Preview. 1.What Is A Species? 2.Biodiversity Values

Transcription

1 Species Diversity

2 Preview 1.What Is A Species? 2.Biodiversity Values

3 1. What Is A Species? Biological Species Concept (Mayr 1942) A group of interbreeding populations that are: Geographically connected Reproductively isolated from other species Maintained by gene flow Able to produce fertile and viable offspring

4 1. A. harrisii A. leucurus Reece et al. 2014

5 1. What Is A Species? Problems with BSC Asexual organisms Hybrids Fossils Ring species

6 1. 1 m Sex pilus Reece et al. 2014

7 1. Tall Fescue double hybrid

8 1.

9 Larus gulls Images:

10 1. What Is A Species? Other species concepts Morphological based on body structure/shape/size Ecological based on organisms sharing a specific habitat or niche Phylogenetic smallest group to share a common ancestor

11 10.3 What Is A Species? Some groups contain more species than others Figure. 3.2 Withgott and Laposata 2012

12 1. What Is A Species? Where are the gaps? Taxonomic Groups Prokaryotes (estimated at 4-6 x ) Protists ( ) Animals Nematodes (10 19 )

13 1. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

14 1. What Is A Species? Conservation biologists look for Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) Groups of organisms separated from others long enough to have diverged Genetically Ecologically

15 1. What Is A Species? Distinct population segment (DPS) Can be similar to an ESU Also includes geopolitical species

16 1. Geopolitical Species Images:

17 1. Are these two populations distinct or similar? Ecological differences Management effects ESUs and DPSs Figure 3.1

18 Biodiversity Values Intrinsic Value Independent of usefulness by humans or other organisms Simple to assign; difficult to explain

19 Biodiversity Values Instrumental Value Is it a source of: Food Fiber Fuel Funds

20 Biodiversity Values Species prioritized according to probability of extinction What is endangered? Is rarity natural? Can abundant species be endangered?

21 Biodiversity Values Three criteria for rarity Small geographic range Habitat specialist Small local population density Rarity often involves instability

22 Biodiversity Values IUCN Red List (World Conservation Union) Quantifiable threats to species Population reduction Geographic range small and/or fragmented Small number of reproductives High probability of extinction

23 Biodiversity Values IUCN Red List cont d Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient Not Evaluated

24 Biodiversity Values Instrumental value: Food Vast majority of foods of botanical origin Relatively little genetic diversity among food crops The Land Institute

25 Biodiversity Values Instrumental value: Medicine Chemicals obtain directly from organisms = 41% Plants 25% Microorganisms 13% Animals 3%

26 Biodiversity Values Instrumental value: Medicines? Rhino Poaching

27 Biodiversity Values Instrumental Value: Fuel Plants Slash and burn Charcoal Animals Whale oil

28 Images:

29 Biodiversity Values Instrumental Value: Recreation Fishing Hunting Ecotourism

30 Biodiversity Values Instrumental Value: Scientific Understanding genetics Technologies

31 Biodiversity Values Instrumental Value: Spiritual/Cultural Biophilia (E.O. Wilson) the urge to affiliate with other forms of life National symbols Images:

32 Biodiversity Values Instrumental Value: Ecological Controller species Dominant species Keystone species

33 Dominant Species Controller Species

34 Biodiversity Values Keystone species Represent a small part of the system Have large influence on entire system Trophic cascade Occurs when a keystone species is removed Keystone

35 Biodiversity Values Instrumental Value: Strategic Flagship species Umbrella species Indicator Species

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38 Crustose (encrusting) lichens A foliose (leaflike) lichen A fruticose (shrublike) lichen Pikas

39 Resources Publications Hunter Jr., M. L., and J. Gibbs Fundamentals of Conservation Biology, 3rd Edition. Blackwell, Malden. Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., and R.B. Jackson Campbell Biology, 10th edition. Pearson, New York.