NATURE OF SCIENCE & LIFE. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11

Transcription

1 NATURE OF SCIENCE & LIFE Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11

2 Nature Science Process of asking questions 2

3 Nature Science Process of asking questions Questions that involve logical reasoning 3

4 Nature Science Process of asking questions Questions that involve logical reasoning 2 types logical reasoning 4

5 Nature Science Process of asking questions Questions that involve logical reasoning 2 types logical reasoning Deductive reasoning 5

6 Nature Science Process of asking questions Questions that involve logical reasoning 2 types logical reasoning Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning 6

7 Nature Science Deductive reasoning Applies general principal to specific cases 7

8 Nature Science Deductive reasoning Applies general principal to specific cases Used to test validity of scientific idea If principle does not work in specific situation, it isn t a valid principle 8

9 Nature Science Deductive reasoning Applies general principal to specific cases Used to test validity of scientific idea If principle does not work in specific situation, it isn t a valid principle Much of our everyday life is run by deductive reasoning (applying the principles we ve learned to new situations) 9

10 Nature Science Inductive reasoning Determines general principles from examination of specific cases 10

11 Nature Science Inductive reasoning Determines general principles from examination of specific cases General principles explain how & why phenomena occur 11

12 Nature Science Inductive reasoning Determines general principles from examination of specific cases General principles explain how & why phenomena occur General principles can applied later to other situations (used deductively) 12

13 Nature of Science Many possible explanations for how/why How do we know which is correct? 13

14 Nature of Science Many possible explanations for how/why How do we know which is correct? Use Scientific Method 14

15 Scientific Method Observation Question Hypothesis Experiment Prediction Run experiment Analysis Accept/reject hypothesis 15

16 Scientific Method Observationabout phenomenon you find interesting 16

17 Scientific Method Observationabout phenomenon you find interesting Question(eg, why does it happen that way?) 17

18 Scientific Method observationabout phenomenon you find interesting question(eg, why does it happen that way?) Develop hypothesis (possible answer to question) 18

19 Scientific Method Hypothesis must be valid 19

20 Scientific Method Hypothesis must be valid Cause and effect 20

21 Scientific Method Hypothesis must be valid Cause and effect Only one variable 21

22 Scientific Method Hypothesis must be valid Cause and effect Only one variable Be testable 22

23 Scientific Method Hypothesis must be valid Cause and effect Only one variable Be testable Not anthropomorphic Not imply human emotions to non-human entity 23

24 Scientific Method Hypothesis must be valid Cause and effect Only one variable Be testable Not anthropomorphic Not imply human emotions to non-human entity Not teleological Not imply purpose 24

25 Scientific Method Design experiment to test hypothesis 25

26 Scientific Method Design experiment to test hypothesis Make prediction as to outcome of experiment If I (explain expt), then (predict outcome) 26

27 Scientific Method Design experiment to test hypothesis Make prediction as to outcome of experiment If I (explain expt), then (predict outcome) Run experiment and record results 27

28 Scientific Method Design experiment to test hypothesis Make prediction as to outcome of experiment If I (explain expt), then (predict outcome) Run experiment and record results Analyze results 28

29 Scientific Method Design experiment to test hypothesis Make prediction as to outcome of experiment If I (explain expt), then (predict outcome) Run experiment and record results Analyze results Provisionally accept hypothesis if prediction correct OR-reject hypothesis if prediction incorrect 29

30 Scientific Method 30

31 Scientific Method Provisionally accepted hypothesis not immediately accepted as fact 31

32 Scientific Method Provisionally accepted hypothesis not immediately accepted as fact Scientists open to new evidence which might disprove hypothesis 32

33 Scientific Method Provisionally accepted hypothesis not immediately accepted as fact Scientists open to new evidence which might disprove hypothesis Spontaneous generation Mice recipe 33

34 Scientific Method Provisionally accepted hypothesis not immediately accepted as fact Scientists open to new evidence which might disprove hypothesis Spontaneous generation Mice recipe Flies 34

35 Scientific Method Provisionally accepted hypothesis not immediately accepted as fact Scientists open to new evidence which might disprove hypothesis Spontaneous generation Mice recipe Flies Red wine & cardiovascular disease 35

36 Scientific Method Theory Hypothesis which has never been proven wrong Great amount of evidence 36

37 Scientific Method Theory Hypothesis which has never been proven wrong Great amount of evidence Can be used to predict natural phenomena 37

38 Scientific Method Theory Hypothesis which has never been proven wrong Great amount of evidence Can be used to predict natural phenomena Science (including Biology) based on theories Hypotheses which are consistent with observations and never proven wrong 38

39 What criteria qualify as scientific? 39

40 What criteria qualify as scientific? Must be observable Must be able to be tested Must be falsifiable 40

41 What criteria qualify as scientific? Must be observable Must be able to be tested Must be falsifiable Ideas that are not observable or testable Beliefs Not necessarily wrong Not science 41

42 Mechanism vs. Vitalism Mechanism Science Holds to philosophy that universe governed by set of natural laws that explain all events 42

43 Mechanism vs. Vitalism Mechanism Science Holds to philosophy that universe governed by set of natural laws that explain all events Vitalism Religion Holds to philosophy that universe governed by supernatural power(s) that guide behavior of natural phenomena, gave rise to life, etc. 43

44 Mechanism vs. Vitalism Mechanism and vitalism not mutually exclusive 44

45 Mechanism vs. Vitalism Mechanism and vitalism not mutually exclusive Basic science does not incorporate vitalistic ideas (even though they may be RIGHT) Not testable 45

46 NATURE OF LIFE What is life? 46

47 NATURE OF LIFE What is life? General concept that is usually applied Movement Response to stimuli Need food Die 47

48 Nature of Life Criteria that will always work (not those listed in text) All five must be present 48

49 Nature of Life Criteria that will always work (not those listed in text) All five must be present 1. Composed of one or more cells 49

50 Nature of Life Criteria that will always work (not those listed in text) All five must be present 1. Composed of one or more cells 2. Metabolism (use energy to maintain life and grow) 50

51 Nature of Life Criteria that will always work (not those listed in text) All five must be present 1. Composed of one or more cells 2. Metabolism (use energy to maintain life and grow) 3. Capable of reproduction Cells Offspring 51

52 Nature of Life Criteria that will always work (not those listed in text) All five must be present 1. Composed of one or more cells 2. Metabolism (use energy to maintain life and grow) 3. Capable of reproduction Cells Offspring 4. Possess genetic material 52

53 Nature of Life Criteria that will always work (not those listed in text) All five must be present 1. Composed of one or more cells 2. Metabolism (use energy to maintain life and grow) 3. Capable of reproduction Cells Offspring 4. Possess genetic material 5. Homeostasis (maintain constant internal environment even when external environment is changing) Salinity, ph, sometimes temperature 53

54 Nature of Life Other traits often listed 54

55 Nature of Life Other traits often listed Response to changes in internal and external environment Pain, danger, temperature, etc. 55

56 Nature of Life Other traits often listed Response to changes in internal and external environment Pain, danger, temperature, etc. Evolve over time Natural selection insures best fit genetic variation survive 56

57 Nature of Life Some non-living entities can have major impact on living organisms in a manner that makes us want to call them living 57

58 Nature of Life Some non-living entities can have major impact on living organisms in a manner that makes us want to call them living Viruses 58

59 Nature of Life Some non-living entities can have major impact on living organisms in a manner that makes us want to call them living Viruses Prions 59

60 Nature of Life Some non-living entities can have major impact on living organisms in a manner that makes us want to call them living Viruses Prions These entities are not alive 60

61 Nature of Life Some non-living entities can have major impact on living organisms in a manner that makes us want to call them living Viruses Prions These entities are not alive Do not meet 5 criteria to be considered living 61