Application and Research on Ephedra Resource

Transcription

1 2002, 19 (4) : Chinese Bulletin of Botany ( ) 2 ( ),,,, Application and Research on Ephedra Resource 1 ZHA Li- Hang 1 SU Zhi- Guo 2 ZHANG Guo- Zheng 1 OUYANG Fan 1 ( Institute of Process Engineering, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, The State Key lab of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing ) 2 ( Xinjiang TUOFENG Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Akesu ) Abstract This review presents a brief outline of the Ephedra resource status in resent years, the characteristic and metabolism pathway of ephedrine, the methods of obtaining ephedrine by chemical synthesis, extraction from plant, plant cell culture and fermentation. The advance and influence factors of plant cell culture from Ephedra are discussed in detail. This study represents an initial at2 tempt to protect the wild resources and environment. It is emphasized that the biotechnology is the important method in dissolving the short of Ephedra resources and protecting the environment of the ephedrine production process. Key words Biometabolic pathway, Ephedra, Ephedrine, Plant tissue culture, Resource,,, 1 :1) :,, :, 6,, : : :

2 4 : 397, ;,, 2) :,,, 3) : 4) :, 5) : (,1995 ;,1993) ( Ephedra), 12, ( E. sinica Stapf) ( E. equisitina Bunge) ( E. intermedia Schrenk ex Mey) ( E. intermedia var. tibetica Stapf) ( E. likiangensis Florin) ( E. monosperma Gmel. ex Mey) ( E. minuta var. dioeca C. Y. Cheng) ( E. gerardiana Wall ) ( E. saxatilis Royle ex Florin) ( E. lomatolepis Schrenk) ( E. lepidosperma C. Y. Cheng) ( E. pezewalskii Stapf) (,1989b) 23 (,1997) 1985 ( E. equisetina Bunge) ( E. sinica Stapf) ( E. intermedia Schrenk ex Mey), , ( E. equisetina Bge) ( E. intermedia Schrenk et Mey) ( E. glauca Rgl), ( E. sinica Stapf),,,, 10 5 m 2, 5 10, 2 3, (,1991),, ( E. intermedia Schrenk et Mey) ( E. przewalskii Stapf), ( E. equisetina Bge) ( E. sinica Stapf) ( R. przewalskii var. kaschgarica) (, 1995), ( E. sinica Stapf), ( E. equisetina Bge) ( E. intermedia Schrenk et Mey) :,

3 398 19, 69 : : ; ; ,, % % (, 1999 ;,1988) 8, 800, 50 %(,1994) (,1995),, 50 % 1. 3 % 0. 7 % 0. 8 % 30 %,, 200,, 0. 6,1. 9 (C 10 H 15 NO) 0. 8 % kg, 50, 1000 (, 1998,) 2001, (,1994) (,1995) 2 3, % 2. 5 % (, 1998 ;,1991) 2. 8, 5000,, 2, 200

4 4 : : (l-ephedrine) (d-pseudoephedrine) (1-N-methylephedrine) (d-n-methylpseudoephedrine) (l-norephedrine) d-norepseudoephedrine) 2,3,5,6- (2,3- tetram2 ethylpyrazine) 1- - (1- -terpineol) ; - ( -terpineol), -4 (terpineol-4), (myrcene), (dihydrocarveol), ,1,3, (,1989a ;,1998) 1 ( %) Table 1 Ephedrine content in Ephedra ( %) Burn (1950), Robinson (1955) ( E. distachya), 1 Yamazaki (1973) E. gerardiana, C 2 -N 2 (Burn and Sir, 1950 ; Robingson,1955 ; Shibata and Imaseki,1956 ; Yamazaki, 1969,1973) C2-N, , ;, HBr CH 3 OH 1,2- -1-

5 400 19, ;, 3 (,1960 ;,1957), ( Yamazaki et al, 1973) 1 Robinson (Robinson, 1955) Fig. 1 The ephedrine metabolic pathway of Ephedra reported by Robinson 2 Yamazaki ( Yamazaki, 1973) Fig. 2 The ephedrine metabolic pathway of Ephedra reported by Yamazaki 312 : , (,1956) ,,,, 5 (,1956 ;,2000 ;,2001 ;,1994)

6 4 : (,1960) Fig. 3 The chemical synthesis pathway of ephedrine 4 (,1956) Fig. 4 Production of ephedrine by water - vapour distillation from Ephedra (,1957),

7 (,1998) 5 Fig. 5 Production of ephedrine by extraction from Ephedra 6 Fig. 6 Production of ephedrine by ion exchange from Ephedra 313 ( Candida utilis), 7 ( Hynoun,1996),

8 4 : g/ L, Zerman Adamek (1995) (Shin, 1996) Fig. 7 The half synthesis pathway of ephedrine by microfermantation 314 : Ramawat Arya (1976) E. gerardiana, ( m) ; IAA GA 3, NAA KT BA :1), ;2) ;3), ;4) O Dowd (1993) E. andina, MS 5. 0 mol/ L 2,4-D mol/ L KT % (2000) ( E. intermedia), MS + 2mg/ L 2,4-D + 1mg/ L 6-BA, % , 0. 2 % 0. 6 % (Song et al,1991) Ramawat Arya (1979a) E. gerardiana, NAA IBA 10 mg/ L,KT 0. 5 mg/ L, 16 h, 1000 lux, 8, 20 mg/ L,2,4-D 0. 1 mg/ L,6BA 0. 5 mg/ L,

9 % ( Yamazaki et al,1969 ; Ramawart and Arya,1979b) Sankar (2001) S. rhombifolia, S. acuta, S. rhombifolia and S. cordifolia,, 50 mg/ L 100 mg/ L Shukla (1980) E. foliata,, 1000 lux % ; % % % % % Ramawat Arya (1977) MS E. gerardiana E. foliata, :1) ;2) 2. 5 %, ; 4 % 6 % 3 %, E. gerardiana E. foliata ;3) E. gerardiana E. foliata 5 10,,30 30 % 50 %, 0. 3 % 0. 6 % 0. 8 % 1. 5 % ( E. equisetina), ; 2. 0 % 3. 0 % ; Ti E. equisetina, 5 30 (,2001) A., :, ,2001.,CN C,,,,2000..,6(1) :36 38,,,,,, ZL , :,

10 4 : 405,1957. ( I).,2 : ,1991.., :, ,, CN C,1956., :,34 46,,,, ( ),, 2 : ,,,, ,18(5) : ,,,, , 21(7) : ,1988.., :25 29,1991.., :, ,,1995.., (8) :430,,1995.., 4(1) :64,,, , 25 (8) : ,,1993. ( I). :, ,1994.., 3 (4) :63 64,,,1999.., 22 (8) : ,,,1989a.., 24 (12) : ,,,1989b.,, 24 (11) : ,, CN A, CN A,,,1998.., 12 :720 Ann, Annual Survey Report, Pharmaceutical Mannfactures Association, Washington,D. C. Burn J H, Sir J B, Fundation Lecture, Nottingham Univ, 1 O Dowd N A, McCaulay P G, Richardson D H S, Wilson G, Callus production, suspension culture and in vitro alkaloids yields of Ephedra. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 34 : O Dowd N A, McCaulay P G, Wilson G, Parnell J A N, Kavanagh T A K, McConnell D J, Ephedra species in vitro culture. Micropropogation and the production of ephedrine and other alkaloids. Biotechnol Agric For, 41 : Ramawat K G, Arya H C, Growth and mophogenesis in callus cultures of Ephdra geradiana. Phytomorphology,26 : Ramawat K G, Arya H C, Carbohydrate nuitrition of Ephedra tissue growth in culture. Indian J Exp Biol, 15(1) : Ramawart K G, Arya H C, 1979a. Effect of some growth regulators on ephedrine production in Ephedra gerardiana callus culture. Indian J Exp Biol, 17 (2) : Ramawat K G, Arya H C, 1979b. Effect of amino acids on ephedrine production in Ephedra geradiana callus cultures. Phytochem2 istry, 18 : Robinson R, Structural Relation of National Productions. London : Oxford, 54 Sankar M A, Nair G S, Augsting A, Ephedrine synthesis in vitro cultures of Sida species through precursor feeding. J Med Aromat Plant Sci, 22/ 4A 23/ 1A : Shibata S, Imaseki I, Phytochemical investigation on cultutivation of medicinal plants. X Chem Pharm Bull ( Tokyo), 4 : Shukla R M, Effect of light quality on ephedrine production in Epedra foliata callus culture. Indian Drugs, 17 (12) : Shin H S, Rogers P L, Production of L- Phenylaccerylarbinol (L- PAC) from benzaldehyde using patially purified by pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC). Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 49 :52 62 Song K S, Ishikawa Y, Kabayashi S, Sankawa U, Ebozuka Y, N-acylamino acids from Ephedra distachya cultures. Phyto2 Chemistry, 31 : Yamazaki K, Sankawa U, Shibata S, Biosynthesis of ephedrine in Ephedra participation of C 6 - C 1 unit. Tedrahedron Letter, 47 : Yamazaki K, Tamaki T, Uzawa S, Sankawa U, Shibata S, Participation of C 6 -C 1 unit in the biosynthesis of ephedrine in Ephedra. Phetochemistry, 12 : Zerman R, Adamek F, Biosynthesis of L- (-)-l-phenyl-1- hydroxypropanone by Yeast, 23 ed Annual Conference on Yeasts, Commission on Yeasts of the Czechoslovak Society for Miobiology, Smolenice, Solovak Republic, 2 4, March