6. REFERENCES. Spodoptera littoralis. Entomology Section, Central. References -127-

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2 6. REFERENCES Abbas, M. G ; Mostafa, S. A.; Abdel- Meguid, M. A.; Badr, N. A and Hosain, A. M. (1996): Susceptibility of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (saund.) to some insecticides in different Governorates. Egypt, J. Appl. Sci., 11 (4): Abbott, W. S. (1925): A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Ent., 18: Abdel- Hafez, M. M; Mohanna. A ; El- Seekh, A and Farag. A. (1993b): Effect of IGR / insecticide mixtures on transaminase and phosphatase activities of Spodoptera littoralis. J. Product and Dev., I (2): Abdel- Hafez, M. M.; Mohanna A.; Afifi. M. A. and Eid A. H. (1993a): Effect of IGR/ insecticide mixtures on esterases activity of Spodoptera littoralis. J. Product and Dev., I (2): Abd-El-Rady, A. M. and Osman, S. M. (2005): Toxicological and biological effects of neem and jojoba oils on the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) in the laboratory. Egypt J. Agric. Res., 83(3): Abdul- Ghaffar, A. A; Japson P. C. and Ghaffar A. (1997): Effect of sublethal doses of cypermethrin and deltamethrin on the growth and development of Spodoptera littoralis. Entomology Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multlan, Pakistan. Journal of Zoology. 29(1): References -127-

3 Abo-El-Ftooh, A. A. (2004): Efficiency estimation of isolated bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis entomocidus against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) infesting sugar beet in comparison with two commercial bioinsecticides and insecticide profenofos. Annals. Agric. Sci., Moshtohor; 42(3): Abudulai, M.; Shepard, B. M.and Mitchell, P. L. (2003): Antifeedant and toxic effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) based formulation Neemix Reg.; against Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J. Entomol. Sci.; 38(3): Ahmed, A. A. I.; EL-Sershaby, M. M. A.and Gesraha, M. A. (2007): Histopathological effects of two different Neem products on the mid gut tissues of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological pest control; 17(1/2): Aly, M. M. M. (1999): Bioactivity of certain plant extract of fam- myrtceae and other biocides in some pest attacking cotton cultivation. Ph. D. Thesis, Inst of Environ. Studies and Res., Ain Shams Univ, Egypt. Amr, E. M. (2001): Physiological and histopathological effects of Salvia aegyptiaca (L.) extracts on Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological pest control 2001; 11(1/2): References -128-

4 Arnason, J. T; Philogene, B. J. R; Ponskov, N. and Kubo, I. (1987): Limonids from the meliaceae and cutaceae reduced feeding growth and development of Ostrinia nubilalis. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 43: Atalla, F. A. (2003): Effect of host plant on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and mid- gut protein contents in larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Egyptian. Journal. of. Biological. Pest Control; 13 (1&2): Atalla, F. A.; EI-Zoghby, A. A and Eweis, M. A. (2001): Susceptibility of the three lepidopterous pests, Sesamia cretica (Led.), Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) to the bacterial biocide "Agerin "Egyptian Journal of Biological pest control' 11(1/2): Atallah, F. A.; Shoeb, M. A. and Abbas, M. S. T. (2003): Evaluation of Agerin, acommercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis against certain insect pests of cabbage. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control; 13(1/2): Ayyangar, G. S. G. and Raop. J. (1990): Changes in haemolymph constituents of Spodoptera litura (Fabr) under the influence of azadirachtin Indien J. Entomol; 52(1): Babu, P. B. S.; Nair, M. S. and Sumitha, B. (1997): Antifeedant and insecticidal effects of some plant extracts against castor semilooper. Achaea janata Linn. Journal of Insect. Sci., 10(2): References -129-

5 Badawy, H. M. (2000): Efficacy and cytotxic effect of bacterial insecticides on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and Phthormaea operculella (Zeller). Bull. Ent. Soc. Egypt. Econ. Ser., 27: (41-53). Badr, N. A.; Mohamed, S. A. and Abdel-Haleem, S. M. (2000): Effect of seed oil extracts on the different developmental stages of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Egyptian, Journal of Biological Pest Control, 10 (1): Barnaby, M. A. and Klocke, J. A. (1987): Effect of azadirachtin on the nutrition and development of the tobaco budworm, Heliothes virescens (Fabr.) (Noctuidae). J. Insect. Physiol., 33 (2): Benesova, J. and Janda, V. J. R. (1991): Changes in the activity of phosphomonoesterases in relation to growth and metamorphosis of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera). Acta. Entomologicsa Bohemoslovaca, 88:1, Brem, B.; Seger, C.; Pacher, T.; Hofer, 0.; Vajrodaya, S. and Greger, H. (2002): Feeding deterrence and contact toxicity of stemona alkaloids a source of potent natural insecticides. Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry, 50 (22): Byrne, F. J. Bi- Jian, L; Toscano, C; Bi, J. L; Dugger, P. and Richter, D. (1999): Analysis of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides resistance in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences Orlando, Florida USA, Vol 2; References

6 Byrne, F. J. Toscano, N. G.; Dugger, P. and Richter. D. (2000): Levels of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide resistance conferred by insensitive acetylcholinesterase in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences San Antonio, USA, Vol.2: D'Andrea, A.; Ambrosino, P.; Fogliano, V.; Gorgoglione, D.; Oliva, A. and Ritieni, A. (2001): A real way to obtain safe pesticides, Practice oriented results on use of plant extract and pheromones in integrated and biological pest control. Abstract of the Workshop held on Feb , 2001, Cario, Egypt. Desuky, W. M. H.; Khedr; M. M. A. Yousif Khalil S. and El- Shakaa, S. M. A. (2005): Field and biochemical studies on some compounds against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). Egyptian J. Agric. Res; 83(3): Ekukole, G. (2006): Some effects of an EC formulation of azadirachtin on important cotton pests in Senegal. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 46(4): El-Aw, M. A. (2003): Bioassays and sublethal effects of various selected insecticides on some biological aspects of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Alex. J. Agric. Res; 48(3): References

7 El-Bandary, F. E. and Al-Khalaf, A. A. (2004): Laboratory studies of two commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) for activity against 1 st larval instar of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annals.Agric. Sci, Moshtohor, 42(3): El-Gengaihi, S. E.; Motawe, H. M.; Dimetry, N. Z. and Mohamed, S. M. (2002): Chemical and biological evaluation of neem fruits. Bulletin of the National Research Centre Cairo, 27(3); EI-Ghar, G. E. S.; Radwan, H. S. A.; El-Bermawy, Z. A. and Zidan, L. T. M. (1995): Inhibitroy effect of B. thuringiensis and abamectin on digestive enzymes and non-specific esterases of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae. Journal of Applied Entomology; 119(5); El-Halim, S. M. A. (1993): Bioactivity of Dipel-2X, a commercial preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Egyptian J. of Agric. Res., 71 (1); El-Kattan, I. A. N. (1995): Physiopathological studies on the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella infected with microbial entomopathogens. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Sci., Ain Shams. Univ., Egypt. References -132-

8 El-Lakwah, F. A.; Darwish, A. A.; Abdel-Wahab, H. A. and Shaalan, H. S. (1998): Susceptibility of cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) to neemazal and some biological observations resulted from larval treatment. Annals of Agric.Sci, Moshtohot; 36(2): El- Lebody- Karima, A. (1998): Ecological studies on bollworms and effect of some new methods in their control. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Moshtohor. Zagazig Univ. El-Meniawi, F. A.; Hushem, M.; El-Mesieri, S. M. and Rawash, I. A. (1999): Physiological effects of neem seed extract on the reproductive activities of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Alex. J. Agric. Res; 44(1); El-Sharkawy, M. A. A. (2006): The use of some natural products against eggs of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, Hufn. and study their side effects on the efficacy of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens wost wood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Annals of Agric. Sci., Moshtohor, 44(2); El-Sheakh, A. A.; Mohamed, Z. A; Ahmed, N. A and Allam, S. M. (1990): Changes in phosphates and amino transferases of cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis during course of insecticides poisoning Egypt. J. Appl. Sci; 5(4): References -133-

9 El- Sweerki, I. F. (1994): Integrated management of the cotton leafworm control with the minimizes environmental pollution by insecticide. M. Sc. Thesis, Institute of Environ studies and research, Ain Shams Univ, Egypt. Farag, M. (1981): Some biochemical studies on cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., Egypt. Finney, D. J. (1971): Probit analysis 3 rd Ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambrige, U. K, 318PP. Gaaboub. Ibrahim. A. (2004): Cyclic fluctuation of daily acetylcholinesterase activity in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). moth. J. Pest. Cont. Environ. Sci; 12(1/2): Gad- Allah, S. Z. S. (2001): Evaluation of some plant extracts and bacteria for controlling the cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn) (Lepidoptera). Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Sci. Ain Shams Univ., 106pp. Gajmer, I. T.; Singh,.R.; Saini, R. K. and Kalidhar, S. B. (2002): Effect of methanolic extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) and bakain (Melia azedarach L.) seeds on oviposition and egg hatching of Earias vittella (Fab) ( Lep: Noctuidae). J. Appl. Ent. 126, Gamil, W. E. M. (2004): Production of some bioformulations and study of their efficiency on some physiological traits in some species. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric. Ain Shams Univ., PP 135. References -134-

10 Gao, X. W.; Zhang, F.; Zheng, B. Z.; Wang, R. J. and Lin. B. (1996): Biochemical aspects of insecticidal resistance in cotton bollworm from Handan of Hebei province. Entomologia Sinica, 3:3, Ghatak, S. S.; Reza. M. W. and Mamoni. B. (2005): Bioefficacy of indigenous plant products on Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera littoralis (F) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environment and Ecology, 235 (Special 4) : Goktepe, I. and Plhak, L. C. (2004): Acute toxic effects of neem based insecticides on crustaceans. Bulletin of Environmental contamination and Toxicology; 72(6): Gomaa, A. E. (2005): The biochemical effect of spinosad for the control of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Egyptian- J. Agric. Res, 83(1): Gornall, A. G; Bardawill, J. C. and David. M. M. (1949): Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reactions. Biol. Chem., 17: Hamed, M. S. (2000): Effect of Melia azedarach fruits extract, Neemazal-T, amitraz and their mixtures on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval). Annals.Agric. Sci., Moshtohor; 38(1): Hanafy, H. E. M.; Sakr, H. E. A. and El-Sayed, W. (2005): Toxicological and biochemical effects of bio-agent products on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Arab- Univ. J. Agric. Sci; 13(3): References -135-

11 Hanna, M. M. (1997): Biological and histopathological studies on the effect of some botanical extracts on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Science, Menufia Univ, 178pp. Hashem, M.; El-Mesiri, S. M.; El-Meniawi, F. A. and Rawash, I. A. (1998): Potency of three plant extracts on the developmental stages of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, Boisd. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research; (43(3): Hashem, M; El- Mesieri, S. M; El- Meniawi, F. A and Rawash, I. A. (1999): Physiological and biochemical influence of neem seed extract on the male accessory glands and spermatophores of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Alex. J. Agric. Res, 44 (1): Heba, A. N. (2005): Histological and physiological studies of the effect of some microbial pathogens on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Mansoura Univ., PP197. Helalia, A. R.; Abou-Donia, S. A.; Moustafa, 0. K. and Abdel-Hai, N. S. (2006): Effect of certain insecticides in enhancing the potency of Bacillus thuringiensis against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. Annals of Agricultural Science Cairo, 51(2): References

12 Hewady Mona, A. A.; A. Mervat; A, Kandell; A. A. El- Sayed and M. Rashad- Amira (2002): Biological and Biochmical effects of Neemazal and pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J. Egypt Acad. Soc. Environ Develop., (A- Entomol.), 2(2): Hill, D.S. (1975): Agriculture insect pests of tropic and their control. Cambrige Unviv., 516pp. Hosny, M. M.; Zidan, Z. H and Allam. S. (1978): The latent effects of treating (1 st generation) larvae with Dursban, cyolane and lannate on certain biological aspects of the cottn leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Proceedings of the fourth Conference of Pest Control, September- 30 Octobar- 3- Part-I; Hou, F. R and Chou, T. M. (1993): Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis preparation against the diamond backmoth. Plutella xylostella (L.), in Taiwan. In (The biopesticides Bacillus thuringiensis and applications in developing countries) Salama, S. H; Morris, N. 0 and Rashad. E (Ed.) pp National Research Center (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. IKbal, C; Mounir, T. Mounia, B. H. K. and Habib, B. H. M. (2007): Histological effects of cestrum parqui saponins on Schistocerca gregaria and Spodoptera littoralis. Journal of Biological Science, 7(1): References

13 Ishaaya, I. and Swirski. E. (1976): Trehalase, invertase and amylase activities in the black scale Saissetia oleae and their relation to host adaptability. J. Insect physiol., 2 2: Khedr, M. M. A. M. (2002): Effect of some plant extracts and insect growth regulators applied to control cotton leafworm on honey bees, Apis mellifera L. M. Sc Thesis, Fac. of Agric., Zagazig, Univ. Koja, S. M. T; Rezk, E. N; Madiha; Rezk, A, and Hanafy, H. E. M. (2006): Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) commercial formulations against the spiny- bollworm Earias insulana (Boisd.). (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annals of Agric. Sci., Cairo. 51(1): Li, S. Y; Fitezpatrick, S. M and Isman, M. B. (1995): Susceptibility of different instars of the oblique banded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Torticidal) to Bacillus thuringiensis Var Kurstaki. J. Econ. Entomol.,88: Liu, T. X. and Liu, S. S. (2006): Experience - altered oviposition responses to a neem based product, Neemix. Reg., by the diamond bac kmoth, Plutella xylostella. Pest Management Science, 62(1): Luthria, D. L; Ramakrishnan, V; Verma, G. S; Prabbu, B. R; and Banerji, A. (1989): Insect antifeedants from Atalantia racemosa. Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry; 37(5): References -138-

14 Maher, A A. and Ayad, F. A. A. (1975): Unique case of resistance. Proceeding 8th Britich insecticide and fungicide Conf. pp Mahmoud, B. A.; Atalla, F. A. and Morsi, G. A. (2003): Efficacy of different biocide formulations against the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor, 41(2): Mansour, M. H. (1981): Efficiencyof two allelochemical on the conversion of ingested and digested food into the body tissue of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Zeitschrift. Fur. Angewandte- Entomologie; 92 (5): Martinez, S. S. and Emden H. Fvan. (2001): Growth disruption, abnormalities and mortality of Spodoptera littoralis (Biosduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caused by azadirachtin. Neotropical Entomology,30 (1): Mattes, 0. (1927): Parasitative krank heiten der Mehlmotten larven and versuche uber ihre verwendbarkeit als biologische Bekampfugsmittel Zugleich ein Beitray zur zytologie der Backterien sitzungsber. Ges. Barfarder ungges Naturwiss, Marburg, 62: Mead- Hala M. I. M. (2000): New approaches in the control of legumes aphids, Aphis craccivora koch (Homopterta: Aphididae). M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Biological and Natural Sciences, Institute of Environmental Studies Research, Ain Shams Univ. References

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17 Parkes, T. Li Hilliker, A, J, and Philips, J. P. (1993): Genetic and biochemical analysis of glutathion-s-transferase in the oxygen defense system of Drosophila melanogaster. Genome, 63: Powell, M. E. A. and Smith, M. J. H. (1954): The determination of serum acid and alkaline phosphatase activity with 4- amino antipyrine (A. A. P). J. Clin- Pathol., 7: Rao, B. R.; Rajasekhar, P.; venkataiah, M. and Rao, N. V. (1995): Bio-efficacy of Nemmazal (azadirachtin ppm) against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. J. Entomol. Res.; 19(4): Raslan, S. A.A. (1994): Toxicological studies on certain cotton pests. Ph. D Thesis, Fac. Agric. Zagazig Univ. Reitman, S. and Frankel. F. (1957): Colourimetric method for aspartate and alanine transaminases. Amer. J. Clin. Pathol., Rizk, S. M. T. (1995): I3iochemical and histochemical studies on effect of natural products on some cotton pests. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric, Azhar Univ.; 76pp. Ruscoe, C. N. E.(1972): Growth disruption effect of an insect antifeedants. Nature, New Biology, 236: Saad, A. S. A; Elewa, M. A; Zaghioul, 0. A; Awad, H. A and Masoud, M. A. (1985): Toxicological and histopathological studies on spiny bollworm (Earias insulana). Nlededelingen- van- de. Fac. Landbouwwetenchappen. Rijksuniversiteit. Gent, 50 (2b): References -142-

18 Saleem, M. A. and Shakoori, A. R. (1996): Synergistic effect of permethrin and cypermethrin on the toxicity of B. thuringiensis in the adult beetle of Tribolium castaneum. Pakistan. Journal of Zoology; 28:3, Saleem, M. A; Tufasil, N. and Shakoori, A. R. (1995): Synergistic effects of synthetic pyrethroids on the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis as shown by the biochemical changes in the sixth instar larvae of Tribolium castaneum. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 27:4, Saleh, M. A.; El-Bolok, M. M.; Abdel-Salam, K. A. and Ibrahim, N. A. (1986): Plant extracts affecting insect feeding growth and metamorphosis. Bul Fac. Agric. Cairo Uni.; 37(1): Sammour, E. A and Abdalla, E. F. (1988): Acute and delayed effects of teflubenzuron, S and coumarin on the American bollworm Heliothis armigera (Hubn.). Bulletin- Series Publ ; (17) : Sayed, H. M.; Mohamed, M. H.; Farag, S. F.; Mohamed, G. A. and Proksch, P. (2007): A new steroid glycoside and furo chromones from Cyperus rotundus L. Natural Product Research; 21(4): Schmidt, G. H; Ahmed, A.A.I. and Breuer, M. (1997): Effect of Melia azedarach extract on larval development and reproduction parameters of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) lep. Noctuidae. Anzeiger- fue- Schadlingskunde,- Pflanzenschutz,- Umweltschutz; 70; 1,4: References

19 Schmidt, G. H; Reinhold; II; Ahmed, A. A. I and Breuer. M. (1998): Effect of Melia azedarach fruit extract on juvenile hormone titer and protein content in the haemolymph of two species of noctuid (Lepidopteran larvae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Phytoparasitica, 26(4): Shalaby, M. A. M; Rashad, A. M; El- Gengahi, S. M; Metawe, H. M; El- Saeady, A. A and Gadallah, A. L (1997): Effect of Melia azedarach seed extract on Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.). Bull. Ent. Soc. Egypt, Econ. Ser., 24: Shalaby, F.F.; Abd-El-Karim, E. H.; Radwan, S. M.and Mansour, E. S. (2004): The simultaneous effect of bioinsecticide, chemical insecticide and their mixtures on both Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and its endoparasitoid, Microplitis rufiventris (kok.). Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research; 82(3): Shamseldean, M. M.; Ahmed A.A. I. and Atwa, A. A. (2004): Effect of neem products on the survival and reproduction of Egyptian Heterorhabditis bacteriophora used against lepidopterous insect pests. Egyptian Journal of Biological pest control; 14(1): Sharaby, A.and N. Ammar (1997): Biological activity of extracts of Tephrosia nubica (Boiss) Baker against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hunf.). Tropenlandwrit, 98: References -144-

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