15 2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin's Thinking

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2 Belief of his time 1. Earth was young (~4,000 years old) 2. Plants/ animals never changed 2 of 27

3 An Ancient, Changing Earth Fossils challenged both of these Beliefs 3 of 27

4 Geologist gave evidence for an older earth James Hutton Charles Lyell 4 of 27

5 An Ancient, Changing Earth Earth is many millions of years old the processes that changed Earth in the past = same processes that operate in the present. 5 of 27

6 An Ancient, Changing Earth Hutton and Geological Change geological forces act slowly 6 of 27

7 An Ancient, Changing Earth Lyell's Principles of Geology Past events explained by processes that they can actually observe. Processes continue in the present. 7 of 27

8 An Ancient, Changing Earth 8 of 27

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16 An Ancient, Changing Earth Darwin thought If the Earth could change over time, life might change as well. It would have taken many years (millions) for life to change This would have been possible only if the Earth were extremely old. 16 of 27

17 Other scientists think about evolution 17 of 27

18 Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses Lamarck stated: living things changed over time. species were descended from other species. organisms were adapted to their environments. 18 of 27

19 Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses Tendency Toward Perfection Lamarck: organisms have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection. They are continually changing and acquiring features that are adaptations. 19 of 27

20 Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses Lamarck's Hypothesis 20 of 27

21 Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses Lamarck's Hypothesis 21 of 27

22 Lamarck's Evolution Hypotheses Evaluating Lamarck's Hypotheses Wrong on some Key items An organism can not acquire a trait during its life time. Using a characteristic does not make it inheritable 22 of 27

23 Population Growth Population Growth: Thomas Malthus noted that babies were being born faster than people were dying of old age. The only forces he observed that worked against this growth were war, famine, and disease. 23 of 27

24 Population Growth If the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone. 24 of 27

25 Population Growth Darwin applied to plants and animals. Darwin thought that there is a struggle to survive in nature. 25 of 27

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28 15 2 Continue to: - or - Click to Launch: 28 of 27

29 15 2 Hutton and Lyell recognized that geological processes a. of the past differ from those of the present. b. indicate that Earth is many millions of years old. c. operate quickly, often over thousands of years. d. always involve violent events like volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods. 29 of 27

30 15 2 The discovery of many fossils challenged the idea that a. acquired traits could be inherited. b. Earth is many millions of years old. c. species had never changed over time. d. geological changes are slow. 30 of 27

31 15 2 Which of the following scientists proposed the hypothesis of selective use and disuse? a. Charles Darwin b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck c. Thomas Malthus d. Charles Lyell 31 of 27

32 15 2 The scientist that proposed that Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over long periods of time is: a. Malthus b. Hutton c. Darwin d. Lamarck 32 of 27

33 15 2 Darwin s reading of Thomas Malthus made him realize that a. because of overpopulation, human beings cannot avoid extinction. b. all living things must evolve. c. living things produce more offspring than can possibly survive. d. the basic ideas of Lamarck were wrong. 33 of 27

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14 Ideas That Shaped Darwin's Thinking Slide 1 of 27

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