Chapter 14. The Origin of Species. PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 14. The Origin of Species. PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey"

Transcription

1 Chapter 14 The Origin of Species PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

2 Introduction Many species of cormorants around the world can fly. Cormorants on the Galápagos Islands cannot fly. How did these flightless cormorants get to the Galápagos Islands? Why are these flightless cormorants found nowhere else in the world? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Figure 14.0_1 Chapter 14: Big Ideas Defining Species Mechanisms of Speciation

4 Figure 14.0_2

5 Introduction An ancestral cormorant species is thought to have flown from the Americas to the Galápagos Islands more than 3 million years ago. Terrestrial mammals could not make the trip over the wide distance, and no predatory mammals naturally occur on these islands today. Without predators, the environment of these cormorants favored birds with smaller wings, perhaps channeling resources to the production of offspring Pearson Education, Inc.

6 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. DEFINING SPECIES

7 14.1 The origin of species is the source of biological diversity Microevolution is the change in the gene pool of a population from one generation to the next. Speciation is the process by which one species splits into two or more species. Every time speciation occurs, the diversity of life increases. The many millions of species on Earth have all arisen from an ancestral life form that lived around 3.5 billion years ago Pearson Education, Inc.

8 Figure 14.1

9 14.2 There are several ways to define a species The word species is from the Latin for kind or appearance. Although the basic idea of species as distinct lifeforms seems intuitive, devising a more formal definition is not easy and raises questions. How similar are members of the same species? What keeps one species distinct from others? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

10 14.2 There are several ways to define a species The biological species concept defines a species as a group of populations, whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature, and produce fertile offspring. Therefore, members of a species are similar because they reproduce with each other Pearson Education, Inc.

11 14.2 There are several ways to define a species Reproductive isolation prevents members of different species from mating with each other, prevents gene flow between species, and maintains separate species. Therefore, species are distinct from each other because they do not share the same gene pool Pearson Education, Inc.

12 Figure 14.2A

13 Figure 14.2A_1

14 Figure 14.2A_2

15 Figure 14.2B

16 14.2 There are several ways to define a species The biological species concept can be problematic. Some pairs of clearly distinct species occasionally interbreed and produce hybrids. For example, grizzly bears and polar bears may interbreed and produce hybrids called grolar bears. Melting sea ice may bring these two bear species together more frequently and produce more hybrids in the wild. Reproductive isolation cannot usually be determined for extinct organisms known only from fossils. Reproductive isolation does not apply to prokaryotes or other organisms that reproduce only asexually. Therefore, alternate species concepts can be useful Pearson Education, Inc.

17 Figure 14.2C Grizzly bear Polar bear Hybrid grolar bear

18 Figure 14.2C_1 Grizzly bear

19 Figure 14.2C_2 Polar bear

20 Figure 14.2C_3 Hybrid grolar bear

21 14.2 There are several ways to define a species The morphological species concept classifies organisms based on observable physical traits and can be applied to asexual organisms and fossils. However, there is some subjectivity in deciding which traits to use Pearson Education, Inc.

22 14.2 There are several ways to define a species The ecological species concept defines a species by its ecological role or niche and focuses on unique adaptations to particular roles in a biological community. For example, two species may be similar in appearance but distinguishable based on what they eat or where they live Pearson Education, Inc.

23 14.2 There are several ways to define a species The phylogenetic species concept defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that shares a common ancestor and thus forms one branch of the tree of life. Biologists trace the phylogenetic history of a species by comparing its morphology or DNA. However, defining the amount of difference required to distinguish separate species is a problem Pearson Education, Inc.

24 14.3 Reproductive barriers keep species separate Reproductive barriers serve to isolate the gene pools of species and prevent interbreeding. Depending on whether they function before or after zygotes form, reproductive barriers are categorized as prezygotic or postzygotic Pearson Education, Inc.

25 Figure 14.3A Individuals of different species Prezygotic Barriers Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Fertilization Postzygotic Barriers Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown Viable, fertile offspring

26 14.3 Reproductive barriers keep species separate Five types of prezygotic barriers prevent mating or fertilization between species. 1. In habitat isolation, two species live in the same general area but not in the same kind of place. 2. In temporal isolation, two species breed at different times (seasons, times of day, years). Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual Video: Giraffe Courtship Ritual 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

27 Figure 14.3B

28 Figure 14.3B_1

29 Figure 14.3B_2

30 Figure 14.3C

31 Figure 14.3C_1

32 Figure 14.3C_2

33 14.3 Reproductive barriers keep species separate Prezygotic Barriers, continued 3. In behavioral isolation, there is little or no mate recognition between females and males of different species. 4. In mechanical isolation, female and male sex organs are not compatible. 5. In gametic isolation, female and male gametes are not compatible Pearson Education, Inc.

34 Figure 14.3D

35 Figure 14.3E

36 Figure 14.3F

37 14.3 Reproductive barriers keep species separate Three types of postzygotic barriers operate after hybrid zygotes have formed. 1. In reduced hybrid viability, most hybrid offspring do not survive. 2. In reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid offspring are vigorous but sterile. 3. In hybrid breakdown, the first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile but the offspring of the hybrids are feeble or sterile Pearson Education, Inc.

38 Figure 14.3G Horse Donkey Mule

39 Figure 14.3G_1 Horse

40 Figure 14.3G_2 Donkey

41 Figure 14.3G_3 Mule

42 MECHANISMS OF SPECIATION 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

43 14.4 In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation leads to speciation In allopatric speciation, populations of the same species are geographically separated, isolating their gene pools. Isolated populations will no longer share changes in allele frequencies caused by natural selection, genetic drift, and/or mutation Pearson Education, Inc.

44 14.4 In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation leads to speciation Gene flow between populations is initially prevented by a geographic barrier. For example the Grand Canyon and Colorado River separate two species of antelope squirrels, and the Isthmus of Panama separates 15 pairs of snapping shrimp Pearson Education, Inc.

45 Figure 14.4A South rim A. harrisii A. leucurus North rim

46 Figure 14.4A_1 A. harrisii

47 Figure 14.4A_2 A. leucurus

48 Figure 14.4B A. formosus A. nuttingi ATLANTIC OCEAN Isthmus of Panama PACIFIC OCEAN A. panamensis A. millsae

49 14.5 Reproductive barriers can evolve as populations diverge How do reproductive barriers arise? Experiments have demonstrated that reproductive barriers can evolve as a by-product of changes in populations as they adapt to different environments. These studies have included laboratory studies of fruit flies and field studies of monkey flowers and their pollinators Pearson Education, Inc.

50 Figure 14.5A Male Maltose Starch Male Starch medium Initial sample of fruit flies Mating experiments Maltose medium Female Starch Maltose Results Pop#2 Pop#1 Population #1 Female Population # Number of matings in experimental groups Number of matings in starch control groups

51 Figure 14.5B Pollinator choice in typical monkey flowers Pollinator choice after color allele transfer Typical M. lewisii (pink) M. lewisii with red-color allele Typical M. cardinalis (red) M. cardinalis with pink-color allele

52 Figure 14.5B_1 Typical M. lewisii (pink)

53 Figure 14.5B_2 M. lewisii with red-color allele

54 Figure 14.5B_3 Typical M. cardinalis (red)

55 Figure 14.5B_4 M. cardinalis with pink-color allele

56 14.6 Sympatric speciation takes place without geographic isolation Sympatric speciation occurs when a new species arises within the same geographic area as a parent species. How can reproductive isolation develop when members of sympatric populations remain in contact with each other? Gene flow between populations may be reduced by polyploidy, habitat differentiation, or sexual selection Pearson Education, Inc.

57 14.6 Sympatric speciation takes place without geographic isolation Many plant species have evolved by polyploidy in which cells have more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Sympatric speciation can result from polyploidy within a species (by self-fertilization) or between two species (by hybridization) Pearson Education, Inc.

58 Figure 14.6A_s1 1 Parent species 2n = 6 Tetraploid cells 4n = 12

59 Figure 14.6A_s2 1 2 Parent species 2n = 6 Tetraploid cells 4n = 12 Diploid gametes 2n = 6

60 Figure 14.6A_s Selffertilization Parent species 2n = 6 Tetraploid cells 4n = 12 Diploid gametes 2n = 6 Viable, fertile tetraploid species 4n = 12

61 Figure 14.6B_s1 Species A 2n = 4 Gamete n = 2 Species B 2n = 6 Gamete n = 3

62 Figure 14.6B_s2 Chromosomes cannot pair Species A 2n = 4 Gamete n = 2 1 Species B 2n = 6 Gamete n = 3 Sterile hybrid n = 5 Can reproduce asexually 2

63 Figure 14.6B_s3 Chromosomes cannot pair Species A 2n = 4 Gamete n = Species B 2n = 6 Gamete n = 3 Sterile hybrid n = 5 Can reproduce asexually 2 Viable, fertile hybrid species 2n = 10

64 14.7 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Most plant species trace their origin to polyploid speciation Plant biologists estimate that 80% of all living plant species are descendants of ancestors that formed by polyploid speciation. Hybridization between two species accounts for most of these species Pearson Education, Inc.

65 14.7 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Most plant species trace their origin to polyploid speciation Polyploid plants include cotton, oats, potatoes, bananas, peanuts, plums, apples, sugarcane, coffee, and bread wheat. barley, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

66 14.7 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Most plant species trace their origin to polyploid speciation Wheat has been domesticated for at least 10,000 years and is the most widely cultivated plant in the world. Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, is a polyploid with 42 chromosomes and the result of hybridization and polyploidy Pearson Education, Inc.

67 Figure 14.7_3

68 Figure 14.7 AA Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) 1 BB Hybridization Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) 2 Cell division error and self-fertilization AABB T. turgidum Emmer wheat (28 chromosomes) DD Wild T. tauschii (14 chromosomes) 3 Hybridization ABD Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes) 4 Cell division error and self-fertilization AABBDD T. aestivum Bread wheat (42 chromosomes)

69 Figure 14.7_1 AA Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) 1 BB Hybridization Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) 2 Cell division error and self-fertilization AABB T. turgidum Emmer wheat (28 chromosomes) DD Wild T. tauschii (14 chromosomes)

70 Figure 14.7_2 AABB T. turgidum Emmer wheat (28 chromosomes) DD 3 Hybridization Wild T. tauschii (14 chromosomes) ABD Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes) 4 Cell division error and self-fertilization AABBDD T. aestivum Bread wheat (42 chromosomes)

71 14.8 Isolated islands are often showcases of speciation Most of the species on Earth are thought to have originated by allopatric speciation. Isolated island chains offer some of the best evidence of this type of speciation. Multiple speciation events are more likely to occur in island chains that have physically diverse habitats, islands far enough apart to permit populations to evolve in isolation, and islands close enough to each other to allow occasional dispersions between them Pearson Education, Inc.

72 14.8 Isolated islands are often showcases of speciation The evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor is adaptive radiation. The Galápagos Archipelago is located about 900 km (560 miles) west of Ecuador, is one of the world s great showcases of adaptive radiation, was formed naked from underwater volcanoes, was colonized gradually from other islands and the South America mainland, and has many species of plants and animals found nowhere else in the world Pearson Education, Inc.

73 14.8 Isolated islands are often showcases of speciation The Galápagos islands currently have 14 species of closely related finches, called Darwin s finches, because Darwin collected them during his aroundthe-world voyage on the Beagle. These finches share many finchlike traits, differ in their feeding habits and their beaks, specialized for what they eat, and arose through adaptive radiation Pearson Education, Inc.

74 Figure 14.8 Cactus-seed-eater (cactus finch) Tool-using insect-eater (woodpecker finch) Seed-eater (medium ground finch)

75 Figure 14.8_1 Cactus-seed-eater (cactus finch)

76 Figure 14.8_2 Tool-using insect-eater (woodpecker finch)

77 Figure 14.8_3 Seed-eater (medium ground finch)

78 14.9 SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY: A long-term field study documents evolution in Darwin s finches Peter and Rosemary Grant have worked for more than three decades, on medium ground finches, and on tiny, isolated, uninhabited Daphne Major in the Galápagos Islands Pearson Education, Inc.

79 14.9 SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY: A long-term field study documents evolution in Darwin s finches Medium ground finches and cactus finches occasionally interbreed. Hybrids have intermediate bill sizes, survive well during wet years, when there are plenty of soft, small seeds around, are outcompeted by both parental types during dry years, and can introduce more genetic variation on which natural selection acts Pearson Education, Inc.

80 Figure 14.9 Mean beak size Larger Large beaks can crack large seeds Arrival of new species Competitor species, G. magnirostris Severe drought Smaller beaked G. fortis can feed on small seeds Severe drought Smaller Year

81 14.10 Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study reproductive isolation What happens when separated populations of closely related species come back into contact with each other? Biologists try to answer such questions by studying hybrid zones, regions in which members of different species meet and mate to produce at least some hybrid offspring Pearson Education, Inc.

82 14.10 Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study reproductive isolation Over time in hybrid zones reinforcement may strengthen barriers to reproduction, such as occurs in flycatchers, or fusion may reverse the speciation process as gene flow between species increases, as may be occurring among the cichlid species in Lake Victoria. In stable hybrid zones, a limited number of hybrid offspring continue to be produced Pearson Education, Inc.

83 Figure 14.10A Three populations of a species Newly formed species Hybrid zone Population Gene flow Barrier to gene flow 4 Gene flow Hybrid individual

84 Figure 14.10B Allopatric populations Sympatric populations Male collared flycatcher Male pied flycatcher Pied flycatcher from allopatric population Pied flycatcher from sympatric population

85 Figure 14.10B_1 Allopatric populations Sympatric populations Male collared flycatcher Male pied flycatcher

86 Figure 14.10B_2 Pied flycatcher from allopatric population

87 Figure 14.10B_3 Pied flycatcher from sympatric population

88 Figure 14.10C Pundamilia nyererei Pundamilia pundamilia Hybrid: Pundamilia turbid water

89 14.11 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly There are two models for the tempo of speciation. 1. The punctuated equilibria model draws on the fossil record, where species change most as they arise from an ancestral species and then experience relatively little change for the rest of their existence. 2. Other species appear to have evolved more gradually. Animation: Macroevolution 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

90 Figure Punctuated pattern Gradual pattern Time

91 14.11 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly What is the total length of time between speciation events (between formation of a species and subsequent divergence of that species)? In a survey of 84 groups of plants and animals, the time ranged from 4,000 to 40 million years. Overall, the time between speciation events averaged 6.5 million years Pearson Education, Inc.

92 You should now be able to 1. Distinguish between microevolution and speciation. 2. Compare the definitions, advantages, and disadvantages of the different species concepts. 3. Describe five types of prezygotic barriers and three types of postzygotic barriers that prevent populations of closely related species from interbreeding. 4. Explain how geologic processes can fragment populations and lead to speciation Pearson Education, Inc.

93 You should now be able to 5. Explain how reproductive barriers might evolve in isolated populations of organisms. 6. Explain how sympatric speciation can occur, noting examples in plants and animals. 7. Explain why polyploidy is important to modern agriculture. 8. Explain how modern wheat evolved. 9. Describe the circumstances that led to the adaptive radiation of the Galápagos finches Pearson Education, Inc.

94 You should now be able to 10. Describe the discoveries made by Peter and Rosemary Grant in their work with Galápagos finches. 11. Explain how hybrid zones are useful in the study of reproductive isolation. 12. Compare the gradual model and the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution Pearson Education, Inc.

95 Figure 14.UN01 Zygote Gametes Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers Habitat isolation Reduced hybrid Temporal isolation viability Behavioral isolation Reduced hybrid Mechanical isolation fertility Gametic isolation Hybrid breakdown Viable, fertile offspring

96 Figure 14.UN02 Original population a. b.

97 Figure 14.UN03 Species may interbreed in a a. outcome may be b. c. d. when when when reproductive barriers e. are f. are a few hybrids continue to be produced keeps and species separate speciation is reversed

98 Figure 14.UN03_1 Species may interbreed in a a. outcome may be b. c. d.

99 Figure 14.UN03_2 b. c. d. when when when reproductive barriers e. are f. are a few hybrids continue to be produced keeps and species separate speciation is reversed

100 Figure 14.10UN Reinforcement Fusion Stability

101 Figure 14.10UN_1 Reinforcement

102 Figure 14.10UN_2 Fusion

103 Figure 14.10UN_3 Stability

Chapter 14 The Origin of Species

Chapter 14 The Origin of Species Chapter 14 The Origin of Species PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Joan

More information

Chapter 14 The Origin of Species

Chapter 14 The Origin of Species Chapter 14 The Origin of Species PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Adaptations Biological Adaptation

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species The Origin of Species Introduction A species can be defined as a group of organisms whose members can breed and produce fertile offspring, but who do not produce fertile offspring with members of other

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 24 The Origin of Species Lectures

More information

Chapter 14 The Origin of Species

Chapter 14 The Origin of Species Chapter 14 The Origin of Species PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Introduction Bowerbirds, native

More information

UON, CAS, DBSC, General Biology II (BIOL102) Dr. Mustafa. A. Mansi. The Origin of Species

UON, CAS, DBSC, General Biology II (BIOL102) Dr. Mustafa. A. Mansi. The Origin of Species The Origin of Species Galápagos Islands, landforms newly emerged from the sea, despite their geologic youth, are filled with plants and animals known no-where else in the world, Speciation: The origin

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species The Origin of Species What you need to know The difference between microevolution and macroevolution. The biological concept of species. Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers that maintain reproductive isolation

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 24 The Origin of Species Lectures

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species Chapter 24 The Origin of Species PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

More information

SPECIATION. SPECIATION The process by which once species splits into two or more species

SPECIATION. SPECIATION The process by which once species splits into two or more species SPECIATION SPECIATION The process by which once species splits into two or more species Accounts for the diversity of life on earth If no speciation, there would only be species that was continuously evolving

More information

Microevolutionary changes show us how populations change over time. When do we know that distinctly new species have evolved?

Microevolutionary changes show us how populations change over time. When do we know that distinctly new species have evolved? Microevolutionary changes show us how populations change over time. When do we know that distinctly new species have evolved? Critical to determining the limits of a species is understanding if two populations

More information

Unfortunately, there are many definitions Biological Species: species defined by Morphological Species (Morphospecies): characterizes species by

Unfortunately, there are many definitions Biological Species: species defined by Morphological Species (Morphospecies): characterizes species by 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lecture 3: Chapter 27 -- Speciation Macroevolution Macroevolution and Speciation Microevolution Changes in the gene pool over successive generations; deals with alleles and genes Macroevolution

More information

Evolutionary Patterns, Rates, and Trends

Evolutionary Patterns, Rates, and Trends Evolutionary Patterns, Rates, and Trends Macroevolution Major patterns and trends among lineages Rates of change in geologic time Comparative Morphology Comparing body forms and structures of major lineages

More information

NOTES CH 24: The Origin of Species

NOTES CH 24: The Origin of Species NOTES CH 24: The Origin of Species Species Hummingbirds of Costa Rica SPECIES: a group of individuals that mate with one another and produce fertile offspring; typically members of a species appear similar

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species The Origin of Species Chapter 24 Both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhere near to that great fact the mystery of mysteries-the first appearance of beings on Earth. Darwin from his diary

More information

EVOLUTION Unit 1 Part 9 (Chapter 24) Activity #13

EVOLUTION Unit 1 Part 9 (Chapter 24) Activity #13 AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION Unit 1 Part 9 (Chapter 24) Activity #13 NAME DATE PERIOD SPECIATION SPECIATION Origin of new species SPECIES BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT Population or groups of populations whose members have

More information

Saturday, August 24, Speciation

Saturday, August 24, Speciation Speciation New Species Can Emerge Darwin called the first appearance of new beings on earth the mystery of mysteries. The origin of species or speciation is central to evolutionary theory because the appearance

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species The Origin of Species Chapter 24 Both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhere near to that great fact the mystery of mysteries-the first appearance of beings on Earth. Darwin from his diary

More information

Evolution - Unifying Theme of Biology Microevolution Chapters 13 &14

Evolution - Unifying Theme of Biology Microevolution Chapters 13 &14 Evolution - Unifying Theme of Biology Microevolution Chapters 13 &14 New Synthesis Natural Selection Unequal Reproductive Success Examples and Selective Forces Types of Natural Selection Speciation http://www.biology-online.org/2/11_natural_selection.htm

More information

AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.C. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.

AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.C. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. AP Biology Notes Outline Enduring Understanding 1.C Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Enduring Understanding 1.C: Life continues to evolve within a changing environment.

More information

How Biological Diversity Evolves

How Biological Diversity Evolves CHAPTER 14 How Biological Diversity Evolves PowerPoint Lectures for Essential Biology, Third Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition Neil Campbell,

More information

Ch. 24 The Origin of Species

Ch. 24 The Origin of Species Ch. 24 The Origin of Species 2007-2008 So what is a species? Biological species concept defined by Ernst Mayr population whose members can interbreed & produce viable, fertile offspring reproductively

More information

The Nature of Species. The Origin of Species. The Nature of Species. The Nature of Species. The Biological Species Concept

The Nature of Species. The Origin of Species. The Nature of Species. The Nature of Species. The Biological Species Concept The Origin of Species Chapter 22 The Nature of Species The concept of species must account for two phenomena: The distinctiveness of species that occur together at a single locality The connection that

More information

Speciation and Patterns of Evolution

Speciation and Patterns of Evolution Speciation and Patterns of Evolution What is a species? Biologically, a species is defined as members of a population that can interbreed under natural conditions Different species are considered reproductively

More information

Darw r i w n n a nd n t h t e e G ala l pa p gos Biolo l gy g L c e t c u t re r e 16 1 : 6 Ma M cr c o r ev e olu l ti t on

Darw r i w n n a nd n t h t e e G ala l pa p gos Biolo l gy g L c e t c u t re r e 16 1 : 6 Ma M cr c o r ev e olu l ti t on Biology 102 Lecture 16: Macroevolution Darwin and the Galapagos Darwin recognized that the Galapagos were a place of genesis for new species Many plants and animals exist there that exist nowhere else

More information

Conceptually, we define species as evolutionary units :

Conceptually, we define species as evolutionary units : Bio 1M: Speciation 1 How are species defined? S24.1 (2ndEd S26.1) Conceptually, we define species as evolutionary units : Individuals within a species are evolving together Individuals of different species

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species The Origin of Species A. Macroevolution: Up to this point we have discussed changes in alleles or microevolution, with evolution this is the evolution of new. is the origin of a new species. There are

More information

Phylogeny and Speciation. Early Human Evolution and Migration. Mitochondrial Eve 2/15/17

Phylogeny and Speciation. Early Human Evolution and Migration. Mitochondrial Eve 2/15/17 Phylogeny and Speciation Early Human Evolution and Migration Using phylogenies to understand evolution Human history Speciation Species concepts Allopatric and sympatric Reproductive isolating mechanisms

More information

Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece BIG IDEA I The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. Enduring Understanding 1.C Life continues to evolve within a changing environment. Essential Knowledge 1.C.1 Speciation and extinction

More information

The Nature of Species

The Nature of Species The Origin of Species Chapter 22 The Nature of Species The concept of species must account for two phenomena: The distinctiveness of species that occur together at a single locality The connection that

More information

Biology Chapter 15 Evolution Notes

Biology Chapter 15 Evolution Notes Biology Chapter 15 Evolution Notes Section 1: Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Charles Darwin- English naturalist that studied animals over a number of years before developing the theory

More information

SPECIATION. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS PREZYGOTIC: Barriers that prevent fertilization. Habitat isolation Populations can t get together

SPECIATION. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS PREZYGOTIC: Barriers that prevent fertilization. Habitat isolation Populations can t get together SPECIATION Origin of new species=speciation -Process by which one species splits into two or more species, accounts for both the unity and diversity of life SPECIES BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT Population or groups

More information

Evolution. Before You Read. Read to Learn

Evolution. Before You Read. Read to Learn Evolution 15 section 3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory Biology/Life Sciences 7.e Students know the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population and why these conditions are not likely to appear

More information

Processes of Evolution

Processes of Evolution Processes of Evolution Microevolution Processes of Microevolution How Species Arise Macroevolution Microevolution Population: localized group of individuals belonging to the same species with the potential

More information

1/30/2012. Review. Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter

1/30/2012. Review. Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter Objectives: - Review meiosis -Species -Repro. Isolating mechanisms - Speciation -Is evolution always slow -Extinction Review Meiosis: division of cells that results

More information

Evolution of Populations

Evolution of Populations Evolution of Populations Gene Pools 1. All of the genes in a population - Contains 2 or more alleles (forms of a gene) for each trait 2. Relative frequencies - # of times an allele occurs in a gene pool

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species The Origin of Species Chapter 22 1 The Nature of Species Concept of species must account for two phenomena: Distinctiveness of species that occur together at a single locality Connection that exists among

More information

CH 16: Evolution of Population

CH 16: Evolution of Population CH 16: Evolution of Population 16.1 Genes and Variation A. Introduction 1. Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection explained how 2. What Darwin did not know was how were passed down through each

More information

Unit 10.4: Macroevolution and the Origin of Species

Unit 10.4: Macroevolution and the Origin of Species Unit 10.4: Macroevolution and the Origin of Species Lesson Objectives Describe two ways that new species may originate. Define coevolution, and give an example. Distinguish between gradualism and punctuated

More information

These next few slides correspond with 23.4 in your book. Specifically follow along on page Use your book and it will help you!

These next few slides correspond with 23.4 in your book. Specifically follow along on page Use your book and it will help you! These next few slides correspond with 23.4 in your book. Specifically follow along on page 462-468. Use your book and it will help you! How does natural selection actually work? Natural selection acts

More information

Speciation. Today s OUTLINE: Mechanisms of Speciation. Mechanisms of Speciation. Geographic Models of speciation. (1) Mechanisms of Speciation

Speciation. Today s OUTLINE: Mechanisms of Speciation. Mechanisms of Speciation. Geographic Models of speciation. (1) Mechanisms of Speciation Speciation Today s OUTLINE: (1) Geographic Mechanisms of Speciation (What circumstances lead to the formation of new species?) (2) Species Concepts (How are Species Defined?) Mechanisms of Speciation Last

More information

Part 1: Types of Speciation

Part 1: Types of Speciation Part 1: Types of Speciation Speciation Recall from Darwin s 6 main points of his evolutionary theory that speciation is : norigin of new species. nover numerous generations, new species arise by the accumulation

More information

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium STUDY GUIDE SECTION 16-1 Genetic Equilibrium Name Period Date Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. The smallest unit in which evolution occurs is a. an individual organism. c. a species

More information

IV. Natural Selection

IV. Natural Selection IV. Natural Selection A. Important points (1) Natural selection does not cause genetic changes in individuals (2) Change in allele frequency occurs in populations (3) Fitness!" Reproductive Success = survival

More information

Speciation. Today s OUTLINE: Mechanisms of Speciation. Mechanisms of Speciation. Geographic Models of speciation. (1) Mechanisms of Speciation

Speciation. Today s OUTLINE: Mechanisms of Speciation. Mechanisms of Speciation. Geographic Models of speciation. (1) Mechanisms of Speciation Speciation Today s OUTLINE: (1) Geographic Mechanisms of Speciation (What circumstances lead to the formation of new species?) (2) Species Concepts (How are Species Defined?) Mechanisms of Speciation Last

More information

5/31/2012. Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter

5/31/2012. Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter Speciation and macroevolution - Chapter Objectives: - Review meiosis -Species -Repro. Isolating mechanisms - Speciation -Is evolution always slow -Extinction How Are Populations, Genes, And Evolution Related?

More information

Slide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Concepts of Evolution. Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? Evolution

Slide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Concepts of Evolution. Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? Evolution Slide 1 Concepts of Evolution Slide 2 Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? How does the scientific meaning of a term like theory differ from the way it is used in everyday life? Can the facts of science change

More information

Biological Change Over Time. Lecture 12: Evolution. Microevolution. Microevolutionary Processes. Genotypes, Phenotypes and Environmental Effects

Biological Change Over Time. Lecture 12: Evolution. Microevolution. Microevolutionary Processes. Genotypes, Phenotypes and Environmental Effects Lecture 12: Evolution Biological Change Over Time Key terms: Reading: Ch16: Microevolution Ch17:Speciation Ch18:Macroevolution Microevolution Changes with in species Well defined mechanism Easily observed

More information

Speciation factsheet. What is a species?

Speciation factsheet. What is a species? What is a species? A species is a group of interbreeding individuals that share a gene pool and are reproductively isolated from other species. It is impossible to determine whether two organisms are from

More information

Speciation. Today s OUTLINE: Mechanisms of Speciation. Mechanisms of Speciation. Geographic Models of speciation. (1) Mechanisms of Speciation

Speciation. Today s OUTLINE: Mechanisms of Speciation. Mechanisms of Speciation. Geographic Models of speciation. (1) Mechanisms of Speciation Speciation Today s OUTLINE: (1) Geographic Mechanisms of Speciation (What circumstances lead to the formation of new species?) (2) Species Concepts (How are Species Defined?) Mechanisms of Speciation Last

More information

4/4/2017. Extrinsic Isolating Barriers. 1. Biological species concept: 2. Phylogenetic species concept:

4/4/2017. Extrinsic Isolating Barriers. 1. Biological species concept: 2. Phylogenetic species concept: Chapter 13 The origin of species 13.1 What Is a Species? p. 414 Ways to identify species 1. Biological species concept: 1. There are many different concepts of species 2. Species are important taxonomic

More information

Speciation Plant Sciences, 2001Updated: June 1, 2012 Gale Document Number: GALE CV

Speciation Plant Sciences, 2001Updated: June 1, 2012 Gale Document Number: GALE CV is the process of evolution by which new species arise. The key factor causing speciation is the appearance of genetic differences between two populations, which result from evolution by natural selection.

More information

EVOLUTION. Evolution - changes in allele frequency in populations over generations.

EVOLUTION. Evolution - changes in allele frequency in populations over generations. EVOLUTION Evolution - changes in allele frequency in populations over generations. Sources of genetic variation: genetic recombination by sexual reproduction (produces new combinations of genes) mutation

More information

Biology 20 Evolution

Biology 20 Evolution Biology 20 Evolution Evolution: Modern synthesis: Individuals: Lamarck: Use and disuse: Inheritance of Acquired Traits: Darwin: Travelled: Galapagos Islands: What was the name of Darwin s book, which he

More information

Methods of Speciation - 1

Methods of Speciation - 1 Methods of Speciation - 1 We have been discussing changes that occur in populations through time using the mechanisms of evolution. Speciation results when populations diverge to the point of reproductive

More information

Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2008

Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2008 Bio 1B Lecture Outline (please print and bring along) Fall, 2008 B.D. Mishler, Dept. of Integrative Biology 2-6810, bmishler@berkeley.edu Summary of topics Evolution lecture #13 -- Speciation -- Dec. 5

More information

Gene Pool The combined genetic material for all the members of a population. (all the genes in a population)

Gene Pool The combined genetic material for all the members of a population. (all the genes in a population) POPULATION GENETICS NOTES Gene Pool The combined genetic material for all the members of a population. (all the genes in a population) Allele Frequency The number of times a specific allele occurs in a

More information

Adaptation. Adaptation describes any trait that enhances an organisms fitness or increases its chance of survival.

Adaptation. Adaptation describes any trait that enhances an organisms fitness or increases its chance of survival. Adaptation Adaptation describes any trait that enhances an organisms fitness or increases its chance of survival. While adaptations are products of natural selection, variations within a species are the

More information

Lecture #4 evening (4pm) 1/25/02 Dr. Kopeny

Lecture #4 evening (4pm) 1/25/02 Dr. Kopeny Lecture #4 evening (4pm) 1/25/02 Dr. Kopeny What Species Are and How They Arise Large Ground Finch Medium Ground Finch Sketches of four species of Galapagos Finches from Darwin s Journal of Researches

More information

Charles Darwin ( ) Sailed around the world

Charles Darwin ( ) Sailed around the world Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Sailed around the world 1831-1836 How did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos? Each island had its own type of tortoises and birds that were clearly

More information

NOTES Ch 17: Genes and. Variation

NOTES Ch 17: Genes and. Variation NOTES Ch 17: Genes and Vocabulary Fitness Genetic Drift Punctuated Equilibrium Gene flow Adaptive radiation Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Gradualism Variation 17.1 Genes & Variation Darwin developed

More information

EVOLUTION change in populations over time

EVOLUTION change in populations over time EVOLUTION change in populations over time HISTORY ideas that shaped the current theory James Hutton (1785) proposes that Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over extremely long periods

More information

EVOLUTION. HISTORY: Ideas that shaped the current evolutionary theory. Evolution change in populations over time.

EVOLUTION. HISTORY: Ideas that shaped the current evolutionary theory. Evolution change in populations over time. EVOLUTION HISTORY: Ideas that shaped the current evolutionary theory. Evolution change in populations over time. James Hutton & Charles Lyell proposes that Earth is shaped by geological forces that took

More information

Biology 3201 Unit 4 Ecology Ch Adaptation and Speciation

Biology 3201 Unit 4 Ecology Ch Adaptation and Speciation Biology 3201 Unit 4 Ecology Ch. 21 - Adaptation and Speciation Speciation Speciation: the formation of a new species Biological species: a group of organisms able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

More information

EVOLUTION change in populations over time

EVOLUTION change in populations over time EVOLUTION change in populations over time HISTORY ideas that shaped the current theory James Hutton & Charles Lyell proposes that Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over extremely long

More information

Biology 213 Summer 2004 Midterm III Choose the most correct answer and mark it on the scantron sheet. (2 pts each)

Biology 213 Summer 2004 Midterm III Choose the most correct answer and mark it on the scantron sheet. (2 pts each) Biology 213 Summer 2004 Midterm III Choose the most correct answer and mark it on the scantron sheet. (2 pts each) 1. Evolution is a. a change in allele frequency in a population b. occurred in the past

More information

Chapter 5 Evolution of Biodiversity. Sunday, October 1, 17

Chapter 5 Evolution of Biodiversity. Sunday, October 1, 17 Chapter 5 Evolution of Biodiversity CHAPTER INTRO: The Dung of the Devil Read and Answer Questions Provided Module 14 The Biodiversity of Earth After reading this module you should be able to understand

More information

Reproduction and Evolution Practice Exam

Reproduction and Evolution Practice Exam Reproduction and Evolution Practice Exam Topics: Genetic concepts from the lecture notes including; o Mitosis and Meiosis, Homologous Chromosomes, Haploid vs Diploid cells Reproductive Strategies Heaviest

More information

The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species The Origin of Species Chapter 23 1 Why don t we call them the same species? Santa Cruz Island 2 2 1 Why don t t we call them different species? 3 3 Ernst Mayr (Harvart Univ.) 4 4 2 Biological Species Concept

More information

It all depends on barriers that prevent members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.

It all depends on barriers that prevent members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids. Name: Date: Theory of Evolution Evolution: Change in a over a period of time Explains the great of organisms Major points of Origin of Species Descent with Modification o All organisms are related through

More information

Microevolution (Ch 16) Test Bank

Microevolution (Ch 16) Test Bank Microevolution (Ch 16) Test Bank Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following statements describes what all members

More information

Biology 110 Survey of Biology. Quizzam

Biology 110 Survey of Biology. Quizzam 1. Mendel conducted his most memorable experiments on A) peas. B) roses. C) guinea pigs. D) fruit flies. E) clones. 2. Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical

More information

Evolution and Darwin

Evolution and Darwin Evolution and Darwin Evolution The processes that have transformed life on earth from it s earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today - Darwin Old Theories of Evolution Jean Baptiste

More information

The Origin of New Species

The Origin of New Species The Origin of New Species Introduction If microevolution is small changes in gene frequencies What, then would macroevolution be? And how might that work???? The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive

More information

name: Worksheets for Ch 14, 15, 16 Evolution

name: Worksheets for Ch 14, 15, 16 Evolution name: Worksheets for Ch 14, 15, 16 Evolution Classify the following scenarios as examples of either artificial or natural selection by placing the letter for each scenario into the appropriate box below.

More information

REVIEW 6: EVOLUTION. 1. Define evolution: Was not the first to think of evolution, but he did figure out how it works (mostly).

REVIEW 6: EVOLUTION. 1. Define evolution: Was not the first to think of evolution, but he did figure out how it works (mostly). Name: REVIEW 6: EVOLUTION 1. Define evolution: 2. Modern Theory of Evolution: a. Charles Darwin: Was not the first to think of evolution, but he did figure out how it works (mostly). However, Darwin didn

More information

Ch. 16 Evolution of Populations

Ch. 16 Evolution of Populations Ch. 16 Evolution of Populations Gene pool the combined genetic information of all the members of a population. There are typically 2 or more alleles for a certain trait. (dominant or recessive) Allele

More information

ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SPECIATION!!

ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SPECIATION!! ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SPECIATION!! SPECIATION: PART 1 1. Ecological (maintenance/coexistence) vs. evolutionary (origins) explanations for species diversity 2. THE BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT Speciation

More information

Evolution. Darwin s Voyage

Evolution. Darwin s Voyage Evolution Darwin s Voyage Charles Darwin Explorer on an observation trip to the Galapagos Islands. He set sail on the HMS Beagle in 1858 from England on a 5 year trip. He was a naturalist (a person who

More information

TOPIC 10.3 GENE POOL & SPECIATION

TOPIC 10.3 GENE POOL & SPECIATION TOPIC 10.3 GENE POOL & SPECIATION INTRO http://dbou9h1pp5ks6.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/08183701/baby-macaque.jpg Recall that a species is a 2 group of organisms that has the potential to

More information

MACROEVOLUTION Student Packet SUMMARY EVOLUTION IS A CHANGE IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF A POPULATION OVER TIME Macroevolution refers to large-scale

MACROEVOLUTION Student Packet SUMMARY EVOLUTION IS A CHANGE IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF A POPULATION OVER TIME Macroevolution refers to large-scale MACROEVOLUTION Student Packet SUMMARY EVOLUTION IS A CHANGE IN THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF A POPULATION OVER TIME Macroevolution refers to large-scale evolutionary changes such as speciation events, origin of

More information

The theory of evolution continues to be refined as scientists learn new information.

The theory of evolution continues to be refined as scientists learn new information. Section 3: The theory of evolution continues to be refined as scientists learn new information. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are the conditions of the

More information

NOTES CH 17 Evolution of. Populations

NOTES CH 17 Evolution of. Populations NOTES CH 17 Evolution of Vocabulary Fitness Genetic Drift Punctuated Equilibrium Gene flow Adaptive radiation Divergent evolution Convergent evolution Gradualism Populations 17.1 Genes & Variation Darwin

More information

Chapter 7. Evolution and the Fossil Record

Chapter 7. Evolution and the Fossil Record Chapter 7 Evolution and the Fossil Record 1 Guiding Questions What lines of evidence convinced Charles Darwin that organic evolution produced the species of the modern world? What are the two components

More information

Name 14 The Origin of Species Test Date Study Guide You must know: The difference between microevolution and macroevolution. The biological concept

Name 14 The Origin of Species Test Date Study Guide You must know: The difference between microevolution and macroevolution. The biological concept Name _ 14 The Origin of Species Test Date Study Guide You must know: The difference between microevolution and macroevolution. The biological concept of species Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers that

More information

Chapter 2 Section 1 discussed the effect of the environment on the phenotype of individuals light, population ratio, type of soil, temperature )

Chapter 2 Section 1 discussed the effect of the environment on the phenotype of individuals light, population ratio, type of soil, temperature ) Chapter 2 Section 1 discussed the effect of the environment on the phenotype of individuals light, population ratio, type of soil, temperature ) Chapter 2 Section 2: how traits are passed from the parents

More information

Concept Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation. Allopatric ( Other Country ) Speciation

Concept Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation. Allopatric ( Other Country ) Speciation Concept 24.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation Having discussed what constitutes a unique species, let s return to the process by which such species arise from existing species.

More information

Economic Evolutionary Domain (Macroevolution)

Economic Evolutionary Domain (Macroevolution) Economic Evolutionary Domain (Macroevolution) Overall outcomes of evolution creates (and destroys/extinction) species. What 2 things are necessary to define a species? These are members of different species

More information

Chapters 17, 19.2, & 16.4 EVOLUTION

Chapters 17, 19.2, & 16.4 EVOLUTION Chapters 17, 19.2, & 16.4 EVOLUTION STANDARD #2 EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF NATURAL SELECTION A. Explain how genes make evolution possible (17.1) B. Describe what cause a gene pool to change over time (17.2)

More information

Concepts of Evolution

Concepts of Evolution Concepts of Evolution Isn t Evolution Just A Theory? How does the scientific meaning of a term like theory differ from the way it is used in everyday life? Can the facts of science change over time? If

More information

Evolution and Natural Selection (16-18)

Evolution and Natural Selection (16-18) Evolution and Natural Selection (16-18) 3 Key Observations of Life: 1) Shared Characteristics of Life (Unity) 2) Rich Diversity of Life 3) Organisms are Adapted to their Environment These observations

More information

Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life Chapter 22: Descent with Modification Name Period Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life As you study this chapter, read several paragraphs at a time to catch the flow of ideas

More information

Theory a well supported testable explanation of phenomenon occurring in the natural world.

Theory a well supported testable explanation of phenomenon occurring in the natural world. Evolution Theory of Evolution Theory a well supported testable explanation of phenomenon occurring in the natural world. Evolution the process by which modern organisms changed over time from ancient common

More information

Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution. Lecture 6: Macroevolution & Speciation. Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj.weebly.com

Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution. Lecture 6: Macroevolution & Speciation. Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj.weebly.com Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 6: Macroevolution & Speciation Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier feldmekj.weebly.com Reminders Exam next class Taxonomy Project Wednesday homework on the website 2

More information

Adaptation and Change

Adaptation and Change Adaptation and Change An adaptation is any structure or behavioral trait that improves an organism's success at reproducing and surviving. Most adaptations serve one of three purposes: 1. help an organism

More information

Origin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014

Origin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014 1 Origin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014 The beauty and genius of a work of art may be reconceived, though its first material expression be destroyed; a vanished harmony may yet again inspire the composer;

More information

Origin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014

Origin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014 Origin of Species Lecture 5 Winter 2014 The beauty and genius of a work of art may be reconceived, though its first material expression be destroyed; a vanished harmony may yet again inspire the composer;

More information

EVOLUTION & SPECIATION

EVOLUTION & SPECIATION EVOLUTION & SPECIATION Page 2 VOCABULARY REVIEW NEW VOCABULARY EVOLUTION CHANGE OVER TIME NATURAL SELECTION - INDIVIDUALS BETTER ADAPTED TO THE ENVIRONMENT ARE ABLE TO SURVIVE & REPRODUCE. A.K.A. SURVIVAL

More information

AP Biology Evolution Review Slides

AP Biology Evolution Review Slides AP Biology Evolution Review Slides How would one go about studying the evolution of a tetrapod limb from a fish s fin? Compare limb/fin structure of existing related species of fish to tetrapods Figure

More information

Name Date Class. Patterns of Evolution

Name Date Class. Patterns of Evolution Concept Mapping Patterns of Evolution Complete the flowchart about patterns of evolution. These terms may be used more than once: adaptive radiation, change in response to each other, convergent evolution,

More information