PHYTOCENOLOGICAL AND PHYTO GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOE WEED VEGETATION IN THE CONTINENTAL PART OF CROATIA

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1 Acta Bot. Croat CODEN: ABCRA2: YU SSN UDC :581.9(497.1) = 20 PHYTOCENOLOGCAL AND PHYTO GEOGRAPHCAL CHARACTERSTCS OF THE HOE WEED EGETATON N THE CONTNENTAL PART OF CROATA JASENKA TOPC (P e d a g o g ic a l F a c u lty, U n iv e rs ity o f O sijek ) R e c e iv e d O c to b e r 3, 1983 n the period from 1976 to 1980 phytocenological investigations of the hoe weed vegetation were carried out in the continental region of Croatia. The investigated hoe weed vegetation belongs to the class Stellarietea mediae, which unites the whole segetal weed vegetation and to the order Chenopodietalia albi, including the hoe weed vegetation. There are two alliances within this order: the alliance Polygono-Chenopodion with the associations Panico-Galinsogetum, Panico-Mercurialietum annuae and Galeopsio-Sperguletum and the alliance Eragrostion with the association Hibisco-Eragrostietum. ntroduction Nowdays, parallelly w ith the increasing necessity for higher cropyields great attention is paid to the weed component of agrophytocenose. Because of the direct and indirect influence of weeds on cultivated plants eforts are m ade to destroy them by m eans of different m echanical and chemical methods. To do it the most effectively it is necessary to know the characteristics of weeds and weed vegetation. This paper presents the results of investigations of the hoe weed vegetation in the continental p a rt of Croatia. Characteristics of the area The hoe weed vegetation was investigated in the continental part of Croatia, from Gorski K otar district in th e w est to the Danube river A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43,

2 JA S E N K A T O P C in th e East. On this large area exist different ecological conditions (climatic, edaphic, relief and biotic) which influence th e variability of vegetation. Fig. 1. Distribution of hoe weed communities in the continental part of Croatia n the horizontal direction (South-North, East-West) as well as in the vertical relief division th e differences in th e tem perature and precipitation are obvious. The clim ate hum idity is shown in Table 1. The meteorological stations are located from West to East, so the increase in aridity in this direction is visible. The soils of this area are also variable (S k o r i c 1977) owing to the distinct relief, clim ate and geological substrate. Nevertheless, considering the intensive mechanical treatm ent and m anuring, the surface layer under the hoe cultures is rather uniform. The m ost im portant factor influencing th e form ation and composition of th e weed communities, the anthropogeneous factor, although present everywhere, is not the same. The influence is greater in the eastern, traditionally agricultural area, w here mechanical and chemical treatm ents and m anuring are m ore intensive. M e t h o d s The weed vegetation was investigated in different hoe cultures such as maize, sugar beet, vine, sunflower, tobaco and potato. The phytocenological investigations were made according to the phytocenological methods (B r a u n-b 1 a n q u e t 1964) and nomenclature is listed after Ehrendorfer (1973). About 500 vegetational records w ere m ade mostly in the summer aspect. 274 A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43, 1984.

3 H O E W E E D E G E T A T O N O F C R O A T A Table 1. Rain factors (monthly and yearly)* for the period u a a X X X X w o s c 8.2 st; CO CO > C\J rh o eg eg eg Tjt" o C - e r-t rh co O) O) rhh 03 C c/5 CO O rh CO c o Ttt e g CO CO CO CO c o CO o CO i-h CO Tft Tit o 0 5 CO o tr~ T < e g O CO o CO CO o CO o Tft e g CO 0 5 * 0 5 e g e i " Tít* e g CO CO CO CO T}t CO CO CO CO CO o CO CO 05 rh rh e g e g Ttt 05 CO CO 0 5 m rh eg e g rh rh rh rh rh O CO e g 0 5 CO rh o rh c o eg Tit c - e g rh CO o i CO co : c o e g e g in m Tjt ; LT5 Tít CO CO eg CO eg 0 5 m rh r - co Tit c o O c o e g Tft CO - it CO Tit Tft CO CO e g CO CO e g i n i CO CO r - CO CO 1 co i n c o CO rh i n ; ^ T^ c o e g CO CO t> O Tit CO CO CO m i n CO lo Tit CO m m i n i o i n 0 5 Tft CO CO c o o o rh CO e g r> m m CO CO i n Tit e g c o e g rh CO e g o o rh LO o rh CO CO m co r> T f rh m C - CO Tft rh T^ CO c o c o i n c Tit rh CO e g c o C-' rh c - c - c o rh o r o c o o m o c o 05 c c CO Tft eg" c o " c - co Tit Tit rh t> CO r"h rh i n 1 i e g TÍ* Tit o T3 tí 0) e >N co 7a a í J-* * 4 a c o W ) O o CO r t - t í, n o h cp > X m co two o>n O tí O 05 1=3 lo io Co" 05 C D ( O l O ^ ^ N > H ^ H ef 05 CO <0 Tjt r-h r-1 Tt1 Tft O CO CO 05 CO 05 CO Q O H H N O T* rjt ««T co" eg* 't n 1H CO00 05 eg co o o co o os eg os co co eg" eg* h COC- COCO CD O ri cr eg in co 1. Ttf Tjt" Tit" Ttt" Tf" co" eg co c'g co o o eg co co e5 co eg co 2 o H «e i co* in '-- t 1 1*CJ in w m i> in o ts co > * - o> r-4_ 05^ r-t t> m»h > >o ö co >C/2 w r c h «- - * C O tí tí tí 3 tí J 73 T3 o w + T3 *C tí According to the climatological data of the Hydrometeorological nstitute of the Socialist Republic of Croatia (K i r i g i n 1971) A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43,

4 JA S E N K A T O P C T a b le 2. A SS. PANC O -G AJN SO Ü ETU M Degree of presence subass. subass. eragrotypicum stietosum Characteristic species of the association Galinosoga parviflora Cav. Differential species of subassociation Cnenopodium hybridum L. Eragrostis megastachya (Koel.) Lk. Heliotropiwn europaeum L. Eragrostis minor Host. Reseda lutea L. Amaranthus albus L. Characteristic species of the alliance (Polygono-Chenopodion) Chenopodium polyspermum L. Oxalis fontana Bungei Mentha arvensis L. Stachys palustris L. Polygonum lapathifolium L. subsp. incanum (F. W. Schmidt) Schübl et M an. Characteristic species of the order (Chenopodietalia albi) Chenopodium album L. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) PB. Setaria glauca (L.) FB. Polygonum persicaria L. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Lamium purpureum L. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Sonchus oleraceus L. Euphorbia helioscopia L. Setaria viridis (L.) PB. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Solanum nigrum L. emend Miller Amaranthus lividus L. Geranium molle L. Setaria vertiüllata (L.) PB. Senecio vulgaris L. Lamium amplexicaule L. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Characteristic species of the class (Stellarietea mediae) Stellaria media (L.) ill. eronica persica Poir. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love Sonchus arvensis L. Anagallis arvensis L. Kickxia elatine (L.) Dum. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. 276 A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43, 1984.

5 H O E W E E D E G E T A T O N O F C R O A T A Sherardia arvensis L. Centaurea cyanus L. Anthemis arvensis L. Companions Convolvulus arvensis L. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Cirsiutn arvense (L.) Scop. Equisetwn arvense L. Roripa sylvestris (L.) Bess. Taraxacum officinale Web. Agropyron repens (L.) PB. Polygonum aviculare L. Calystegia sepium L. R. Br. Plantago major L. Rubus caesius L. Trifolium repens L. erbena officinalis L. Potentilla reptans L. Bidens tripartita L. Mentha longifolia Huds. emend Harley Portulaca olerácea L. Ranunculus repetís L. Daucus carota L. Glechoma hederacea L. Achillea millefolium L. ida sp. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Ranunculus sardous Cr. Medicago lupulina L. Matricaria chamomilla L. Gypsophilla muralis L. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poa annua L. Rumex crispus L. Symphytum officinale L. Lathyrus tuberosus L. Pulicaria vulgaris Gartn. Cichorium intybus L. Panicum capillare L. Artemisia vulgaris L. Chondrilla juncea L. Gnaphaliurn uliginosum L. Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill. Prunella vulgaris L. Lapsana communis L. Lythrum salicaria L. Trifolium pratense L. Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Plantago lanceolata L. Euphorbia esula L. Coronilla varia L. Carex hirta L. Robinia pseudacacia L. Scirpus sylvaticus L. Potentilla anserina L. aleriana officinalis L. Abutilón teophrasti Med. Xanthium strumarium L. Reseda lutea L. Datura stramonium L. alerianella dentara (L.) Pollich. A C T A H O T. C R O A T. O L. 43, 1984, 277

6 JA S E N K A T O P C T a b le 3. A SS. PANCO -M ERCU RALETU M AXiXU AE Degree of presence Characteristic species of the association Mercurialis annua L. Characteristic species of the alliance (.Polygono-Chenopodion) Chenopodium polyspermum L. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Mentha arvensis L. Stachys palustris L. Characteristic species of the alliance (Eragrostion) Chenopodium hybridum L. Hibiscus trionum L. Characteristic species of the order (Chenopodietalia albi) Chenopodium album L. Lamium purpureum L. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Setaria glauca (L.) PB. Euphorbia helioscopio L. Sonchus oleráceas L. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L. Her. Amaranthus lividus L. Caps ella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med. Setaria viridis (L.) PB. Fumaria officinalis L. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Solanum nigrum L. emend M iller Senecio vulgaris L. Polygonum persicaria L. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) PB. Geranium molle L. Atriplex patula L. Characteristic species of the class (Stellarietea mediae) eronica persica Poir. Sinapis arvensis L. Stellaria media (L.) ill. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love Stachys annua (L.) L. Sonchus arvensis L. Anagallis arvensis L. Cerinthe minor L. Anagallis foernina Mill. Companions Convolvulus arvensis L. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Polygonum avicidare L. Mentha longifolia Huds. emend Harley Calystegia sepittm (L.) R. Br. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 278 A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43, SM.

7 H O E W E E D E G E T A T O N O F C R O A T A Taraxacum officinale Web. Cvnodon daclylon (L. ) Pers Brassica napus L. icia sp. Coronilla varia L. Salvia verticillata L. Agropyron repens (L.) PB. Chondrilla juncea L. Rumex sp. Cichorium intybus L. Achillea millefolium L. Artemisia vulgaris L. Lapsana communis L. Potentilla reptans L. Medicago lupulina L. Lolium perenne L. Lathyrus tuberosas L. Ranunculus repens L. Trifolium repens L. Linaria vulgaris Hill. l l Results On the basis of phytocenological investigations of the hoe weed vegetation and analysis of the vegetational records the vegetation of the area investigated can be devided as follows: Class: Stellarietea mediae (Br.-Bl. 1932) Tx., Lohm., Prsg O rder: Chenopodietalia albi Tx. et Lohm Alliance: Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi Koch 1926 emend Sissing 1946' Association: Panico-Galinsogetum Tx. et Becker 1942 Association: Panico-Mercurialietum annuae (Allorge 1922) Tx Association: Galeopsio-Sperguletum arvensis Topic 1978 Alliance: Eragrostion Tx Association: Hibisco-Eragrostietum megastachyae (Felfoldy 1942) Tx The association Panico-Galinsogetum, spread over Middle Europe (Oberdorfer 1957, Ttixen 1950) is the most widely spread and frequent association in C roatia (Fig. 1). The floristical compound is shown in Table 2 according to 150 vegetational records. n this area the association Panico-Galinsogetum could be subdivided into tw o subassociations: Panico-Galinsogetum typicum and Panico-Galinsogetum eragrostietosum. The differential species of the subassociation eragrostietosum are the thermophilous species of the alliance Eragrostion. The subassociation typicum is spread over the largest part of continental Croatia, while the subass. eragrostietosum is spread in th e easternm ost p art of Slavonia and B aranja. The association Panico-Mercurialietum annuae is distributed on the warm, south-exposed slopes within the area of Panico-Galinsogetum These areas are mostly covered by vineyards. A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43,

8 J A S E N K A T O P C The floristic composition of the association is shown in Table 3, according to 11 vegetational records. The association Galeopsio-Sperguletum arvensis is spread on the westernmost part of the area, in Gorski Kotar, mostly on potato fields. The floristic composition is shown in Table 4 according to 14 vegetational records. The association Hibisco-Eragrostietum is distributed on the warm habitats of southern and southeastern Europe (T o p i 1978, T ii x e n 1950), and in Yugoslavia only in the eastern part. n the investigated area this association is spread in the easternmost parts of Slavonia and Baranja. The floristic composition is shown in Table 5 according to 36 vegetational records. Comparing the distribution of the weed vegetation mentioned and the characteristics of habitats one can conclude that the decisive factor for such phytogeographical distribution of the hoe weed vegetation in this area is the climate. The limiting factor for the failure of ass. Hibisco-Eragrostietum to spread westwards is lower temperature in the vegetational period, while the limiting factor for ass. Panico- -Galinsogetum towards East is moisture, because this community exists within the area of the alliance Eragrostion only on wet habitats. These investigations confirm the connection between zonal and weed vegetations. Generally, the distribution of ass. Panico-Galinsogetum corresponds to the distribution of zonal wood ass. Querco-Carpinetum illyricum, the ass. Galeopsio-Sperguletum with the zonal beech woods, and the distribution of ass. Hibisco-Eragrostietum with the distribution of the zone Aceri tatarici-quercion. The area of Panico-Mercurialietum annuae corresponds to the extrazonal vegetation of the order Quercetalia pubescentis. The same regularity is obvious in relation with other types of vegetation, for example grassland (lijanic 1973, lijanic and S e g u 1 j a 1978) and ruderal (Markovii 1979) vegetation. Conclusions Extended phytocenological investigations of the hoe weed vegetation in the continental part of Croatia allow the following conclusions: 1. The hoe weed vegetation belongs to the class Stellarietea mediae to the order Chenopodietalia albi and to the alliances Polygono-Chenopodion and Eragrostion. 2. The alliance Polygono-Chenopodion includes the associations Panico-Galinsogetum subass. typicum, and subass. eragrostietosum, ass. Panico-Mercurialietum annuae and ass. Galeopsio-Sperguletum arvensis. To the alliance Eragrostion in this area belongs the ass. Hibisco-Eragrostietum. 3. The largest area is coverd by the communities of the alliance Polygono-Chenopodion, while the alliance Eragrostion is spread only in the easternmost part. Such phytogeographical distribution is conditioned by climate differences between the western, humid, and the eastern, more arid area A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43, 1984.

9 H O E W E E D E G E T A T O N O F C R O A T A T a b le 4. A SS. GALEOPSO-SPERGULETUM A E E N S S Degree of presence Characteristic species of the association Spergula arvensis L. Scleranthus annum L. Characteristic species of the alliance (.Polygono-Chenopodion) Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Polygonum lapathifoliutn L. subsp. incanum (F. W. Schmidt) Schübl. et Mart. Geranium glomeratum Thuill. Characteristic species of the order (Ckenopcdietalia albi) Chenopodium album L. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med. Polygonum persicaria L. Lamium purpureum L. Polygonum lapathifoliutn L. Euphorbia heliosccpia L. Sonchus asper L. Characteristic species of the class (Stellarietea mediae) Galeopsis tetrahit L. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love eronica persica Poir. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Silene gallica L. Stellaria media (L.) ill. Sinapis arvensis L. Anagallis arvensis L. Anthemis arvensis L. iola arvensis M urray Companions Polygonum aviculare L. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Ranunculus repens L. Rumex acetosella L. Trifolium repens L. Convolvulus arvensis L. eronica verna L. Taraxacum officinale Web. icia sp. Plantago lanceolata L. Holcus mollis L. A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43,

10 JA S E N K A T O P C T a b le 5. A SS. H BSCO-ERAG RO STETU M MEG A S T A C H Y A E Degree of presence Characteristic species of the association Eragrostis nlegastachya (Koel.) Lk. Hibiscus trionum L. Characteristic species of the alliance (Eragrostion) Heliotropiurn europaewn L. Chenopodium hybridum L. Portidaca olerácea L. Amaranthus albus L. Eragrostis minor Host. Characteristic species of the order (Chenopodietalia albi) Chenopodium album L. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Setaria glauca (L.) PB. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Setaria viridis (L.) PB. Solatium nigrum L. emend Miller Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) PB. Sonchus oleraceus L. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med. Setaria verticillata (L.) PB. Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Euphorbia helioscopio L. Chenopodium polyspertmmi L. Polygonum persicaria L. Lamium purpureum L. Geranium molle L. Senecio vulgaris L. Lamium amplexicaulc L. Stachys palustris L. Characteristic species of the class (Stellarietea mediae) Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Lóve Stellaria media (L.) ill. eronica pérsica Poir. Sonchus arvensis L. Sinapis arvensis L. Stachys annua (L.) L. Anagallis arvensis L. Kickxia elatine (L.) Dum. Anthemis arvensis L. Nonnea pulla (L.) DC. Galium tricornutum Dandy l l l l l l l l 282 A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43, 1984.

11 H O E W E E D E G E T A T O N O r C R O A T A Companions Convolvulus arvensis L. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. ll Lathyrus tuberosas L. Taraxacum officinale Web. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. erbena officinalis L. Rubtis caesius L. Ambrosia artcmisiifolia L. Polygonum avicularc L. Chondrilla juncea L. Alentha longifolia Huds. emend Harley Datura stramoniwn L. Reseda lutea L. Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. Euphorbia estila L. Daucus carota L. Plantago major L. icia sp. Panicum capillare L. Medicago lupulina L. Euphorbia falcóla L. Robinia pseudacacia L. Brassica napus L. 1 Artemisia -vulgaris L. Aledicago sativa L. Glechoma hederacea L. Euphorbia peplus L. Artemisia annua L. Aristolochia clematitis L. Agropyron repetís (L.) PB. Cichorium intybus L. Silene alba (Mill.) E. H. L. Krause Sambucas ebulus L. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Alalva sylvestris L. Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. Rumex obtusifolius L. Literature Braun-Blanquet, J., 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. Dritte Auflage, Springer erlag, Wien New York. Ehrendorfer, F., (edit.) 1973: Liste der Gefässpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Gustav Fischer erlag, Stuttgart. llijanić, Lj., 1973: Allgemeiner Überblick über die wechselfeuchten Niederungswiesen Jugoslawiens im Zusammenhang mit den klimatischen erhältnissen. Acta Bot. Acad. Sei. Hungar. 19 (1 4), llijanić, Lj., N. Segulja, 1978: Zur pflanzensoziologischen Gliederung der Glatthaferwiesen Nordkroatiens. Acta Bot. Croat. 37, Kirigin, B. (edit.), 1971: Građa za klimu Hrvatske, Klimatski podaci SR Hrvatske za razdoblje , Republički hidrometeorološki zavod, Zagreb, Ser., 5. Marković, Lj., 1979: Das Sclerochloo-Polygonetum avicularis in der Trittvegetation Nordostkroatiens. Acta Bot. Croat. 28, 87 94, Oberdörfer, E., 1957: Süddeutsche Pflanzengesellschaften. Pflanzensoziol. 10, Jena. Skorić, A., 1977: Tipovi naših tala. Sveučilišna naklada Liber, Zagreb. A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43,

12 J A S E N K A T O P C Topić, J., 1978: Sintaksonomsko raščlanjenje korovne vegetacije okopavina kontinentalnog područja Jugoslavije. Fragm. herbologica Jugoslavica, Tüxen, R., 1950: Grundriss einer Systematik der nitrophilen Unkrautgesellschaften in der Eurosibirischen Region Europas. Mitt. Florist.-soz. Arbeitsgem. Stolzenau/Wesser. SAŽETAK F T O C E N O L O S K E F T O G E O G R A F S K E Z N A Č A JK E E G E T A C JE O K O P A N S K H K O R O A U K O N T N E N T A L N O M P O D R U Č JU H R A T S K E Jasenka Topić (P e d a g o š k i f a k u lte t S v e u č iliš ta u O sije k u ) U razdoblju od do izvršena su fitocenološka istraživanja korovne vegetacije okopavina u kontinentalnom području Hrvatske s ciljem da se upozna fitocenološki i fitogeografski položaj te dotad relativno slabo istražene vegetacije u tom području. straživanja pokazuju da korovna vegetacija okopavina pripada razredu Stellarietea mediae, iredu Chenopodietalia albi te dvjema svezama, Polygono-Chenopodiort polyspermi i Eragrostion. Sveza Polygono-Chenopodion rasprostranjena je na najvećem dijelu istraživanoga područja, a pripadaju joj asocijacije Panico-Galinsogetum (subas. typicum i subas. eragrostietosum), Panico-Mercurialietum annuae i Galeopsio-Sperguletum arvensis. Svezi Eragrostion pripada u istraživanom području samo asocijacija Hibisco-Eragrostietum megastaćhyae, koja je vezana za n ajistočniji dio H rvatske. Takva fitocenološka i fitogeografska raščlanjenost istraživane korovne vegetacije pokazuje značajnu pravilnost u odnosu na fitogeografsku raščlanjenost područja na tem elju zonalne vegetacije Hrvatske, što je u najužoj vezi s klim atskim prilikam a područja. Asocijacije Panico-Galinsogetum i Panico-Mercurialietum predstavljaju sastavni dio specifičnog vegetacijskog kompleksa zone Carpinion betuli illyricum, asocijacija Galeopsio-Sperguletum zone Fagion illyricum, a Hibisco-Eragrostietum sastavni je dio specifičnog vegetacijskog kompleksa šumostepske zone Aceri tatarici-quercion. To potvrđuje da i korovna vegetacija koja se razvija pod vrlo in tenzivnim antropogenim utjecajim a odražava općeklim atske prilike istraživanog područja. D r. Jasenka Topić P e d a g o š k i f a k u lte t J o ž e la h o v ić a 9 YU O sijek (Ju g o slav ija ) 284 A C T A B O T. C R O A T. O L. 43, 1984.