BSC 1010C Biology I. Themes in the Study of Life Chapter 1

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1 BSC 1010C Biology I Themes in the Study of Life Chapter 1

2 Objectives Distinguish among the three domains of life. Distinguish between the Levels of Biological Organization. Note the differences in the following terms: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning, science and technology. Know the properties of Life.

3 Unifying Themes in Biology New properties emerge at each level in the Biological Hierarchy Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment Life requires energy transfer and transformation Structure and Function are correlated at all levels of biological organization The cell is an organism's basic unit of structure and function The continuity of life is based on heritable information (DNA) Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life In studying nature, scientists make observations and then form and test hypothesis Science benefits from cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints.

4 Biology Biology is the scientific study of life -As we are aware life is very complex Biology is a collection of facts and concepts structured within theories and organizing principles. The properties and processes of life include: -order -Evolutionary adaptation -response to the environment -regulation -energy processing -growth and development -reproduction

5 Properties of Life

6 Levels of Biological Organization The Biosphere -consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists. Ecosystems -consist of all the living things in a particular area along with nonliving components in which life interacts Communities -organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem Populations -consists of all the individuals of a species living in a specified area Organisms -individual living things Organs and Organ Systems -an organ is a body part that carries out a particular function in the body. An organ system is a team of organs that cooperate in a larger function. Tissues -a group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function. Cells -life's fundamental unit of structure and function Organelles -functional components present on cells Molecules -a chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms Atom -the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

7 Hierarchy of Organization

8 Organisms Interact with the Physical Environment In an ecosystem, each organism interacts continuously with its environment, which includes both other organisms and physical factors Both the organism and the environment are affected by the interactions between them -Ex. Plants Energy flow in ecosystems Nutrient cycling

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10 Structure and Function are Correlated Form fits function which you'll recognize from everyday life. How a device works is correlated with its structure -Ex. Gull's Wing -The shape of a bird's wings and the structure of its bones makes flight possible

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12 The Cell is An Organisms Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life Two types of cells: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic: -usually larger and more complex -has a nucleus (holds DNA) -membrane-enclosed organelles Prokaryotic: -usually smaller and simpler -no nucleus No membrane-bound organelles

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14 The Continuity of Life Is Based on Heritable Information Cells contain structures called chromosomes The chromosomes have almost all of the cell's genetic material, it's DNA DNA is short for Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is the substance of genes, the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring The molecular structure of DNA accounts for its ability to store information

15 DNA

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17 Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological Systems Organisms obtain energy by regulated chemical reactions -regulation is carried out by enzymes -each type of enzyme catalyzes a specific chemical reaction Many biological processes self regulate by a mechanism called feedback -Negative feedback slows the process -Positive feedback speeds up its own production

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19 Classifying the Diversity of Life Diversity is a hallmark of life Biologists have identified and named about 1.8 million species Taxonomy, the branch of biology that names and classifies species Three domains of Life: -Bacteria Archaea Eukarya -Protists -Fungi -Plants -Animals

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22 EVOLUTION Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and also for the match of organisms to their environments. Common characteristics are the result of common ancestry Charles Darwin is known as the Father of Evolution Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species -Had two main points *contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors (descent with modification) *natural selection

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24 Natural Selection

25 Descent with Modification

26 Scientific Method Science is a way of knowing- an approach to understanding the natural world Inquiry is a search for information and explanations, often focusing on specific questions Combines two types of investigative approaches: inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning -depends on specific observations and data analysis -leads to specific generalized conclusion derived from a large number of specific observations Deductive Reasoning -generally used after the hypothesis has been developed *Hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question -from a general premise we get specific results -If... then logic These two approaches is called the scientific method

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28 Science, Technology and Society The biology community is part of society at large. Science is a social activity The work of each scientist builds on the work of others that have come before Scientists must be able to repeat each other's results, so integrity is key. Science and technology are associated Technology is a method or device that applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose that affects society Diversity among scientists promotes progress in science

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