Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates and single nuclear polyhedrosis virus in combination and alone on Helicoverpa armigera

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates and single nuclear polyhedrosis virus in combination and alone on Helicoverpa armigera"

Transcription

1 Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates and single nuclear polyhedrosis virus in combination and alone on Helicoverpa armigera Maryam Kalantari a, Rasoul Marzban a *, Sohrab Imani b and Hassan Askari a a Department of Biological Control, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran; b Department of Entomology, Research and Science Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Received 15 April 2013; final version received 29 April 2013) Cotton bollworm is a key pest of cotton and other crops in many parts of Asia. Evaluation of three native Bacillus thuringiensis isolates and HaSNPV on cotton bollworm was studied. Results revealed that KD-2 isolate was the superior isolate, that its LC 50 was spore ml 1 and LC 50 of HaSNPV equal to OB ml 1. Interactions on the mortality and debilitating effects between B. thuringiensis KD-2 isolate (3 10 6, , and spore ml 1 ) and HaSNPV ( , and OB ml 1 ) on second instars larvae of Helicoverpa armigera were evaluated in laboratory. The larvae of cotton bollworm were fed for 48 h on the treated diets. The results revealed that the Bt at spore ml 1, mixed with all above-mentioned concentrations of HaSNPV, had antagonistic effects. However, the Bt at spore ml 1, mixed with HaSNPV at OB ml 1, had additive effect. The Bt at spore ml 1 mixed with all above-mentioned concentrations of HaSNPV demonstrated additive effects. The Bt at spore ml 1 had additive effect with HaNPV at and OB ml 1. The mortality observed in larvae infected with the combination of both Bt ( spore ml 1 ) and HaSNPV ( OB ml 1 ) was interpreted as synergist effect. Therefore, it could be concluded that combination of the lowest Bt concentration and the highest HaSNPV concentration had synergist effect on H. armigera second instar larvae. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis; cotton bollworm; interaction; single nuclear polyhedrosis virus 1. Introduction The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important pest of different crops, particularly on cotton and tomato, throughout Asia. The ability of this pest to adopt transient habitats in a short span of time accelerated the excessive use of pesticides resulting in the development of resistance to various classes of insecticides (Wu et al. 2008). Different methods, including application of chemical and microbial insecticides, are used to prevent the damage induced by this pest. Microbial control of agricultural and health-related insect pests has been considered as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Microbial agents are generally highly specific against target insect pests, thus facilitating the survival of beneficial insects in treated crops (Lacey et al. 2001). Single Nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SNPV) and Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. have been successfully used as a *Corresponding author. ramarzban@yahoo.com Ó 2013 Taylor & Francis

2 2 M. Kalantari et al. biopesticides on H. armigera (Hübner). However, resistance to the crystal proteins of B. thuringiensis has been documented for H. armigera Akhurst et al. (2003). Thus, study on the interactions of B. thuringiensis and HaSNPV is important for integrated pest management of cotton bollworm. The principal initial target tissue for B. thuringiensis and HaSNPV is midgut. B. thuringiensis toxins are ingested by the insect as protoxins, and they are activated by midgut proteases as a form of activated toxin to disrupting the midgut membrane wall, leading to insect death Washburn et al. (2003). HaSNPV infection is also accomplished following ingestion of virus particles. NPV is a natural microbial pathogen of Lepidoptera pests (Kumar et al. 2008) and it infects the insect midgut and causes acute and chronic infections Herz et al. (2000); Washburn et al. (2003). NPV products are commercially available for cotton pests in the USA and Australia and have been successfully used globally in various agricultural and horticultural settings in the development of IPM Raymond et al. (2005). While NPVs have limitations as insecticides, especially in their cost of production, they can, through the build-up of infectious particles and secondary cycles of infection in pest populations, be an effective means of long-term population control (Bonsall 2004). This would lead to increased spray intervals and reduced costs for growers (Moscardi 1999). Therefore the study use of B. thuringiensis and HaSNPV in integrated pest management programs has attracted attention for the biological control bollworm. However, B. thuringiensis and HaSNPV can interact either synergistically, antagonistically or additively owing to differences in their modes of action that in this study depends on their concentrations. The purpose of this study is to explore the interaction effects of HaSNPV and B. thuringiensis, both individually and combination on larval mortality and debilitating effects on H. armigera. This combination could resolve the resistance problem, decrease concentration requirement and costs in field, and increase efficacy. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Insect rearing The colony H. armigera was prepared by BioControl Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Eggs in each generation were soaked in formaldehyde 2% for approximately 15 min; rinsed thoroughly with running water, set out to dry and left to hatch in plates. To prevent cannibalism, after the third instar, individual larva was reared in a glass diet tube (2 10 cm) and was fed with artificial diet (Abbasi et al. 2007) at 26 C and 65% RH, with a 16:8 h photoperiod and adults were fed with 10% honey solution B. thuringiensis preparation The Iranian strains KD-2, 20 and 6R and a commercial product named Dipel were obtained from National Collection of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Isolates were kept in lyophilised form at 85 C. They were grown in LB medium (tryptone 1%, yeast extract 0.5%, NaCl 1%, ph 7 7.2) for 7 days at 27 C with shaking (260 rpm) at which time the separation of crystals from spores was confirmed by microscopic observation. The spore crystal mixture was centrifuged at 8000 g for 10 min at 4 C. Spores and crystals from stock culture were suspended in 10 ml Tween %. For experiments, bacterial suspensions ranging from 10 5 to 10 7 spore ml 1 were prepared by diluting with Tween 80 and stored at 4 C.

3 Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection HaSNPV preparation H. armigera single nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HaSNPV) was provided by the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Ten-day-old larvae of H. armigera were infected with a viral suspension of 1(10 7 OB ml 1 on the artificial diet and after four days, the infected cadavers were collected and homogenised by a homogeniser in Tris HCl 50 mm (ph 7.2). The viral suspension was filtered by a two-layer filter cloth to remove large debris before being filtered by a centrifuge at 700 rpm for 1 min. The supernatant was centrifuged at 3800 rpm for 10 min. Finally, pure polyhedral inclusion bodies were separated from the supernatant and resuspended in Tris HCl 50 mm (ph 7.2) and stored in a deep freezer. The number of OBs ml 1 was determined by using a Neubauer hemacytometer (Cory & Myers 2004). For treatments, viral suspensions ranging from 10 2 to 10 5 OBs ml 1 were prepared by diluting with Tris HCl buffer Bioassay procedures Procedure 1 Bioassay tests were carried out to evaluate the virulence of Bt isolates in the host. Similarly, three native isolates coded as KD-2, 20 and 6R and a commercial product named Dipel were forcedly fed to cotton bollworm second instar larvae (four days old) under controlled conditions. At first, a primary bioassay of bacteria was carried out to obtain a minimum and maximum concentrations required for experiments. Afterwards, seven different concentrations were prepared based upon previous tests in a logarithmic fashion using Tween 80. Treatments were prepared by spraying concentrations on artificial diet by rate of 20 μl of concentration to 0.5 g of diet. After half an hour, 45 tubes (2 10 cm) were prepared each containing 0.5 g of artificial diet cubes. Then, four days old larvae with same size and colour were transferred by a fine brush into tubes individually (Kumar et al. 2008). Fifteen larvae were considered as a treatment and treatments were repeated three times. After 48 h, larvae were transferred into new tubes containing healthy diet. From day two onwards to day seven, the larval mortality was recorded. The data were analysed using SAS software and the LC 50 of each isolate was calculated. The bioassay of virus was studied by the same procedure of bacteria excepted using 50 mm Tris HCl for concentrations preparation. In the case of virus bioassay, the larval mortality was registered from day 4 to day 10 after treatments Procedure 2 The effects of pathogen combinations may depend on such factors as concentration, subspecies of bacteria or design of bioassay Farrar et al. (2004). Each bioassay consisted of 20 treatments and was replicated three times. The treatments were as follows: Control containing sterile Tween 80 (0.4%). Combination between four concentrations of Bt ( , , and spore ml 1 ) and three concentrations of HaSNPV ( , and OB ml 1 ) Individual Bt at four concentrations and individual HaSNPV at three concentrations.

4 4 M. Kalantari et al. The artificial diets surfaces were treated with the appropriate concentrations of Bt, HaSNPV or a combined solution of them. One bioassay procedure was adopted for the experiment. Newly moulted second instar (four days old) larvae were placed individually in glass diet tubes (2 10 cm) containing 0.2 g artificial diet. The artificial diets were treated with 20 μl of the appropriate concentration of Bt, HaSNPV or a combined solution of them. Larvae fed on the treated artificial diets for 48 h. Surviving H. armigera larvae were transferred to individual glass containing 1 cm 3 artificial diet. Bioassay was conducted at 25 C in 60 70% relative humidity, with a 14:10 h photoperiod and larvae mortality was recorded every 24 h until the larvae had either died or pupated. In addition each treatment was replicated three times using 15 larvae for each replicate Statistical analysis One-way ANOVA was performed using SPSS (1998). The larvae that were unable to move or feed were confirmed dead. Pupation rate, larval period, pupal period and pupal weight were calculated based on the initial number of larvae used in each treatment. The mortality was corrected by the equation: M [%] = [(t c)/(100 c)] 100, where M is corrected mortality, c is the mortality in controls and t is mortality in treatments (Abbott 1925; Duffield & Jordan 2000). Corrected mortality, pupation rate, larval period, pupal period and pupal weight were separated and compared using a one-way Duncan test among treatments. All tests were conducted with α = The equation CTF = (Oc Oe)/Oe 100 was used to determine the type of interaction between different concentrations, where CTF is the cotoxicity factor, Oc is the observed mortality occurred by the combination and Oe, the expected mortality, is the sum of mortalities caused by each pathogen used in the combination Mansour et al. (1966). This factor was used to differentiate the results into three categories. A positive factor of 20 or more meant synergism, while a negative factor of 20 or more stood for antagonism and any intermediate value (i.e. between 20 and +20) was considered as additive. In order to calculate LC 50 to compare the effect of combinations of NPV and B. thuringiensis, the data were analysed by SAS statistical software. 3. Results Results of B. thuringiensis, isolates bioassay, proved that KD-2 isolate was selected as the superior isolate compared with others. KD-2 isolate LC 50 was equal to spore ml 1. Following that, the bioassay of HaSNPV revealed its LC 50 equal to OB ml 1. (Table 2). Combination of B. thuringiensis and HaSNPV showed that significant differences were detected in larval mortality and development when second instars larvae of H. Table 1. B. thuringiensis isolates bioassay on cotton bollworm second instar larvae. Isolates LC 50 spore ml 1 95% limit lower-upper Slope Intercept χ 2 Df Pr > chisq Dipel KD R

5 Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 5 Table 2. HaSNPV bioassay on cotton bollworm second instar larvae. Virus LC 50 OB ml 1 95% limit Lower-Upper Slope Intercept χ 2 Df Pr > chisq HaSNPV armigera were forcedly fed diets containing Bt-HaSNPV. Mortality: F (19, 40) = 32.75; p < 0/000, larval period: F (19, 40) = 15.01; p < 0/000, pupal period: F (19, 40) = 16.56; p <0/ 000; pupation rate: F (19, 40) = 32.75; p < 0/000, Pupal weight: F (19, 40) = 15.44; p < 0/000 and adult emergence: F (19, 40 = 35.33; p < 0/000) (Table 1). Antagonism, additive and synergism effects on mortality of H. armigera were observed in combination of Bt and HaSNPV depending on pathogen concentrations. Exposure of H. armigera larvae to Bt, HaSNPV or combination of them have negative impact on growth and development of it, and resulted in reduced pupation, pupal weight and adult emergence and an extended development also showed significant variation in the combination of Bt and HaSNPV among concentrations. The results revealed that the Bt concentration ( and spore ml 1 ) mixed with all mentioned concentration of HaSNPV had antagonistic effect. However, the Bt concentration ( spore ml 1 ) mixed with HaSNPV concentration ( OB ml 1 ) had additive effect. Moreover, the Bt concentration ( spore ml 1 ) mixed with mentioned concentration of HaNPV demonstrated additive effects. The Bt concentration ( spore ml 1 ) had also additive effect with HaSNPV concentration ( , OB ml 1 ). Finally, The mortality observed in larvae infected with the combination both Bt ( spore ml 1 ) and HaNPV ( OB ml 1 ) was interpreted as synergist effect (Tables 3 and 4). 4. Discussion B. thuringiensis is the most widely used biocontrol agents for plant pests. Native isolates of Bt may affect more efficient than commercial products. In this research, the effect of B. thuringiensis pathogens on cotton bollworm was investigated. Fifty per cent lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of native strains of KD-2, 20, 6R and commercial Dipel Bt bacteria on the second larval instars of H. armigera were , , and spore ml 1, respectively. This is the part of results. The highest mortality of Bt bacterial strain belongs to isolate KD-2 that was used in combination with the virus. KD-2 isolate toxins are Cry1A and Cry2 (Kalantari et al. 2013). LC 50 of HaSNPV was determined equal to OB ml 1. Bt toxins bind to specific receptors of the targeted insect midgut epithelium where they disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane, causing the cells to lyse. As a result, the insect quickly stops feeding and dies (Thiem 1997). As such, the feeding refusal rate is positively correlated with Bt toxin concentration. HaNPV infection, on the other hand, is accomplished following ingestion of virus particles. As the virus replicates itself within the host s cells, the host s tissues disintegrate, leading to death. Combinations of two microbial insecticides, such as Bt and HaNPV, have been suggested as a means of increasing the spectrum of insect pathogens and thus managing multiple pests (Pingel & Lewis 1999). It is also possible that the pathogens may interact to increase virulence compared with either alone. An additive effect was obtained after treatment of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae with a combination of Bt and NPV and reported that mortality from a combination of HaNPV and Dipel (Bt product) was higher than application of HaNPV alone (Reddy & Manjunatha 2000). An additive and antagonism effect was observed after treatment of H. armigera larvae with HaNPV and

6 6 M. Kalantari et al. Table 3. Mortality of H. armigera second instar larvae exposed to B. thuringiensis and HaSNPV simultaneously a. Bt b spore ml 1 HaNPV OB (ml 1 ) Actual mortality c (%) Expected mortality (%) Cotoxity factor Type of Interaction d ± 2.0 bc add ± 5.9 d add ± 0.0 e sin ± 4.7 c add ± 4.3 d add ± 5.9 e add ± 7.9 d ant ± 4.7 d ant ± 3.8 e ant ± 3.8 d ant ± 8.1 d ant ± 0.0 f add ± 2.3 ab ± 4.3 bc ± 2.3 d ± 4.3 d ± 2.0 bc ± 5.9 c ± 4.3 d ± 0.0 a DF 59 F 32.8 P <0.000 a The second instar larvae of H. armigera were fed by infected leaf discs by B. thuringiensis and HaSNPV. b Native isolate. c The data in the table are means (±SE). Means within the same column followed by a different letter are significant at p < 0.05, Duncan test. d Abbreviation: add = additive, sin = synergism, ant = antagonism. Cry1Ac that concentrations closed together (Liu et al. 2006). In the present study, interactions between Bt (native isolate) and HaSNPV varied depending on the concentrations of them. When H. armigera larvae were simultaneously infected with HaNPV and Bt for 48 h, an additive, synergism, antagonism effects were observed in the combinations. A synergism effect was observed in the combination of the highest concentration of HaNPV ( OB ml 1 ) and the lowest concentration of Bt ( spore ml 1 ). Marzban et al. (2009) reported that mortality from combination Cry1Ac and Cpv on H. armigera have synergist and additive effects. These results agree with the finding of Marzban The mode of action of Bt is to damage the cells of the targeted insect gut; Bt toxin in lower concentration may cause bacteriuminduced retardation in larvae development, thus giving the opportunity for the virus to propagate and cause its lethal effects. This may explain why Bt and HaNPV showed synergism in some of the present tests. Matter & Zohdy 1981 reported synergistic effects of the two pathogens, Bt and NPV, on H. armigera. The results revealed that the Bt concentrations ( and cfu ml 1 ) mixed with all mentioned concentrations of HaNPV had antagonistic effect. The mode of action of Bt toxin is to damage the cells of the targeted insect gut, and this may inhibit passage of HaNPV into the midgut cells. This may explain why Bt and HaNPV

7 Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 7 Table 4. The debilitating effects of B. thuringiensis HaSNPV combination, and in alone on H. armigera a. Bt b Cfu ml 1 HaNPV OB ml 1 Larval period c (days) Pupal period (days) Pupation rate (%) Pupal weight(mg) Emergence rate ± 0.6 fgh 11.3 ± 0.3 abc 68.0 ± 2.0 de 26.4 ± 0.6 bcd 68.0 ± 6.8 de ± 6.3 efg 11.0 ± 0.6 abc 45.0 ± 5.8 c 26.1 ± 0.2 bcde 37.3 ± 0.7 c ± 0.3 cdef 11.7 ± 0.3 abc 26.7 ± 0.0 b 26.7 ± 0.4 bcd 8.3 ± 4.7 bc ± 0.7 ef 11.3 ± 0.3 abc ± 4.7 c 26.0 ± 0.6 bcde 60.7 ± 4.3 c ± 0.3 efg 11.3 ± 0.3 abc 38.3 ± 4.3 c 27.4 ± 0.6 b 38.3 ± 4.6 c ± 0.3 bcd 11.0 ± 0.3 bc ± 0.9 b 25.6 ± 0.9 cdef 12.3 ± 7.9 bc ± 0.6 fgh 12.0 ± 0.6 abc 49.3 ± 7.9 c 24.0 ± 0.6 ghi 49.3 ± 4. 7 c ± 0.3 bc 12.3 ± 0.3 ab 44.7 ± 4.8 c 24.3 ± 0.6 fgh 44.7 ± 3.8 c ± 0.3 a 12.7 ± 0.3 ab 23.2 ± 3.8 b 23.0 ± 0.5 hi 23.2 ± 3.8 b ± 0.7 bcde 12.0 ± 0.0 abc 40.3 ± 3.8 c 22.9 ± 0.2 hi 40.3 ± 8.1 c ± 0.3 ab 12.7 ± 0.3 ab 38.3 ± 8.1 c 22.7 ± 0.2 i 38.3 ± 0.0 c ± 0.3 a 13.0 ± 0.6 a 0.1 ± 0.0 a 21.0 ± 0.5 J 0.0 ± 2.3 a ± 0.6 i 11.7 ± 0.3 abc 84.7 ± 2.3 e 26.9 ± 0.4 bc 84.7 ± 4.3 e ± 0.9 ghi 11.7 ± 0.7 abc 75.7 ± 4.3 d 26.9 ± 0.9 bcd 75.7 ± 2.3 de ± 1.2 def 12.3 ± 0.3 ab 49.3 ± 2.3 c 25.3 ± 0.7 defg 49.3 ± 4.3 c ± 0. 9 bcd 12.0 ± 1.0 abc 42.7 ± 4.3 c 24.9 ± 0.2 efg 42.7 ± 2.0 c ± 0.6 hi 12.0 ± 0.6 abc 76.0 ± 2.0 de 27.4 ± 0.2 b 76.0 ± 5.9 de ± 0.3 ghi 12.0 ± 0.6 abc 65.0 ± 5.9 d 27.4 ± 0.1 b 65.0 ± 4.3 d ± 0.6 fgh 11.7 ± 0.7 abc 51.3 ± 4.3 c 26.7 ± 0.4 bcd 51.3 ± 0.2 c ± 0.3 fgh 10.3 ± 0.3 c 100 ± 0.0 f 30.5 ± 1.1a 100 ± 15.5 f DF F P >0.000 >0.000 >0.000 >0.000 >0.000 a Larvae of H. armigera were fed normal artificial diets until the second instar, infected by a combination of HaSNPV-Bt, HaSNPV and Bt in alone for 48 h, then fed a normal artificial diet. b Native isolate. c The data in the table are means (±SE). Means within the same column followed by a different letter are significant at p<0.05, Duncan test.

8 8 M. Kalantari et al. showed antagonism in some of the present tests. Salama et al. s (1993) larval feeding ceased once Bt was ingested, thereby preventing ingestion of an adequate NPV dose. In some of the present tests, when second instar larvae were force fed on lowest concentration of Bt with often concentrates containing HaNPV, combinations showed additive effects. In this study, the combination of low concentration of Bt spore ml 1 and a low concentration of HaSNPV OB ml 1 and up concentration of Bt spore ml 1 and a up concentration of HaNPV OB ml 1 showed an additive effect; these result agree with the finding of Liu et al. (2006) and Marzban et al. (2009). Developmental time is an important aspect of the biology of an insect. In this study, Bt and SNPV together adversely affect the growth and development of cotton bollworm more than each would have done alone. Prolonged developmental time at any stage would mean greater exposure to natural enemies and environmental stresses, which could reduce the rate of population build-up of the insect. Furthermore, a longer generation time could result in fewer generations per season. When evaluating the use of these pathogens as microbial control agents, time to death (speed of killing the pathogen) should be considered. In the present study, larvae of H. armigera started to die from the 2nd to 3rd days after infection with HaNPV-Bt, that it was similar to Bt has done alone, but treated larvae with HaNPV alone of H. armigera started to die from the fourth day after infection, that it was later than combination HaNPV-Bt. The symptoms of these two microbial agents on the host larvae were observed as delay in growth and development of larvae and pupae and decrease in pupal weight, and the adults emergence, compared with those of control. To conclude, suitable combination of Bt and HaSNPV may enhance the efficiency of both Bt and HaSNPV and also delay the resistance process to solve application of either. Acknowledgements This research was carried out in the BioControl Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran. The authors thank Dr David Mota-Sanchez for helpful comments and revision of the manuscript. References Abbasi BH, Khalique K, Khalique F, Ayub N, Liu HJ, Kazemi SAR, Naumak M Rearing the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera on a tapioca based artificial diet. J Insect Sci. 7: Abbott WS A method of computing the effectiveness of insecticides. J Econ Entomol. 18: Akhurst RJ, James W, Bird LJ, Beard C Resistance to the Cry1Ac δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol. 96: Bonsall MB The impact of diseases and pathogens on insect population dynamics. J Physiol Entomol. 29: Cory AD, Myers JH Adaptation in an insect host-plant pathogen interaction. Econ Lett. 7: Duffield S, Jordan SL Evaluation of insecticides for the control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on soybean, and the implications for field adoption. J Aust Entomol. 39: Farrar RF, Shapiro M, Shepard BM Activity of the nucleopolyhedrovirus of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on foliage of transgenic sweet corn expressing a CryIA (b) toxin. Environ Entomol. 33:

9 Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 9 Herz A, Kleespies RG, Huber J, Chen XW, Vlak JM Comparative pathogenesis of the Helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleo-polyhedrovirus in noctuid hosts of different susceptibility. J Invert Pathol. 83: Kalantari M, Marzban R, Abbasipoor H, Farzaneh M Study of pathogenesis and molecular characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates on two species of moths. J Biol Control Plant Prot. 2 (in press). Kumar NS, Murugan K, Zhang W Additive interaction of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus and azadirachtin. J Biol Control. 53: Lacey LA, Frutos R, Kaya HK, Vais P Insect pathogens as biological control agents: do they have a future? Biol Control. 21: Liu XX, Zhang QW, Li J Effects of Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis and nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on larval mortality and pupation. J Pest Manage Sci. 62: Mansour NA, Eldefrawi ME, Toppozada A, Zeid M Toxicological on studies the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Prodenia litura Vl potentiation and antagonism of carbamate insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 59: Marzban R Midgut ph profile and energy differences in lipid, protein and glycogen metabolism of Bacillus thuringiensis CRY1Ac toxin and cypovirus-infected Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Entomol Res Soc. 14: Marzban R, He Q, Liu X, Zhang Q Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry 1Ac and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (HaCPV) on cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Invert Pathol. 101: Matter MM, Zohdy NMZ Biotic efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus on larvae of the American bollworm, Heliothis armigera Hbn. (Lepid, Noctuidae). J Angew Entomol. 92: Moscardi F Assessment of the application of baculoviruses for control of Lepidoptera. J Annu Rev Entomol. 44: Pingel RL, Lewis LC Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis, Anagrapha falcifera multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, and their mixture on three Lepidoptera corn ear pests. J Econ Entomol. 92: Raymond B, Hartley SE, Cory J, Hails RS The role of food plant and pathogen-induced behaviour in the persistence of a nucleo-polyhedrovirus. J Invert Pathol. 88: Reddy GVP, Manjunatha MM Laboratory and field studies on the integrated pest management of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) in cotton, based on pheromone trap catch threshold level. J Appl Entomol. 124: Salama HS, Sharaby A, Eldin MM Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis and nuclear polyhedrosis virus in the larvae of Spodoptera littorals (Boisd.). J Insect Sci Appl. 14: SPSS SPSS user s guide. Chicago (IL): SPSS. Thiem SM Prospects for altering host range for baculovirus bioinsecticides. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 8: Washburn JO, Trudeau D, Wong JF, Volkman LE Early pathogenesis of Autographa californica multiple nucleo-polyhedrovirus and Helicoverpa zea single nucleo-polyhedrovirus in Heliothis virescens: a comparison of the M and S strategies for establishing fatal infection. J Gen Virol. 84: Wu KM, Lu YH, Feng HQ, Jiang YY, Zhao JZ Suppression of cotton bollworm in multiple crops in China in areas with Bt toxin-containing cotton. Science. 321:

SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN BOLLWORM (HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HUBNER) ON TRANSGENIC BT COTTON

SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN BOLLWORM (HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HUBNER) ON TRANSGENIC BT COTTON Indian J. Agric. Res.., 48 (3) 177-184, 2014 doi:10.5958/j.0976-058x.48.3.030 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN BOLLWORM (HELICOVERPA

More information

Bacillus thuringiensis and Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus for the Enhanced Bio-control of Helicoverpa armigera

Bacillus thuringiensis and Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus for the Enhanced Bio-control of Helicoverpa armigera INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560 8530; ISSN Online: 1814 9596 15 059/2015/17 5 1043 1048 DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0025 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Bacillus

More information

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PREDATORY STINK BUG Podisus nigrispinus (DALLAS) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) TO GAMMA CYHALOTHRIN

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PREDATORY STINK BUG Podisus nigrispinus (DALLAS) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) TO GAMMA CYHALOTHRIN SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PREDATORY STINK BUG Podisus nigrispinus (DALLAS) (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) TO GAMMA CYHALOTHRIN R. R. Coelho 1, A.I.A. Pereira 1, F.S. Ramalho 1, J.C. Zanuncio 2. (1) Unidade de Controle

More information

PERFORMANCE OF NATURAL ENEMIES REARED ON ARTIFICIAL DIETS J.E. Carpenter 1 and S. Bloem 2 1

PERFORMANCE OF NATURAL ENEMIES REARED ON ARTIFICIAL DIETS J.E. Carpenter 1 and S. Bloem 2 1 Performance of natural enemies reared on artificial diets 143 PERFORMANCE OF NATURAL ENEMIES REARED ON ARTIFICIAL DIETS J.E. Carpenter 1 and S. Bloem 2 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

More information

(Manuscript received 28 July 2010) Abstract

(Manuscript received 28 July 2010) Abstract Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 89 (2), 2011 431 THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN BIOCONTROL AGENT ON SOME BIOLOGICAL,BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE COTTON LEAF WORM SPODOPTERA LITTORALIS (BOISD.) ABD-EL WAHED,

More information

What is insect forecasting, and why do it

What is insect forecasting, and why do it Insect Forecasting Programs: Objectives, and How to Properly Interpret the Data John Gavloski, Extension Entomologist, Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives Carman, MB R0G 0J0 Email: jgavloski@gov.mb.ca

More information

ACCURACY OF MODELS FOR PREDICTING PHENOLOGY OF BLACKHEADED FIREWORM AND IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVED PEST MANAGEMENT

ACCURACY OF MODELS FOR PREDICTING PHENOLOGY OF BLACKHEADED FIREWORM AND IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVED PEST MANAGEMENT ACCURACY OF MODELS FOR PREDICTING PHENOLOGY OF BLACKHEADED FIREWORM AND IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVED PEST MANAGEMENT Stephen D. Cockfield and Daniel L. Mahr Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin-Madison

More information

Ghoneim, Y.F.; M. Singab ; Hala M. Abou-Yousef and Abd-El-Hai, N. S.

Ghoneim, Y.F.; M. Singab ; Hala M. Abou-Yousef and Abd-El-Hai, N. S. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(6): 300-304, 2012 ISSN 1991-8178 Efficacy of certain insecticides and their mixtures with the tested IGRs against a field strain of the cotton leaf worm,

More information

Soybean stem fly outbreak in soybean crops

Soybean stem fly outbreak in soybean crops Soybean stem fly outbreak in soybean crops By Kate Charleston Published: April 10, 2013 An estimated 4,000 ha of soybeans near Casino in Northern NSW have been affected to varying degrees by soybean stem

More information

Naveen Aggarwal, Markus Holaschke and Thies Basedow

Naveen Aggarwal, Markus Holaschke and Thies Basedow Evaluation of bio-rational insecticides to control Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on Vicia faba L. Naveen Aggarwal, Markus Holaschke and Thies

More information

Growth and development of Earias vittella (Fabricius) on cotton cultivars

Growth and development of Earias vittella (Fabricius) on cotton cultivars J. Cotton Res. Dev. 30 (1) 121-126 (January, 2016) Growth and development of Earias vittella (Fabricius) on cotton cultivars R. P. DONGARJAL AND V.K. BHAMARE* Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth,

More information

Biology of sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius F. on sweet potato

Biology of sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius F. on sweet potato J. ent. Res., 38 (1) : 53-57 (2014) Biology of sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius F. on sweet potato M. Devi *, K. Indira Kumar and R.F. Niranjana Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu

More information

Transgenic cottons that express crystalline (Cry)

Transgenic cottons that express crystalline (Cry) The Journal of Cotton Science 15:251 259 (211) http://journal.cotton.org, The Cotton Foundation 211 251 ARTHROPOD MANAGEMENT Field Performance and Seasonal Efficacy Profiles of Transgenic Cotton Lines

More information

6 2 Insects and plants

6 2 Insects and plants 6 2 Insects and plants Insect DIY 1. Find plant habitat 2. Find plant 3. Accept plant 4. Eat survive, reproduce Plant characteristics Shape structure Mechanical defenses trichomes Chemical defenses sap,

More information

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. Moataz A. M. Moustafa 1*, Mohammed A. Saleh 2, Izat R. Ateya 2 and Mohamed A.

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. Moataz A. M. Moustafa 1*, Mohammed A. Saleh 2, Izat R. Ateya 2 and Mohamed A. Moustafa et al. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control (2018) 28:61 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-018-0064-x Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control RESEARCH Influence of some environmental conditions

More information

Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato

Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato Website to brush up on bacterial diseases Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/prokaryotes/pages/bacterialspot.aspx Potato blackleg and soft rot http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/prokaryotes/pages/blacklegpotato.aspx

More information

Physiological impact of a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin on the black cutworm that enhances baculovirus pathogenicity

Physiological impact of a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin on the black cutworm that enhances baculovirus pathogenicity Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate College 2009 Physiological impact of a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin on the black cutworm that enhances baculovirus pathogenicity Nina Schmidt Iowa State University

More information

Larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis on diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel ES TM )

Larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis on diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel ES TM ) Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 98: 141 148, 2001. 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 141 Larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis

More information

Nichamon Tammaragsa 3. Maejo University, Sansai, Chaing Mai, Thailand Philippines 3700

Nichamon Tammaragsa 3. Maejo University, Sansai, Chaing Mai, Thailand Philippines 3700 In-vitro Efficacy of Different Bio-organic Pesticides Against Sooty Mold Disease (Capnodium sp.) in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Danuwat Peng-ont 1, Jonar Yago 2, Janyawat Vuthijumnonk 3, Nichamon Tammaragsa

More information

Residual effect of two insecticides and neem oil against epilachna beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.) on bitter gourd

Residual effect of two insecticides and neem oil against epilachna beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fab.) on bitter gourd J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(1): 21 25, 2012 ISSN 1810-3030 Residual effect of two insecticides and neem oil against epilachna beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata on bitter gourd M. Mala 1, M. M. U.

More information

(17) CYCLANILIDE: MECHANISM OF ACTION AND USES AS A PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR IN COTTON

(17) CYCLANILIDE: MECHANISM OF ACTION AND USES AS A PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR IN COTTON (17) CYCLANILIDE: MECHANISM OF ACTION AND USES AS A PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR IN COTTON Jim Burton 1 and Marianne Pedersen Abstract. Cyclanilide [1-(2,4-dichlorophenylaminocarbonyl)-cyclopropane carboxylic

More information

Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge Pre-U Certificate

Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge Pre-U Certificate Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge Pre-U Certificate *2308850209* BIOLOGY (PRINCIPAL) 9790/02 Paper 2 Data Analysis and Planning May/June 2018 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates answer on the Question

More information

Unit D: Controlling Pests and Diseases in the Orchard. Lesson 5: Identify and Control Diseases in the Orchard

Unit D: Controlling Pests and Diseases in the Orchard. Lesson 5: Identify and Control Diseases in the Orchard Unit D: Controlling Pests and Diseases in the Orchard Lesson 5: Identify and Control Diseases in the Orchard 1 Terms Abiotic disease Bacteria Biotic diseases Cultural disease control Disease avoidance

More information

Key words: Colorado potato beetle, Bacillus thuringiensis, transgenic crops, resistance management, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae

Key words: Colorado potato beetle, Bacillus thuringiensis, transgenic crops, resistance management, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 101: 265 272, 2001. 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 265 Survival and fecundity of Bt-susceptible Colorado potato beetle adults after

More information

The European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis

The European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis The Journal of Cotton Science 9:199 203 (2005) http://journal.cotton.org, The Cotton Foundation 2005 199 ARTHROPOD MANAGEMENT The Impact of Transgenic Cottons Expressing One or Two Proteins from Bacillus

More information

Unit G: Pest Management. Lesson 2: Managing Crop Diseases

Unit G: Pest Management. Lesson 2: Managing Crop Diseases Unit G: Pest Management Lesson 2: Managing Crop Diseases 1 Terms Abiotic disease Bacteria Biotic disease Cultural disease control Disease avoidance Disease resistance Disease tolerance Fungi Infectious

More information

The introduction of Integrated Pest Management in the Ethiopian Horticultural Sector

The introduction of Integrated Pest Management in the Ethiopian Horticultural Sector The introduction of Integrated Pest Management in the Ethiopian Horticultural Sector Bacillus thuringiensis strains and its toxicity Eefje den Belder & Janneke Elderson Report 344 The introduction of

More information

White flies and their natural enemies. Moshe cohen Bio-bee Sde Eliyahu Ltd. October 2015

White flies and their natural enemies. Moshe cohen Bio-bee Sde Eliyahu Ltd. October 2015 White flies and their natural enemies Moshe cohen Bio-bee Sde Eliyahu Ltd. October 2015 White flies and their natural enemies: Two species of whiteflies. Attack flowers and vegetables crops: 1.Bemisia

More information

Delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops by decreasing dominance and heritability

Delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops by decreasing dominance and heritability doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00695.x Delaying evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops by decreasing dominance and heritability B. E. TABASHNIK,*F.GOULD & Y. CARRIÈRE* *Department of Entomology,

More information

Variation in Performance on cry1ab

Variation in Performance on cry1ab INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT Variation in Performance on cry1ab-transformed and Nontransgenic Rice Varieties Among Populations of Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from

More information

Arthropod Containment in Plant Research. Jian J Duan & Jay Bancroft USDA ARS Beneficial Insects Research Unit Newark, Delaware

Arthropod Containment in Plant Research. Jian J Duan & Jay Bancroft USDA ARS Beneficial Insects Research Unit Newark, Delaware Arthropod Containment in Plant Research Jian J Duan & Jay Bancroft USDA ARS Beneficial Insects Research Unit Newark, Delaware What we do at USDA ARS BIIRU - To develop biological control programs against

More information

Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hym.: Aphidiidae)

Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hym.: Aphidiidae) Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hym.: Aphidiidae) * Aphis fabae Scopoli Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshal) ±± L. fabarum T r Ardavanmardani@ut.ac.ir* Lysiphlebusfabarum ± ± Chi and 1988Liu, 1985 TWOSEX- Chi,

More information

Insect Pathogens. Vertebrate viruses

Insect Pathogens. Vertebrate viruses Taxonomy and Biology of Insect Pathogens Read Ch 6 Insect Pathogens Bacteria (esp. Bacillus thuringiensis) Viruses (esp. baculoviruses) Fungi (several species of imperfect fungi and microsporidia) Nematodes

More information

Juvenile Hormone Analog Technology: Effects on Larval Cannibalism and the Production of Spodoptera exigua

Juvenile Hormone Analog Technology: Effects on Larval Cannibalism and the Production of Spodoptera exigua BIOLOGICAL AND MICROBIAL CONTROL Juvenile Hormone Analog Technology: Effects on Larval Cannibalism and the Production of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Nucleopolyhedrovirus SONIA ELVIRA, 1

More information

Project Title: Exploring control of foliar cranberry pests: Fireworm, Tipworm, Dearness scale with a new natural pesticide (Neem formulation)

Project Title: Exploring control of foliar cranberry pests: Fireworm, Tipworm, Dearness scale with a new natural pesticide (Neem formulation) Project Title: Exploring control of foliar cranberry pests: Fireworm, Tipworm, Dearness scale with a new natural pesticide (Neem formulation) Date: October 25, 14 Report to: BC Cranberry Marketing Commission

More information

WATER-BASED TERMITICIDE AND INSECTICIDE

WATER-BASED TERMITICIDE AND INSECTICIDE WATER-BASED TERMITICIDE AND INSECTICIDE POWERED BY FIPRONIL, THE ACTIVE YOU KNOW AND TRUST QUICK ACTION LONG LASTING CONTROL ELIMINATES TERMITES & OTHER INSECTS ODOURLESS SOLUTION PEOPLE, PET AND PLANT

More information

Research Article IJAER (2018); 4(2):

Research Article IJAER (2018); 4(2): Research Article IJAER (2018); 4(2): 105-110 LIFE TABLE OF POTATO LEAF MINER Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) TO STUDY THE BIOLOGY AND NATURE OF DAMAGE UNDER LABORATORY CONDITION

More information

Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and Spinosad on three larval stages of beet armyworms Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lep: Noctuidae)

Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki and Spinosad on three larval stages of beet armyworms Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lep: Noctuidae) 2016; 4(5): 375-379 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2016; 4(5): 375-379 2016 JEZS Received: 25-07-2016 Accepted: 26-08-2016 Abbas Hosseinzadeh Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad,

More information

Effect of temperature on the development of the mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Effect of temperature on the development of the mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 6(31), pp. 6459-6464, 16 December, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/sre DOI: 10.5897/SRE11.832 ISSN 1992-2248 2011 Academic Journals Full Length

More information

Susceptibility of the Taro Beetle, Papuana uninodis (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) to Two New Bacillus popilliae Isolates from Papuana spp.

Susceptibility of the Taro Beetle, Papuana uninodis (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) to Two New Bacillus popilliae Isolates from Papuana spp. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 73, 255 259 (1999) Article ID jipa.1999.4845, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Susceptibility of the Taro Beetle, Papuana uninodis (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

More information

Integrated Pest Management. Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Extension Regional Horticulturist

Integrated Pest Management. Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Extension Regional Horticulturist Integrated Pest Management Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Extension Regional Horticulturist Reasons for IPM Not primarily for pesticide reduction Plant health is the goal Manage pests at acceptable

More information

Control of thrips in Allium and Brassica crops

Control of thrips in Allium and Brassica crops Factsheet 9/11 Field Vegetables Control of thrips in Allium and Brassica crops Rosemary Collier, The University of Warwick The onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) is a pest of several crops in the UK, particularly

More information

Abstract. Introduction

Abstract. Introduction NEW METHOD FOR RAISING QUEENS Hossein Yeganehrad Caspian Apiaries P.O. Box 16058 617, New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, V3M 6W6 radbees@hotmail.com Paper 138, Oral Presentation XXXVIIIth Apimondia

More information

Japanese Beetle. Popillia japonica

Japanese Beetle. Popillia japonica Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica Stages Present in Soil Adult Graphic courtesy of David Shetlar, The Ohio State University Japanese beetle damages plants in two distinct ways Japanese beetle adults chew

More information

Plant disease. Plant Diseases: Learning objectives: Plant Disease: Any physiological or structural abnormality that is harmful to the plant

Plant disease. Plant Diseases: Learning objectives: Plant Disease: Any physiological or structural abnormality that is harmful to the plant Plant disease Plant Diseases: Identification and Control Melodie Putnam Extension Plant Pathologist Learning objectives: Difference between biotic and abiotic diseases and their manifestation Difference

More information

Grade 7 Lesson Instructions Friend or Foe? Preparation: Background information: Activity:

Grade 7 Lesson Instructions Friend or Foe? Preparation: Background information: Activity: Instructions Friend or Foe? You can use monarchs to teach about many things! Stone Mountain Memorial Association (SMMA) uses the monarch butterfly to help students apply their knowledge in other contexts

More information

Nutritional Indices of the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, on 13 Soybean Varieties

Nutritional Indices of the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, on 13 Soybean Varieties Nutritional Indices of the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, on 13 Soybean Varieties Author(s): B. Naseri, Y. Fathipour, S. Moharramipour and V. Hosseininaveh Source: Journal of Insect Science, 10(151):1-14.

More information

Strategies to Optimize Thrips Control in the Klamath Basin

Strategies to Optimize Thrips Control in the Klamath Basin Strategies to Optimize Thrips Control in the Klamath Basin Steve Orloff, Farm Advisor, Siskiyou County Larry Godfrey, Entomology Specialist, UCD Rob Wilson, IREC Director Funded by CGORAB Thrips feed by

More information

Survival of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bt Maize and Cross-Pollinated Refuge Ears From Seed Blends

Survival of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bt Maize and Cross-Pollinated Refuge Ears From Seed Blends Insecticide Resistance and Resistance Management Journal of Economic Entomology, 109(1), 2016, 288 298 doi: 10.1093/jee/tov272 Advance Access Publication Date: 10 September 2015 Research article Survival

More information

TECHNICAL USE BULLETIN. VectoPrime. Complete Single-Brood Control

TECHNICAL USE BULLETIN. VectoPrime. Complete Single-Brood Control TECHNICAL USE BULLETIN VectoPrime Complete Single-Brood Control The prime solution for complete single-brood control Single-brood/floodwater mosquitoes present two complex challenges for abatement districts.

More information

Evaluation of Contact and Residual Activity of Selected Insecticides for Control of Rice Stink Bug. Beaumont, TX

Evaluation of Contact and Residual Activity of Selected Insecticides for Control of Rice Stink Bug. Beaumont, TX Title: Evaluation of Contact and Residual Activity of Selected Insecticides for Control of Rice Stink Bug. Beaumont, TX. 2001. Principal Investigator: M.O. Way Texas A&M University Agricultural Research

More information

VERY DISTRUCTIVE DISEASE SOIL BORNE WITH LONGLIFE SURVIVAL SPORES (CHLAMIDOSPORES) COMPLETELY CONTROL METHOD IS NOT YET AVAILABLE

VERY DISTRUCTIVE DISEASE SOIL BORNE WITH LONGLIFE SURVIVAL SPORES (CHLAMIDOSPORES) COMPLETELY CONTROL METHOD IS NOT YET AVAILABLE INDUCED RESISTANCE OF BANANA AGAINST FUSARIUM WILT CHRISTANTI SUMARDIYONO DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UGM VERY DISTRUCTIVE DISEASE SOIL BORNE WITH LONGLIFE SURVIVAL

More information

Comparative Bacteriology Analysis: Source, cultivation, and preparation of bacterial samples:

Comparative Bacteriology Analysis: Source, cultivation, and preparation of bacterial samples: Silver Hydrosol Info Home Articles Comparative Bacteriology Analysis: Particulate vs. Ionic Silver December 22, 2004 Andrew Martin, B.S. John W. Roberts, Ph.D. Natural-Immunogenics Corp Purpose Claims

More information

Laboratory evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 against Aedes aegypti

Laboratory evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 against Aedes aegypti Tropical Biomedicine 22(1): 5 10 (2005) Laboratory evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 against Aedes aegypti Lee, Y.W. and Zairi, J. Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti

More information

uijr ~'J-:'1 JJ~ J ~ J o=, 0 L...iJu

uijr ~'J-:'1 JJ~ J ~ J o=, 0 L...iJu Qatar Univ. Sci. J. (1992), 12: 145-149 FACTORS GOVERNING MOSQUITO SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BACILLUS SPHAERICUS STRAINS By N. M. LOTFY, A. I. MERDAN, H. A. ABDEL RAHMAN and N. A. ABDEL RAZIK Entomology Department,

More information

BACILLUS SPHAERICUS AS MOSQUITO LARVICIDE

BACILLUS SPHAERICUS AS MOSQUITO LARVICIDE BACILLUS SPHAERICUS AS MOSQUITO LARVICIDE Pages with reference to book, From 199 To 201 Abdul Aziz, M.H. Qazi, Riaz, A. Pal ( Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. ) Abstract

More information

2016 Soybean Vein Necrosis Disease Survey

2016 Soybean Vein Necrosis Disease Survey 216 Soybean Vein Necrosis Disease Survey Nathan Kleczewski Ph.D. Extension Plant Pathologist Bill Cissel Extension IPM Agent University of Delaware Cooperative Extension Soybean Vein Necrosis Disease (SVND)

More information

Ecology of Infectious Disease

Ecology of Infectious Disease Ecology of Infectious Disease What is the basis of community robustness (resistance to invasion)? How does robustness influence disease development? The Microbial Context: Microbial Interactions Affect

More information

The predation of Orius similis to Frankliniella occidentalis and Aphis craccivora

The predation of Orius similis to Frankliniella occidentalis and Aphis craccivora 2011 48 3 573 578 * ** 550025 Orius similis 3 ~ 5 HollingⅡ 3 ~ 5 2 5 5 2 E P E = 0. 412P - 1. 623 E = 0. 416P - 1. 639 5 2 5 2 The predation of Orius similis to Frankliniella occidentalis and ZHI Jun-Rui

More information

Agapanthus Gall Midge update (Hayley Jones, Andrew Salisbury, Ian Waghorn & Gerard Clover) all images RHS

Agapanthus Gall Midge update (Hayley Jones, Andrew Salisbury, Ian Waghorn & Gerard Clover) all images RHS Agapanthus Gall Midge update 20.10.2015 (Hayley Jones, Andrew Salisbury, Ian Waghorn & Gerard Clover) all images RHS Background The agapanthus gall midge is an undescribed pest affecting Agapanthus that

More information

Assessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to micro-organisms (90927)

Assessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to micro-organisms (90927) NCEA Level 1 Biology (90927) 2016 page 1 of 5 Assessment Schedule 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of biological ideas relating to micro-organisms (90927) Evidence Statement Question One No response

More information

Component Product # Product # Cell Lysis Reagent 100 ml 500 ml Product Insert 1 1

Component Product # Product # Cell Lysis Reagent 100 ml 500 ml Product Insert 1 1 3430 Schmon Parkway Thorold, ON, Canada L2V 4Y6 Phone: 866-667-4362 (905) 227-8848 Fax: (905) 227-1061 Email: techsupport@norgenbiotek.com Cell Lysis Reagent Product # 18800 (100 ml) Product # 18801 (500

More information

Pesticides and Pollinators. A look at modern neurotoxins

Pesticides and Pollinators. A look at modern neurotoxins Pesticides and Pollinators A look at modern neurotoxins Pollinator losses - not one thing It s Global Total managed honeybee losses in US running 25% per year since 2005. Monarch butterflies only 3% of

More information

Natural Insecticides. Eileen Buss, Ph.D. Entomology & Nematology Dept., UF/IFAS ;

Natural Insecticides. Eileen Buss, Ph.D. Entomology & Nematology Dept., UF/IFAS ; Natural Insecticides Eileen Buss, Ph.D. Entomology & Nematology Dept., UF/IFAS 352-273-3976; eabuss@ufl.edu Learning Objectives Know the major categories of natural products and microbial insecticides;

More information

Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants

Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 1 Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants Mirza Hasanuzzaman, PhD Professor Department of Agronomy Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University E-mail: mhzsauag@yahoo.com Stress Stress is usually defined as an external

More information

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences www.ijarbs.com Research Article Correlation of weather parameters with the incidence of Entomopathogenic fungi, Zoophthora radicans Brefeld

More information

Protecting Pollinators in Home Lawns and Landscapes

Protecting Pollinators in Home Lawns and Landscapes POL-1 PROTECTING POLLINATORS Bumble bee on a thistle flower. Protecting Pollinators in Home Lawns and Landscapes Doug Richmond and Cliff Sadof Purdue Entomology Extension Specialists Why Are Pollinators

More information

European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis): Studies on proteinase activity and proteolytical processing of the B.t.-toxin Cry1Ab in transgenic corn

European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis): Studies on proteinase activity and proteolytical processing of the B.t.-toxin Cry1Ab in transgenic corn GMOs in Integrated Production IOBC wprs Bulletin Vol. 27 (3) 2004 pp. 97-102 European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis): Studies on proteinase activity and proteolytical processing of the B.t.-toxin Cry1Ab

More information

Integrated Pest Management Program Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture UConn Extension

Integrated Pest Management Program Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture UConn Extension Integrated Pest Management Program Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture UConn Extension Some selected insecticides and miticides for use on herb bedding plants Insecticide Target Pests

More information

CONTROLING THE WORM COMPLEX IN ALFALFA. Eric T. Natwick and M. Lopez 1 ABSTRACT

CONTROLING THE WORM COMPLEX IN ALFALFA. Eric T. Natwick and M. Lopez 1 ABSTRACT CONTROLING THE WORM COMPLEX IN ALFALFA Eric T. Natwick and M. Lopez 1 ABSTRACT Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), alfalfa caterpillar, Colias eurytheme Boisduval, and Granulate cutworm, Agrotis

More information

The Red Flour Beetle as a Model for Bacterial Oral Infections

The Red Flour Beetle as a Model for Bacterial Oral Infections The Red Flour Beetle as a Model for Bacterial Oral Infections Barbara Milutinović*, Clemens Stolpe, Robert Peub, Sophie A. O. Armitage, Joachim Kurtz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University

More information

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY

PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF PLANT PATHOLOGY Plant pathology or phytopathology (Phyton- Plant; Pathos-ailments/suffering; logosknowledge/science) is branch of science (agricultural, botanical

More information

Iowa State University. From the SelectedWorks of Bryony C. Bonning

Iowa State University. From the SelectedWorks of Bryony C. Bonning Iowa State University From the SelectedWorks of Bryony C. Bonning September, 1988 Possible selective advantage of Anopheles spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) with the oxidase- and acetylcholinesterase-based insecticide

More information

Helicoverpa zea Trends from the Northeast: Suggestions Towards Collaborative Mapping of Migration and Pyrethroid Susceptibility

Helicoverpa zea Trends from the Northeast: Suggestions Towards Collaborative Mapping of Migration and Pyrethroid Susceptibility 2007 Plant Management Network. Accepted for publication 14 November 2006. Published. Helicoverpa zea Trends from the Northeast: Suggestions Towards Collaborative Mapping of Migration and Pyrethroid Susceptibility

More information

Investigating the Effects of Disease on Predator-prey Dynamics in a Protozoan/Bacterial Model System. An Undergraduate Research Thesis.

Investigating the Effects of Disease on Predator-prey Dynamics in a Protozoan/Bacterial Model System. An Undergraduate Research Thesis. Investigating the Effects of Disease on Predator-prey Dynamics in a Protozoan/Bacterial Model System An Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty By Carrie Stallings In Partial Fulfillment

More information

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) Information and Control Strategies

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) Information and Control Strategies Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) Information and Control Strategies Craig H. Canaday Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology The University of Tennessee West Tennessee Research and Education Center (WTREC)

More information

PLANT-MICROBE- INSECT INTERACTION 정혜정 조승우 정휘정

PLANT-MICROBE- INSECT INTERACTION 정혜정 조승우 정휘정 PLANT-MICROBE- INSECT INTERACTION 201213350 정혜정 201313346 조승우 201413350 정휘정 Index Insect gut bacteria Phytoplasma BT toxin PLANT-MICROBE-INSECT INTERACTION Insect gut bacteria Plant-insect interaction

More information

Determination of Economic Threshold level (ETL) of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal. population in different stages of rice crop at Raipur

Determination of Economic Threshold level (ETL) of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal. population in different stages of rice crop at Raipur INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION VOLUME ISSUE APRIL, - e ISSN-- Visit us : www.researchjournal.co.in IJPP RESEARCH PAPER DOI :./HAS/IJPP/./- Determination of Economic Threshold level (ETL) of

More information

Student Name: Teacher: Date: Test: 9_12 Agriculture AP41 - Horticulture I Test 2 Description: Pest Management District: Wake County Form: 501

Student Name: Teacher: Date: Test: 9_12 Agriculture AP41 - Horticulture I Test 2 Description: Pest Management District: Wake County Form: 501 Student Name: Teacher: Date: Test: 9_12 Agriculture AP41 - Horticulture I Test 2 Description: Pest Management District: Wake County Form: 501 1. Aimee uses traps in her garden to: 2. Which is MOST true

More information

Deterioration of Crop Varieties Causes and Maintenance

Deterioration of Crop Varieties Causes and Maintenance Deterioration of Crop Varieties Causes and Maintenance Deterioration of Genetic Purity The genetic purity of a variety or trueness to its type deteriorates due to several factors during the production

More information

Japanese Beetle. Popillia japonica

Japanese Beetle. Popillia japonica Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica Japanese beetle adults chew on leaves and flowers of many plants Japanese beetle damages plants in two distinct ways White grubs prune the roots, producing drought stress

More information

Why Calcium is So Important

Why Calcium is So Important Why Calcium is So Important Calcium - A Transportation Problem By Dr. Lynette Morgan As hydroponic growers we like to think that by supplying our plants with all the nutrients they need in the right ratios,

More information

Effect of carriers on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki (hd-1) formulations

Effect of carriers on the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki (hd-1) formulations 2017; 5(3): 590-594 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2017; 5(3): 590-594 2017 JEZS Received: 24-03-2017 Accepted: 25-04-2017 Dinesh Swami Bishwajeet Paul SK Dotasara Department of Entomology, SKNAU,

More information

Basic Plant Pathology for Franklin County Master Gardener Volunteers. Nancy J. Taylor Plant Pathology Department Ohio State University

Basic Plant Pathology for Franklin County Master Gardener Volunteers. Nancy J. Taylor Plant Pathology Department Ohio State University Basic Plant Pathology for Franklin County Master Gardener Volunteers Nancy J. Taylor Plant Pathology Department Ohio State University https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4 PuP_QbD14 Mildews Mildews Mildews

More information

Plant Disease Introduction. Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Extension Regional Horticulturist

Plant Disease Introduction. Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Extension Regional Horticulturist Plant Disease Introduction Larry A. Sagers Utah State University Extension Regional Horticulturist Plant Pathology Basics Disease Anything that interferes with normal plant function Plant Pathology Basics

More information

North American Bramble Growers Research Foundation 2016 Report. Fire Blight: An Emerging Problem for Blackberry Growers in the Mid-South

North American Bramble Growers Research Foundation 2016 Report. Fire Blight: An Emerging Problem for Blackberry Growers in the Mid-South North American Bramble Growers Research Foundation 2016 Report Fire Blight: An Emerging Problem for Blackberry Growers in the Mid-South Principal Investigator: Burt Bluhm University of Arkansas Department

More information

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Royal Jelly Production and Hypopharyngeal Gland Development of ZND No. 1 Italian Honeybee

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Royal Jelly Production and Hypopharyngeal Gland Development of ZND No. 1 Italian Honeybee 2011 33 6 1176-1180 http / /xuebao. jxau. edu. cn Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis E - mail ndxb7775@ sina. com 1 * 271018 1 15 1 2 1 5 1 20% 20% P 30% 30% P P < 0. 05 20% 30% P < 0. 05 20%

More information

Physiological Studies on the House Fly Musca Domestica Vicina Muscidae, Diptera

Physiological Studies on the House Fly Musca Domestica Vicina Muscidae, Diptera JKAU: Sci., Vol. 22 No. 2, pp: 27-38 (2010 A.D./1431 A.H.) Doi: 10.4197 / Sci. 22-2.3 Physiological Studies on the House Fly Musca Domestica Vicina Muscidae, Diptera Najla a Y.A. Abozenadah Biology Department,

More information

2018 // Potato // HARS // CPB Systemic Trial Pg. 1

2018 // Potato // HARS // CPB Systemic Trial Pg. 1 2018 // Potato // HARS // CPB Systemic Trial Pg. 1 CPB Systemic Seed/In-Furrow Trial Hancock, Wisconsin, USA, 2018 Russell Groves, Scott Chapman, Ben Bradford, Linda Crubaugh Department of Entomology,

More information

Corresponding author: EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. II, Issue 7/ October Impact Factor: 3.1 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.

Corresponding author: EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. II, Issue 7/ October Impact Factor: 3.1 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5. EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. II, Issue 7/ October 2014 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.1 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Study of the Predatory Potential of Australian Ladybird Beetle

More information

Management of Root Knot Disease in Rice Caused by Meloidogyne graminicola through Nematophagous Fungi

Management of Root Knot Disease in Rice Caused by Meloidogyne graminicola through Nematophagous Fungi Management of Root Knot Disease in Rice Caused by Meloidogyne graminicola through Nematophagous Fungi Sobita Simon H.O.D., Plant Protection Department Allahabad Agricultural Institute, D.U. Post Box No.

More information

Laboratory selection and characterization of resistance to the. Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa toxin in Heliothis virescens. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Laboratory selection and characterization of resistance to the. Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa toxin in Heliothis virescens. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) AEM Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 17 February 2017 Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/aem.03506-16 Copyright 2017 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 3 Laboratory selection

More information

Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum and Oomyzus sokolowskii, parasitoids of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum and Oomyzus sokolowskii, parasitoids of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum and Oomyzus sokolowskii, parasitoids of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Zu-hua Shi, Qin-bao Li, Xin Li and Shu-sheng Liu Institute of Applied

More information

Dectes Stem Borer: A Summertime Pest of Soybeans

Dectes Stem Borer: A Summertime Pest of Soybeans Dectes Stem Borer: A Summertime Pest of Soybeans Veronica Johnson* and Cerruti R 2 Hooks $ University of Maryland Dept. of Entomology * Graduate student and $ Associate professor and Extension Specialist

More information

Mtx Toxins Synergize Bacillus sphaericus and Cry11Aa against Susceptible and Insecticide-Resistant Culex quinquefasciatus Larvae

Mtx Toxins Synergize Bacillus sphaericus and Cry11Aa against Susceptible and Insecticide-Resistant Culex quinquefasciatus Larvae APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 2007, p. 6066 6071 Vol. 73, No. 19 0099-2240/07/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aem.00654-07 Copyright 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Mtx

More information

Quantitative profile Analysis of Mulberry Silkworm Bombyx mori. L (CSR 2 XCSR 4 )

Quantitative profile Analysis of Mulberry Silkworm Bombyx mori. L (CSR 2 XCSR 4 ) International Letters of Natural Sciences Online: 2015-02-17 ISSN: 2300-9675, Vol. 34, pp 34-41 doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.34.34 2015 SciPress Ltd., Switzerland Quantitative profile Analysis of

More information

Jitendra Sonkar,, Jayalaxmi Ganguli and R.N. Ganguli

Jitendra Sonkar,, Jayalaxmi Ganguli and R.N. Ganguli Agric. Sci. Digest, 32 (3): 204-208, 2012 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.ar.arccjour ccjournals.com / indianjournals.com nals.com STUDIES ON CORRELATION OF PHEROMONE TRAP CATCH CH OF H.ARMIGERA

More information

Kassahun Zewdie et. al

Kassahun Zewdie et. al Host-specificity sytudy on the leaf feeding beetlle, of Zygograma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) for the control of Parthenium hysterophorus in Ethiopia Kassahun Zewdie et. al Parthenium Weed bio-control

More information

Ecological Effects of Leaf Mining Plant Performance and Trophic Dynamics

Ecological Effects of Leaf Mining Plant Performance and Trophic Dynamics Ecological Effects of Leaf Mining Plant Performance and Trophic Dynamics Diane Wagner LTER Symposium February 2014 Acknowledgements Collaborators Pat Doak Knut Kielland Tom Clausen Linda Defoliart Jenny

More information