List of Abbreviations

Transcription

1 List of Abbreviations. List of Abbreviations Abbreviation : Description PGR : Plant growth regulator IAA : Indole acetic acid TDZ : Thidiazuron 2,4-D : 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 4-CPA : 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid ATP : Adenosine triphosphate ALS : Acetolactate synthase AHAS : Acetohydroxyacid synthase VLCFAs : Very-long-chain fatty acids KCS : Ketoacyl-CoA synthase VLCFAEs : Very-long-chain fatty acid elongases DNA : Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA : Ribonucleic acid Q A/B : Quinone (A/B) % : Percentage C : Degree centigrade m. p. : Melting point TLC : Thin layer chromatography hr(s) : Hour(s) min : Minutes µg : Microgram mg : Milligram g : Gram kg : Kilogram nm : Nanometer mm : Millimeter cm : Centimeter µl : Microliter ml : Milliliter L : Liter µm : Micromolar

2 List of Abbreviations. ha mol IR FTIR NMR UV LC-MS No. RT TMS DMF DMSO ppm i.e. π β ω s d t m EC N P K : Hectare : Mole : Infra red : Fourier transform infrared : Nuclear magnetic resonance : Ultra violet : Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy : Number : Room temperature : Tetra methyl silane : N,N -dimethylformamide : Dimethyl sulphoxide : Parts per million : That is : Pi : Beta : Omega : Singlet : Doublet : Triplet : Multiplet : Electrical conductivity : Nitrogen : Phosphate : Potash

3 INDEX Sr. No. Contents Page No. Dedication Declaration Certificate Acknowledgements Publications and Presentations List of Abbreviations List of Tables List of Figures CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Plant Growth Regulators 1.1 Introduction Agrochemicals 3 Classification of Agrochemicals Pesticides Fertilizers Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) 4 Classification of Plant Hormones/Growth Regulators 5 Auxins 5 Discovery of Auxins 5 Biosynthesis of Auxin 6 Functions of Auxins 7 Gibberellins 8 Discovery of Gibberellins 8 Biosynthesis of Gibberellins 8 Functions of Gibberellins 10 Cytokinins 10 Discovery of Cytokinins 10 Biosynthesis of Cytokinins 11 Functions of Cytokinins 12 Ethylene 13

4 Discovery of Ethylene 13 Biosynthesis of Ethylene 13 Functions of Ethylene 14 Abscisic Acid 14 Discovery of Abscisic Acid 15 Biosynthesis of Abscisic Acid 15 Functions of Abscisic Acid Important Roles of Plant Growth Regulators 17 Germination 17 Rooting 17 Callus Induction 17 Growth Inhibitor 17 Growth Retardant 17 Thinner 17 Chemical Pruning 17 Defoliant 18 Desiccant 18 Fruit Ripener 18 General Mode of Entry of PGR/Hormone into Plant Cell Herbicides 19 Weed Mode of Action of Herbicides 19 Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors 19 Photosynthesis Inhibitors 19 Mitosis Inhibitors 20 Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitors 20 Auxin Mimics Heterocyclic Compounds as Plant Growth Regulators Heterocyclic Compounds as Herbicides Statement of the Present Work 27 References 28

5 CHAPTER 2 Synthesis, Characterization and Plant Growth Regulator Activities of Some Substituted 2-Aminobenzothiazole Derivatives 2.1 Introduction 34 Benzothiazole Materials and Methods Experimental Plant Growth Regulator Activity 58 Petri dish Assay 58 Photographs of Petri Dish Assay of Wheat 61 Field Trial 66 Photographs of Field Trial Antimicrobial Activity Results and Discussion Conclusion 72 References 73 CHAPTER 3 Synthesis, Characterization and Plant Growth Regulator Activities of Thiourea Derivatives of Substituted 2-Aminothiazoles 3.1 Introduction 78 Thiourea/urea Materials and Methods Experimental Plant Growth Regulator Activity 99 Petri dish Assay 99 Photographs of Petri dish Assay of Mung bean 102 Plant Tissue Culture Assay 105 Glycyrrhiza glabra 105 MS Media 106 Callus Culture 106 Photographs of Plant Tissue Culture Assay of Glycyzrrhiza glabra (leaf culture) Antimicrobial Activity 110

6 3.6 Results and Discussion Conclusion 114 References 115 CHAPTER 4 Green Synthesis, Characterization and Plant Growth Regulator Activities of Some 4-Substituted-N-aryl-1,3-thiazole-2-amines 4.1 Introduction 120 Thiazole A Review on Methods of Synthesis of Thiazoles Materials and Methods Experimental Plant Growth Regulator Activity 144 Pot Assay 144 Pot Assay for Mung bean 145 Photographs of Mung bean Pot Assay 147 Pot Assay for Wheat 151 Photographs of Wheat Pot Assay Antimicrobial Activity Results and Discussion Conclusion 161 References 162

7 List of Figures. List of Figures No. Title Page No. 1 Pesticides used pattern of India 2 2 Classification of agrochemicals 3 3 Avena curvature test 6 4 Biosynthetic pathways of IAA 7 5 Biosynthetic pathway of gibberellins 9 6 Biosynthetic pathways of zeatin 12 7 Biosynthetic pathway of ethylene 14 8 Biosynthetic pathways of ABA 16 9 General mode of entry of plant hormone/pgr into plant cell H NMR spectrum of 2-(2-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(6-methyl 44 benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (7c) 11 Mass spectrum of 2-(2-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(6-45 methylbenzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (7c) 12 IR spectrum of 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(benzothiazol-2-yl) 46 acetamide (7e) 13 1 H NMR spectrum of 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(benzothiazol-2-47 yl) acetamide (7e) 14 Mass spectrum of 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(benzothiazol-2-yl) 48 acetamide (7e) C NMR spectrum of 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(benzothiazol-2- yl) acetamide (7e) H NMR spectrum of 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(6-methyl 50 benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (7g) 17 Mass spectrum of 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(6-51 methylbenzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (7g) 18 1 H NMR spectrum of 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(6-methoxy 52 benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (7h) 19 Mass spectrum of 2-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-N-(6-methoxy 53 benzothiazole-2-yl)acetamide (7h) 20 1 H NMR spectrum of 2-(4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-N-(4- methylbenzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (7j) 54

8 List of Figures. 21 Mass spectrum of 2-(4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-N-(4- methyl benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (7j) IR spectrum of 2-(4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-N-(6-56 methoxy benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (7l) 23 1 H NMR spectrum of 2-(4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-N-(6-57 methoxybenzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (7l) 24 Average shoot length of wheat seedlings Average root length of wheat seedlings Antifungal activity of compounds 7(a-l) IR spectrum of 1-Benzoyl-3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]- thiourea (13a) 28 1 H NMR spectrum of 1-Benzoyl-3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-thiazol- 2-yl] -thiourea (13a) 29 Mass spectrum of 1-Benzoyl-3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-thiazol-2- yl]-thiourea (13a) C NMR spectrum of 1-Benzoyl-3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-thiazol- 2-yl]-thiourea (13a) 31 1 H NMR spectrum of 1-(2-Chlorobenzoyl)-3-[4-(4- chlorophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-thiourea (13b) 32 Mass spectrum of 1-(2-Chlorobenzoyl)-3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)- thiazol-2-yl]-thiourea (13b) 33 1 H NMR spectrum of 1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-3- (furan-3-carbonyl)-thiourea (13d) 34 Mass spectrum of 1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-3- (furan-3-carbonyl)-thiourea (13d) 35 1 H NMR spectrum of 1-Benzoyl-3-[4-(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol- 2-yl] -thiourea (13e) 36 Mass spectrum of 1-Benzoyl-3-[4-(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2- yl]-thiourea (13e) 37 1 H NMR spectrum of 1-(2-Chlorobenzoyl)-3-[4-(4- methoxyphenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-thiourea (13j) 38 Mass spectrum of 1-(2-Chlorobenzoyl)-3-[4-(4- methoxyphenyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-thiourea (13j)

9 List of Figures. 39 Average shoot length of mung bean seedlings Average root length of mung bean seedling Photographs of Glycyrrhiza glabra in wild, in pot and in shoot 105 tip tissue culture 42 1 H NMR spectrum of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(4-methyl phenyl) thiazol-2-amine (16c) Mass spectrum of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(4-135 methylphenyl)thiazol-2-amine (16c) 44 1 H NMR spectrum of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl) 136 thiazol-2-amine (16d) 45 Mass spectrum of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl) 137 thiazol-2-amine (16d) 46 IR spectrum of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-N-phenylthiazol-2-amine (16f) H NMR spectrum of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-N-phenylthiazol amine (16f) 48 IR spectrum of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-N-(2-methylphenyl)thiazol amine (16g) 49 1 H NMR spectrum of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-N-(2-methylphenyl) 141 thiazol-2-amine (16g) 50 1 H NMR spectrum of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl) 142 thiazol-2-amine (16i) 51 1 H NMR spectrum of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl) 143 thiazol-2-amine (16j) 52 Average shoot length of mung bean seedlings in pot Average shoot length of wheat seedlings in pot Antifungal activity of compounds 16(a-j) 157