin, 1899: 188 (part); Kraepelin, 190la: 274 (part); Mello-Leitao, 1945: 120 (part). Hadruroides paaschi: Williams, 1970a: 31. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru.

4 412 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Hadruroides galapagoensis Maury, 1975 Hadruroides maculatus galapagoensis Maury, 1975d: 19. HOLOTYPE: o (MACN 6704), Isla Santa Cruz (Indefatigable), Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. PARATYPES: I~ (MACN 6705; allotype), same locality as holotype; numerous specimens from islands in the Galapagos. Vejovis galapagoensis: Marx, 1890b: 211, nomen nudum (no description was published) (see also Kinzelbach, 1973: 2; Maury, l 975d: 19). Hadruroides lunatus (MIS): Banks, 1902b: 68; Banks, 1924: 95; Banks, 1931: 271; Roewer, 1943: 236; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 120 (part); Roth & Craig, 1970e: 119; Kinzelbach, 1973: 4-9, fig. 4-7; Francke & Sole glad, 1981: 256. Hadruroides galapagoensis: Baert et al., 1995: 8-10, map 2; Lourern;o, 1995i: 74-75; Kovaffk, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Galapagos Islands. Hadruroides leopardus Pocock, 1900 Hadruroides leopardus Pocock, 1900b: 476. HoLOTYPE: o (BMNH), Eten (Puerto de Eten), Lambayeque, Peru. PARATYPES: 3 specimens (BMNH, including ~ allotype), same locality as holotype. Hadruroides leopardus vittatus Pocock, 1900b: 477 (synonymized by Maury, 1975d: 16-17). SYNTYPES: 3 specimens (BMNH), Los Bafios del Inca, Cajamarca, Peru. Hadruroides leopardus: Maury, 1975d: 16-17, fig ; Francke, 1977f: 75; Francke & Soleglad, 1980: 12; Louren90, 1994a: 157; Louren90, 1995i: 74-76; Kovaffk, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Ecuador, Peru. Telegonus lunatus L. Koch, 1867: HoLOTYPE: ~ (ZMH), "South America". Hadruroides lunatus (L. Koch, 1867) Hadrurus parvulus Karsch, 1879b: 135 (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 207; confirmed by Armas, 1984c: 1). SYNTYPES: 7 specimens (ZMB 3059),"lndia occid." Hadrurus robustus Boeris, 1889: (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 207). SYNTYPES: (sex unknown) (MCSNG?), Lima, Peru. Hadruroides lunatus: Kraepelin, 1894: 207 (part); Kraepelin, 1899: 188 (part); Kraepelin, 190la: 274 (part?); Pocock, 1900b: 474; Chamberlin, 1920: 35 (part); Banks, 1924: 95; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 130; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 120 (part); Weidner, 1959: 103; Bilcherl, 1964: 61; Cekalovic, 1966: 3; Aguilar, 1968: , 169, 171, fig. 1, 2, 5, 6A, 6D; Bilcherl, 1969: 768;?Esquivel de Verde & Machado-Allison, 1969: 27, 29 (MIS?); Aguilar & Meneses, 1970e: 2, 4; Bilcherl, 197lb: 328; Vachon, 1974, fig. 16(5); Maury, 1975d: 13-15, fig , 46-47; Aguilar, 1977: 91, fig. 4; Aguilar & Tiirkowsky, 1977: 83; Francke, 1977f: 75; Francke & Soleglad, 1980: 7; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 238, 244, fig ; Armas, 1984c: l; Florez, 1991: 124; Louren90, 1994a: 157; Louren90, 1995i: 74; Louren90, 1997i: 61; Kovaffk, 1998c: 135. Hadruroides parvulus: Williams, 1970a: 31. Hadruroides robustus: Williams, 1970a: 31. Hadrurus parvulus: Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 322 (listing of type specimens). DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Chile, Ecuador, Peru. NOTES: Armas (1984c) examined syn types of Hadrurus parvulus (1 o and 2 ~ ); he suggested that the type locality is erroneous. Another set of syntypes (ZMB 3013) is apparently lost (Moritz & Fischer, 1980: 322).

5 SCORPIONES: IURIDAE 413 Hadruroides maculatus (Thorell, 1876) Hadrurus maculatus Thorell, 187 6a: 186. HoLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (NRS?), Callao, Peru. Hadruroides lunatus (MIS): Kraepelin, 1894: 207 (part); Kraepelin, 1899: 188 (part); Borelli, 1899d: 18; Chamberlin, 1920: 35 (part). Hadruroides maculatus: Pocock, 1900b: 475; Mello-Campos, 1931: 122; Francke, 1977f: 75; Louren<tO, 1994a: 157; Louren<tO, 1995i: 74-75; Louren<to, 1997i: 602; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. Hadruroides maculatus maculatus: Maury, 1975d: 17-19, fig DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Ecuador, Peru. Hadruroides mauryi Francke & Soleglad, 1980 Hadruroides mauryi Francke & Soleglad, 1980: 8-12, fig. 2, HOLOTYPE: o (AMNH), Paruro, Depto. Cuzco, Peru. PARATYPES: 1 juv o (DAV), Paruro; 1 sub o, 1 sub 9 (AMNH), Ruinas de Huari; 2 juv o, 4 9, 2 juv 9 (AMNH), 19 (MACN 9038), 15 km N Anco (along Rio Mantaro), Peru. Hadruroides mauryi: Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Peru (Ayacucho, Cuzco, Huancavelica). Hadruroides udvardyi Lourern;o, 1995 Hadruroides udvardyi Louren~o, 1995i: 76-78, fig. 9, HOLOTYPE: o (MHNG), km 90 of the highway from Cuenca to Loja, Azuay, Ecuador. PARATYPE: 9 (MNHG; allotype), km 102, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador. Hadruroides udvardyi: Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA. Ecuador. Subfamily HADRURINAE Stahnke, 1974 Hadrurinae Stahnke, 1974: 113, ; type genus Hadrurus Thorell, Hadrurini (tribe): Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 249, 254. Anuroctoninae: Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 9, nomen nudum (no description published). DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA (western USA, northwestern and south central Mexico). Genus ANUROCTONUS Pocock, 1893 Anuroctonus Pocock, 1893b: 306, 309; type species by monotypy Centrurus phaiodactylus Wood, 1863 [= Anuroctonus phaiodactylus (Wood, 1863)]. Oncocentrus Thorell, 1895: 375; type species by monotypy Centrurus phaiodactylus Wood, 1863 [= Anuroctonus phaiodactylus (Wood, 1863)] (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1899: 183). Anuroctonus: Laurie, 1896b: 130; Kraepelin, 1899: 183; Pocock, 1902b: 13; Banks, 1910: 186; Penther, 1913: 247; Ewing, 1928: 14; Hoffmann, 1931: ; Werner, 1934a: 284; Kastner, 1941: 237; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 125; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 128; Gertsch, 1958: 14; Gertsch & Allred, 1965: 11; Williams, 1966: ; McDaniel, 1968: 278; Biicherl, 1971b: 329; Hjelle, 1972: 7-8; Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972: ; Vachon, 1974: 914, 936; Williams, 1974: 15 (part); Anderson, 1975: 2-5, fig. 1-4, 7, 12, tab. 1; Williams, 1980: 14, fig ; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: , fig. 11, 15, 21, 38-41; Francke, 1985: 5, 18, 20; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 9; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. Uroctonus (MIS; part): Kraepelin, 1894: DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA (Mexico, western USA).

6 414 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Anuroctonus phaiodactylus (Wood, 1863) Centrurus phaiodactylus Wood, l 863a: 111. HoLOTYPE: o (USNM S-4), Utah (description indicates "Utah Territory"), USA. PARATYPE: (sex unknown) (ANSP), same locality as holotype. Centrurus phaiodactylus: Wood, 1863b: 372. Uroctonus phaeodactylus (ISS): Karsch, 1879b: 102, 103; Marx, 1890a: 91; Kraepelin, 1894: Anuroctonus phaeodactylus (ISS): Pocock, 1893b: 309, , pl. XIV, fig ; Laurie, 1896b: 122; Kraepelin, 1899: 183; Pocock, 1902b: 13-14; Penther, 1913: 247; Cox, 1921: 13; Hoffmann, 1931: ; Werner, 1934a: 284; Passmore, 1938: 94; Gertsch, 1958: 14; Gertsch & Allred, 1965: 11-12; Williams & Hadley, 1967: 112; Diaz Najera, 1970: 116; Biicherl, 1971b: 329; Johnson & Allred, 1972: 157; Stahnke, 1974b: 118, ; Vachon, 1974: fig. 16(3), 143, 146, Oncocentrus phaeodactylus (ISS): Thorell, 1895: 375. Uroctonus phaiodactylus: Banks, 1900a: 424; Banks, 1904: 365. Anuroctonus phaiodactylus: Banks, 1910: 188; Ewing, 1928: 14-15; Williams 1971: 78-79; Hjelle, 1972: 5, 7-8; Anderson, 1975: 2-5, fig. 1-4, 7, 12, tab. l; Williams, 1976: 2; Williams, 1980: 14-15, fig ; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 238, fig. 11, 15, 21, 38-41; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Baja California Norte), USA (California, Nevada, Utah). Genus HADRURUSThorell, 1876 Hadrurus Thorell, 1876a: 11; type species by original designation Buthus hirsutus Wood, 1863 [= Hadrurus hirsutus (Wood, 1863)]. Hadrurus: Thorell, 1876b: 189; Karsch, 1879b: 97, ; Pocock, 1893b: 304, 306, 309; Kraepelin, 1894: 182, ; Thorell, 1895: 373; Laurie, 1896a: 192, 193; Laurie, 1896b: 130; Kraepelin, 1899: ; Pocock, 1902b: 5-6; Ewing, 1928: 7; Hoffmann, 1931: ; Mello-Leitao, 1934b: 80; Werner, 1934a: 282; Kastner, 1941: 237; Stahnke, 1945: 1-4; Vachon, 1963b: 164, fig. 7; Bi.icherl, 1964: 61; Gertsch &Allred, 1965: 12; Biicherl, 1967: 114; Stahnke, 1969: 57-58; Williams, 1970a: 3-4; Biicherl, 1971b: 329; Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972: 559, 564; Stahnke, 1974b: 118, ; Vachon, 1974: 914, 936; Diaz-Najera, 1975: 7; Anderson, 1975: 5-7, fig. 2, 5, 6-8, 12, tab. 1; Soleglad, 1976a: ; Allred & Gertsch, 1976: 93-96, tab. 7-10; Williams, 1980: 15-16; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: , fig. 10, 14, 17, 23-26, 57, 61; Francke, 1985: 8, 17, 21; Sissom, 1990a: ; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 9, 12; Lourenc;o, 1998d: 135; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA. Mexico, western USA. NOTES: The genus Hadrurus is significant as its members are the largest scorpions in North America. They are commonly known as "giant hairy scorpions", owing to their size and setose metasoma and appendages. Williams (1970a) revised the genus, and provided keys for identification based primarily on color and setation patterns; an abbreviated treatment of the forms in Baja California followed (Williams, 1980). Soleglad (1976a) provided a key to species that emphasized trichobothrial patterns and described a new species, H. gertschi, that was not available to Williams. Species of Hadrurus are burrowing scorpions typically found in association with sandy desert soils (Williams, 1970a). An exceptional case is H. pinteri, which is found in rocky volcanic habitats on the Baja Peninsula. Yearly surface activity is sporadic, but some species exhibit seasonal bursts of activity that probably coincide with the mating period. Williams also reports very high population densities in some of the areas he sampled. Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing, 1928 Hadrurus hirsutus var. arizonensis Ewing, 1928: 8-9. HoLOTYPE: 2 (USNM S-18), Papago Saguaro National Monument, Pima County, Arizona, USA. PARATYPES: 12 (USNM S-17), 1 juv (USNM S-16), same locality as holotype. Hadrurus hirsutus (MIS): Kraepelin, 1899: 188 (part); Banks, 1900a: 424 (part); Pocock, 1902b: 6-7; Banks, 1910: 188; Hoffmann, 1931: ; Stahnke, 1940: 101; Stahnke, 1945: 5-6; Biicherl, 1964: 61; Diaz Najera, 1964: 27; Williams & Hadley, 1967: ; Stahnke, 1969:

7 SCORPIONES: IURIDAE 415 Hadrurus arizonensis: Stahnke, 1945: 6-8; Stahnke, 1956: 18; Gertsch & Allred, 1965: 12-14, fig ; Stahnke, 1969: 58; Williams, 1970a: 5, 9, 18-28, 32-33, fig. 18,19, 21, 27-29, 46-52; Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972: 566, fig , 109; Soleglad, 1976a: 114, , fig ; Williams, 1976: 2; Williams, 1980: 17, 20-21, fig. 20C-D, 21C-D, 22, 23; Polis & McCormick, 1986: 61; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 243, fig. 17, 23-26; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Sonora, Baja California Norte), USA (Arizona, southern California, southern Nevada, southern Utah). Hadrurus arizonensis arizonensis Ewing, 1928 Hadrurus hirsutus var. arizanensis Ewing, 1928: 8-9. Hadrurus arizonensis arizonensis: Williams, 1970a: 19-22, fig. 19, 27, 46-48; Soleglad, 1976a: 114; Williams, 1980: 17. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (northern Sonora), USA (Arizona, southern California, southern Nevada, southern Utah). Hadrurus arizonensis austrinus Williams, 1970 Hadrurus arizonensis austrinus Williams, 1970a: 5, 26-28, 32, fig. 18, 29, 48, HOLOTYPE: o (CAS, Type No ), 8 mi N Bahia San Luis Gonzaga, Baja California Norte, Mexico. PARATYPES: 1 <j:' (CAS, Type No ; allotype), same locality as holotype; numerous specimens (CAS) from six localities in Baja Calfomia Norte. Hadrurus arizonensis austrinus: Soleglad, 1976a: 114; Williams, 1980: 17, 21, fig. 20D, 21D, 23; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Baja California Norte). Hadrurus arizonensis pallidus Williams, 1970 Hadrurus arizonensis pallidus Williams, 1970a: 5, 22-25, 31-32, fig. 21, 28, HOLOTYPE: o (CAS, Type No ), 26 mi (46 km) E San Luis, Sonora, Mexico. PARATYPES: 1 <j:' (CAS, Type No ; allotype), same locality as holotype; numerous specimens (CAS) from Arizona and California (USA), and Baja Calfomia Norte and Sonora (Mexico). Hadrurus hirsutus (MIS): Kraepelin, 1899: 188 (part?); Banks, 1900a: 424; Pocock, 1902b: 6-7; Banks, 1910: 188; Cox, 1921: 13; Ewing, 1928: 8; Hoffmann, 1931: ; Stahnke, 1940: 101 (part); Stahnke, 1945: 5-6; Diaz Najera, 1964: 27; Williams & Hadley, 1967: ; Stahnke, 1969: 60-61; Diaz Najera, 1975: 8 (part). Hadrurus arizonensis pallidus: Soleglad, 1976a: 114; Williams, 1980: 17, 21, fig. 20C, 21C, 22, 23; Kovarfk, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (northwestern Sonora, northeastern Baja California Norte), USA (western Arizona, southern California). Hadrurus aztecus Pocock, 1902 Hadrurus aztecus Pocock, 1902b: 5-7, tab. II, fig. 1, la-f. HOLOTYPE: o (BMNH 81.88), Jalapa, Mexico. Hadrurus aztecus: Ewing, 1928: 9; Hoffmann, 1931: (part); Stahnke, 1945: 8-9 (part); Diaz Najera, 1964: 20, 26; Stahnke, 1969: 59; Williams, 1970a: 4, 9-11, 19, 31-32, fig. 11, 17, 22, (part); Stahnke, 1971: , fig (part); Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972: 567, fig. 111; Diaz Najera, 1975: 5, 24, 29, 30; Soleglad, 1976a: 114, 118, , fig. 2-5, 38-39, 41; Kovarik, 1998c: 135. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz).

8 416 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD NOTES: Pocock's original description indicates the holotype to be a female, but his figure reference in the text lists it as a male. Williams ( 1970a) points out that the pectinal tooth count reported by Pocock is that of a male. Hadrurus concolor Stahnke, 1969 Hadrurus concolorous (!OS) Stahnke, 1969: 59-60, fig. 1. HoLOTYPE: juv 9 (CAS, Type No ), 87.2 km N La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. PARATYPE: juv o (CAS, Type No ; allotype), Isla San Marcos, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Hadrurus hirsutus (MIS): Kraepelin, 1894: (part?); Kraepelin, 1899: 188 (part); K.raepelin, 190la: 274 (part); Stahnke, 1969: (part); Diaz Najera, 1975: 8 (part), 12. Hadrurus concolorous (ISS): Williams, 1970a: 5, 6, 13-17, 31-33, fig. 16, 23, 40-42; Diaz Najera, 1975: 5, 12; Frohlich & Clark, 1976: 89; Williams, 1980: 18, 21-23, fig. 20A, 21G, 23, 24; Soleglad, 1976a: 114,121, fig , 26; Kovaffk, 1998c: 136. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, and adjacent islands). NOTE: The original spelling "concolorous" is an English adjective; the correct Latin word is "concolor". Hadrurus gertschi Soleglad, 1976 Hadrurus gertschi Soleglad, 1976a: 114,118, 121, , fig. 6-9, 37, 40. HoLOTYPE: o (CAS, Type No ), Azcala, Guerrero, Mexico. PARATYPES: 1 9 (CAS, Type No ; allotype), 1 sub o, 1 9, 1 sub 9 (CAS), same locality as holotype; 1 9 (AMNH), Iguala, Guerrero; 1 9 (AMNH), Chilpancingo, Guerrero Mexico. Hadrurus aztecus (MIS; part): Hoffmann, 1931: ; Stahnke, 1945: 8-9; Stahnke, 1969: 59; Williams, 1970a: 9-11; Stahnke, 1971: Hadrurus gertschi: Kovaffk, 1998c: 136. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Guerrero). Hadrurus hirsutus (Wood, 1863) Buthus hirsutus Wood, 1863a: 108. LECTOTYPE (designated by Williams, 1980: 24): 9 (USNM S-6), "Lower California", Baja California, Mexico. Buthus emarginaticeps Wood, 1863a: 109 (synonymized by Williams, 1970a: 6). HOLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (lost; formerly in USNM), "Lower California", Baja California, Mexico. Hadrurus thayeri Stahnke, 1969: 62-65, fig. 3 (synonymized by Williams, 1970a: 6, 9). HoLOTYPE: 9 (CAS, Type No ), 8.5 km NE Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. PARATYPE: o (CAS; allotype), Las Cruces, Baja Calfornia Sur, Mexico. Buthus hirsutus: Wood, 1863b: 367. Buthus emarginaticeps: Wood, 1863b: 367. Hadrurus hirsutus: Thorell, 1876a: 11; Thorell, 1876b: 189; Thorell, 1895: 373; Laurie, 1896a: 192; Kraepelin, 1901a: 274 (part); Williams & Hadley, 1967: 114; Williams, 1970a: 5-9, 13, 31-32, fig. 1-9, 13, 15, 24, 31, 32, 33; Biicherl, 197lb: 329; Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972: 567, fig. 112; Soleglad, 1976a: 114,121, fig , 26; Williams, 1980: 18, 23-24, fig. 20B, 20F, 21A, 21B, 21E, 23, 25; Cokendolpher & Peek, 1991: 96, 97; Lourern;o, 1998d: 141, fig. 5; Kovarik, 1998c: 136 (part). Hadrurus emarginaticeps: Marx, 1890a: 91; Kraepelin, 1899: 188. Hadrurus thayeri: Stahnke, 1974b: 127; Diaz Najera, 1975: 5, 21. NOTES 1. There has been considerable discussion regarding the nature of material that Wood used to describe H. hirusutus and H. emarginaticeps (Williams, 1970a, 1980; Stahnke, 1974b ). The

9 SCORPIONES: IURIDAE 417 views of Williams (1970, 1980) are accepted here, based on his ( 1980) designation of "Type Number S-6, Jar 2" as lectotype; this specimen matches material collected from the Cabo San Lucas area in Baja California Sur. Stahnke's H. thayeri remains in synonymy as a result. 2. Although Marx (1890a) was the first to suggest that H. emarginaticeps was a possible synonym of H. hirsutus, Williams (1970) was the first to apply the synonymy correctly. Hadrurus emarginaticeps was formally placed in synonymy by Pocock (1902b) on the basis of Marx's opinion. This was repeated by Stahnke (1969), who may have examined the type specimen of H. emarginaticeps. However, both Pocock and Stahnke misidentified Hadrurus hirsutus. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Cape region of Baja California Sur). Hadrurus obscurus Williams, 1970 Hadrurus obscurus Williams, 1970a: 5, 11, 19, 28-30, 32-33, fig. 12, 20, 30, HOLOTYPE: o (CAS, Type No ), E of Panache, 3.5 mi W Fresno County Line, along road between Panoche and Mendota, San Benito County, California, USA. PARATYPES: 1 ~ (CAS; allotype), same locality as holotype; 4o, 7 ~ (CAS), from eight localities in southern California, USA. Hadrurus obscurus: Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972: 567, fig. 108; Soleglad, 1976a: 114,122, fig , 28; Williams, 1976: 2; Williams, 1980: 17, 24-25, fig. 200, 23, 26; Kovarfk, 1998c: 136. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Baja California Norte), USA (southern California). Hadrurus pinteri Stahnke, 1969 Hadrurus pinteri Stahnke, 1969: 61-62, fig. 2. HOLOTYPE: juv ~ (CAS, Type No ), Puertecitos, Baja California Norte, Mexico. PARATYPES: 1 juv o (CAS; allotype), Mission de Calamyget, Baja California, Mexico; 3 specimens (CAS?), data unknown. Hadrurus pinteri Williams, 1970a: 4, 11, 14, 15, 17-18, 32, fig. 10, 25, 43-45; Williams, 1970h: , fig. 1-2; Stahnke, 1974b: 126; Diaz Najera, 1975: 5, 8, 12; Soleglad, 1976a: 114,121, fig , 27; Williams, 1980: 25-26, fig. 20E, 21F, 23, 27; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 241, fig. 14; Kovarfk, 1998c: 136. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, and adjacent islands). Hadrurus spadix Stahnke, 1940 Hadrurus spadix Stahnke, 1940: 102. LECTOTYPE (?): o (USNM), Yaki Trail, Cedar Ridge, Grand Canyon, Coconino County, Arizona, USA (see Notes). Hadrurus spadix: Stahnke, 1945: 4; Gertsch &Allred, 1965: 14; Stahnke, 1969: 62; Williams, 1970a: 4, 11-13, 17, 28, 32-33, fig. 14, 26, 37-39; Williams, 1970h: 169; Gertsch & Soleglad, 1972: 567, fig. 110; Anderson, 1975: 5-7, fig. 2, 5, 6-8, 12, tab. 1; Allred & Gertsch, 1976: 93-96, tab. 7-10; Soleglad, 1976a: 114, 122, fig ; Williams, 1976: 2; Sissom, 1997: 13; Kovarfk, 1998c: 136. DISTRIBUTION: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah). NOTES: Stahnke (1940) listed syntypes from Kingman (Mohave County), Grand Canyon (Coconino County), and Wupatki National Monument (Coconino County), Arizona, USA. Gertsch & Allred (1965: 14) designated one of these as a "type", but specified neither sex nor locality for the specimen chosen. The USNM collection contains a male from Grand Canyon designated as a lectotype by Gertsch & Allred; this designation was never published, and the USNM specimen still has to be confirmed as a lectotype.

10 418 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Subfamily IURINAE Thorell, 1876 Iurini Thorell, 1876a: 11 (part); type genus lurus Thorell, Calchinae Birula, 1917a: 143, 164; type genus Calchas Birula, Iurini: Pocock, 1893b: 306, 308 (part); Laurie, 1896b: 129 (part). Jurini: Karsch, 1879a: 19 (part); Karsch, 1879b: 101. Jurinae (ISS): Birula, 1917a: 163; Birula, 1917b: 57; Werner, 1934: 282. Iurinae: Kraepelin, 1905: 341; Mello-Leitao, 1934b: 79, 80; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 118; Vachon, 1948a: 62; Millot & Vachon, 1949: 428; Stahnke, 1974b: 114; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 249; Fet, 1989a: 88; Fet, l989b: 132; Sissom, 1990a: 131; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 17; Louren90, 1998d: 135. Calchinae: Birula, 1917b: 55; Soleglad, 1976b: 254. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA (?Georgia, Turkey), EUROPE (Greece). Genus CALCHAS Birula, 1899 Calchas Birula, 1899: XV; type species by original designation Calchas nordmanni Birula, Paraiurus Francke, 1985: 3, 6, 11 (synonymized by Fet & Madge, 1988: 252; see Notes). Calchas: Birula, 1900a: 252; Birula, 1917a: 138, 164; Birula, 1917b: 55; Pavlovsky, 1924: 80-81; Werner, 1934a: 288; Kastner, 1941: 235; Kinzelbach, 1980: 169; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: 245; Fet & Madge, 1988: 252; Fet, 1989a: 89; Fet, 1989b: ; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 17, 18; Kovarik, 1998c: 136; Louren90, 1998d: 135. Paraiurus: Vachon & Kinzelbach, 1987: 102; Sissom, l988a: 272; Sissom, 1990a: 131. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA.?Georgia, Turkey. EUROPE. Greece (Samas Island). NOTES 1. Paraiurus Francke, 1985 was introduced as a new replacement name for Calchas Birula, However, the generic name Calchas Birula is valid since its alleged senior homonym Calchas Klug, 1850 is an incorrect subsequent spelling of Chalcas Fairmaire, 1847 (Coleoptera: Melyridae) (Pet & Madge, 1988: 252). 2. The genus Calchas Birula was originally described in Chactidae and was for some time placed in Chaerilinae (now a separate family). It was first recognized as a member of Iuridae by Francke & Soleglad (1981) who provided a detailed redescription of this monotypic genus. For other recent redescriptions and drawings see Vachon (1971) and Kinzelbach (1980). Calchas nordmanni Birula, 1899 Calchas nordmanni Birula, 1899: XV. SYNTYPES: 2 Q (ZISP 942), Ardanuch, Lazistan, formerly Russian Transcaucasia, now northeastern Turkey (Coruh River watershed). Calchas nordmanni: Birula, 1900a: ; Birula, 1904b: 33; Birula, 1905a: ; Birula, 1910: 170; Leister, 1910: 2; Birula, 1911a: , fig. 2-3; Nesterov, 1911: 0144; Birula, 1912: ; Leister, 1912: 2; Birula, 1917a: ii, 17, , 164, 199, fig ; Birula, 1917b: , plate 2, fig. 1-9, plate 4, fig. 1-2; Pavlovsky, 1924: 80-81; Leister, 1933: 341; Werner, 1934a: 288, fig. 378; Kastner, 1941: 235; Richter, 1945: 32; Vachon, 1971: , fig. 1-12; Perez, 1974: 32; Vachon, 1974, fig. 166, 180, ; ; Kinzelbach, 1980: , fig. 1-5; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: , fig. 1-4, 20; Kinzelbach, 1982: 58, fig. la; Fet, 1982: 1911; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1983: 62; Vasilyev & Orlov, 1983: 72; Fet, 1984: 41; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1984: 5, fig. 2; Kinzelbach, 1985: map IV; Fet & Madge, 1988: 252; Fet, 1989a: 89; Fet, l989b: 133; Crucitti, 1993a: 51; Kovarik, 1997d: 184; Louren90, 1998d: 140, fig. 4; Kovarik, 1998c: 136.

11 SCORPIONES: IURIDAE 419 Chactas (lapsus calami) nordmanni: Mello-Leitao, 1942: 126. Paraiurus nordmanni: Vachon & Kinzelbach, 1987: 102; Sissom, 1988a: 272. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA.?Georgia, Turkey. EUROPE. Greece (Samas Island). Norns: A locality in Adzharia (Georgia) is not confirmed by museum specimens; all localities from the former Russian Transcaucasia (Batum and Kars Regions) since 1918 are in Turkey. Genus JURUSThorell, 1876 Jurus Thorell, 1876a: 11; type species by original designation Iurus granulatus (C. L. Koch, 1837) [= Jurus dufoureius (Brulle, 1832)]. Chaerilomma Roewer, 1943: ; type species Chaerilomma dekanum Roewer, 1943 [= Jurus dufoureius (Brulle, 1832)] (synonymized by Vachon, 1966b: ). lurus: Thorell, 1876b: 84; Kraepelin, 1894: 183; Laurie, 1896a: 192, 193; Laurie, 1896b: 129; Lonnberg, 1897b: 199; Kraepelin, 1899: 178; Mello-Leitao, 1934b: 80; Vachon, 1963a: 162, fig. 2; Vachon, 1966b: ; Stahnke, 1974b: 114, fig. 3C-D; Francke, 1985: 9, 17; Sissom, 1990a: 131; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 17, 18; Kovarik, 1998c: 136; Lourenc;o, 1998d: 135. Jurus (ISS): Karsch, 1879a: 19; Karsch, 1879b: 101; Birula, 1917a: 163; Birula, 1917b: 57; Werner, 1934a: 282; Kastner, 1941: 236. lvrus (ISS): Vachon, 1971: 716. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Turkey. EUROPE. Greece. NOTES 1. Francke & Soleglad (1981) included a detailed treatment of this monotypic Mediterranean genus in their phylogenetic analysis of Iuridae. 2. The locality "Samoa" (Stahnke, 1974: 123) is a misprint; should be "Samos" (an island in the Aegean Sea). Jurus dufoureius (Brulle, 1832) Buthus dufoureius Brulle, 1832: 58-59, pl. 28, fig. 1. SYNTYPES: o ~ (lost), Messene, Morea(= Peloponnesus Peninsula), Greece. Buthus granulatus C. L. Koch, 1837b: 46-49, pl. 122, fig. 279 (synonymized by Karsch, 1879b: 102). HOLOTYPE: (lost); Morea(= Peloponnesus Peninsula), Greece. Chaerilomma dekanum Roewer, 1943: , pl. 6, fig. 11, lla-e (synonymized by Francke, 1981: 222). HoLOTYPE: o (SMF RII/8895), "Anamalai Hills, Deccan, India": type locality incorrect. Jurus (ISS) kraepelini von Ubisch, 1921: , fig. A-F (synonymized by Vachon, 1947b: 26; see I. dufoureius asiaticus). HoLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (SNS), Fineka, southern coast of Anatolia, Turkey. Androctonus dufoureius: Gervais, 1844b: 43. Buthus granulatus: Gervais, 1844b: 60; C. L. Koch, 1850: 88. Scorpius gibbus (nee Scorpio gibbosus Brulle, 1832; ISS, MIS): Lucas, 1853: 527. Buthus europaeus (nee Scorpio europaeus Linnaeus, 1578; MIS): Pavesi, 1877: 324. lurus granulatus: Thorell, 1877a: Jurus (ISS) dufoureius: Karsch, 1879b: 102; Karsch, 1881d: 90; Simon, 1884c: 354; Kraepelin, 1894: , fig. 79, 86, 89; Birula, 1898b: 132, ; Birula, 1903e: ; Dalla Torre, 1905: 2; Penther, 1906: 62-64; Pavlovsky, 1925: 151; Werner, 1934a: 283, fig. 259; Werner, 1934b: 162; Werner, 1937: 153; Werner, 1938: 172; Kastner, 1941: 237, fig. 219; Menozzi, 1941: , fig.2;vachon, 1948a: 62-63; Vachon, 1953d: Iurus gibbosus (nee Scorpio gibbosus Brulle, 1832, MIS): Simon, 1879: 115. lurus dufoureius: Laurie, 1896a: 192; Laurie, 1896b: 124; Kraepelin, 1899: , fig. 55; Werner, 1902: 605; Borelli, 1913: 2-3; Caporiacco, 1928a: 240; Roewer, 1943: 235; Gruber, 1963: 308; Gruber, 1966: 424; Kinzelbach, 1966: 12-23, fig. 1-6; Vachon, 1966b: , fig. 1-22;

12 420 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Vachon, 1966c:215;Stahnke, 1974b: 123;Perez, 1974:4l;Vachon, 1974,fig. 141, 144, , ; Kinzelbach, 1975: 21-26, fig. 7-9; Francke, 1981: , fig. 1-2; Francke & Soleglad, 1981: , fig. 5-8, 12, 16, 19; Kinzelbach, 1982: 58; Kinzelbach, 1985: map IV; Sissom, 1990a: 129, fig. 3.26A, C, E; Kovai'fk, 1992a: 185; Crucitti, 1993c: 51; Crucitti, 1995a: 91-98, fig. 1-2; Crucitti, 1995b: 1-14, fig. 1-10; Crucitti, 1998a, 31-43; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 136; Lourenc;o, 1998d: 141, fig. 6. lurus duforeius (ISS): Iwakawa, 1906: 11. Jurus (ISS) dufourejus (ISS): Birula, 19 l 7a: 199. Iurus dekanum: Vachon, 1966: 456. Iurus dufoureus (ISS): Kucera, 1992: 175. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Turkey. EUROPE. Greece (including islands of the Aegean Sea). NOTES: Francke (1981) considered Iurus dufoureius asiaticus Birula, 1903 from Turkey and the Aegean a separate species. Kritscher (1993) analyzed a larger series of specimens and concluded that this form has only a status of subspecies. Jurus dufoureius dufoureius (Brulle, 1832) Buthus dufoureius Brulle, 1832: 58-59, pl. 28, fig. 1. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Greece (mainland, Crete). Jurus dufoureius asiaticus Birula, 1903 Jurus (ISS) dufoureius asiaticus Birula, 1903e: 298. HoLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (ZISP), Gi.ileck, Turkey. Jurus (ISS) kraepelini von Ubisch, 1921: , fig. A-F (synonymized by Vachon, l 947b: 26). HoLOTYPE: (sex unknown) (SNS), Fineka, southern coast of Anatolia, Turkey. Jurus (ISS) dufoureius; Birula, 1898b: 132, Jurus (ISS) dufurejus (ISS) asiaticus: Birula, 1910: 170. /urus dufoureius: Borelli, 1913: 2-3. Jurus (ISS) kraepelini: Werner, 1934a: 283; Stahnke, 1974b: 123 (under doubt). Iurus dufoureius asiaticus: Vachon, 1947a: 162; Vachon, 1947b: 26; Vachon, 195ld: 342; Kritscher, 1993: /urus asiaticus: Francke, 1981: , fig. 3-6; Vachon & Kinzelbach, 1987: 102; Crucitti, 1993c: 51; Kovaffk, 1998c: 136. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Turkey (Anatolia). EUROPE. Greece (only islands in the eastern Aegean Sea; Crete).