Bacillus thuringiensis d

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1 Bacillus thuringiensis d * Role of Spores in the Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Delta-endotoxin. Shoji ASANO* and Kazuhisa MIYAMOTO National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 52: (2008) Abstract: Effect of spores on enhancing the insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) delta-endotoxin (refer to toxin) has been reported to vary depending on the species of insect and variety of Bt, procedure of toxin preparation, bioassay methods and so on. Some studies have demonstrated a remarkable synergistic effect of spores on the insecticidal activity of toxin, but others have not. These discrepancies have raised the following questions: Are spores necessary for the insecticidal activity of Bt toxin? Why is there so much variation in synergistic action between spores and toxins? What problems are there with the bioassay method for judging synergism? To address these questions, we reviewed studies on the interaction between spores and toxins in the insecticidal action of Bt and outlined the problems which should be clarified further to elucidate the role of spores in the insecticidal activity of Bt toxin. Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis; delta-endotoxin; spore; synergistic action; insecticidal activity BT Bacillus thuringiensis Bt autolysis 2 parasporal inclusion, parasporal body parasporal crystal, crystal Insecticidal Crystal Protein, ICP d d -endotoxin spore BT d -endotoxin BT Bt Bt Bt Bt Bacillus cereus Bc Bc * (Received 1 April 2008) (Accepted 22 July 2008) DOI: /jjaez

2 184 Bt Heimpel 1967 a a -exotoxin b b-exotoxin g g-exotoxin d d -endotoxin 4 a -exotoxin lecithinase C phospholipase C b -exotoxin fly toxin g -exotoxin d -endotoxin b - exotoxin d -endotoxin Bt vegetative insecticidal protein Estruch et al., 1996 Bt Asano and Hori, 1995 Bt Miyasono et al., 1994 Angus 1954 Bombyx mori Bt Bt Bt Heimpel and Angus 1959 Bt Bt Heipmel and Angus 1959 Bt I, II III I II I 1 7 ph ph II Pieris rapae ph 2 4 III Ephestia kuehniella 4 I II Ostrinia nubilalis Sutter and Raun, 1966 Galleria mellonella Li et al., 1987 II III I II 1. 1 Somerville et al Colias eurytheme 5 Trichoplusia ni 5 Pseudaletia unipuncta 6 Burges et al LC 50 10,000 Fast 1977 Choristoneura fumiferana 6 LD 50 1/200 McGaughey 1978 Cadra cautella Plodia interpunctella LC 50 1/30, 1/3 Schesser and Bulla 1978 Manduca sexta LC 50 Li et al Pieris brassicae 5 6

3 Bt Bacillus thuringiensis d -endotoxin a C. cautella 1 McGaughey (1978) 4 Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo & Endo (1980) E. kuhniella 4 Heimpel & Angus (1959) P. interpunctella 1 Johnson & McGaughey (1996) G. mellonella 7d Burges et al. (1976) 8d Li et al. (1987) P. rapae 4 b Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo & Endo (1980) P. brassicae 5d, 6d b Li et al. (1987) C. eurytheme 5 Somerville et al. (1970) P. xylostella 4 Miyasono et al. (1994) 2 Tang et al. (1996) 3 Liu et al. (1998) S. exigua 1 Moar et al. (1989) T. ni 5 Somerville et al. (1970) P. unipuncta 6 Somerville et al. (1970) O. nubilalis 6d Sutter & Raun (1966) 1d, 5d M.-Shalleh & Lewis (1982) L. dispar 4 b Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo & Endo (1980) 6 b Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo & Endo (1980) H. cunea 4 (1982) P. interpunctella 1 McGaughey (1978) P. includens b b Nyouki et al. (1996) P. rapae 4 b Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo & Endo (1980) P. xylostella 4 Asano et al. (2000) 4 Asano et al. (2000) S. frugiperda b b Nyouki et al. (1996) M. sexta 1 b Schesser & Bulla (1978) C. fumiferana 5 Fast (1977) B. mori 3 Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo & Endo (1980) a d b

4 186 LC 50 1/30 Moar et al Spodoptera exigua Tang et al Plutella xylostella 2 Cry1A Cry1C Johnson and McGaughey LD 50 1/6 Asano et al Bt Bt Fast /ml 2. Delafield et al Bt Somerville and Pockett 1975 Bt exosporium Bc Bt Scherrer and Somerville 1977 spore coat LC 50 Li et al ,000 Li and Luo Bt 138,000 Du and Nickerson 1996 Bt Cry1Ac Bc Bt BBMV Bt 3 Bt Heimpel and Angus Sutter and Raun 1966 O. nubilalis 6 2. Somerville et al C. eurytheme 5 5 P. unipuncta 6 Burges et al Bt. var. galleriae 10 10,000 Bt. thuringiensis Bt. galleria Bt. galleria Fast 1977 C.

5 Bt 187 fumiferana 6 LD 50 2 McGaughey :1 LC Hyphantria cunea LC 50 4 Mohd-Salleh and Lewis Bt O. nubilalis 6 Li et al % 0% 36% 1:1 Liu and Luo Bt 1:1 Moar et al :1 LC Bt Bt h h Tang et al :1 Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab Cry1Ac Cry1C 1.7 Cry2A 1.3 Johnson and McGaughey Cry1Ab 35 Cry1C 50 Liu et al LC Cry2A Cry1C Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac McGaughey :1 Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo and Endo LC Li et al Nyouki et al Bt Spodoptera frugiperda Bt Pseudoplusia includens Asano et al Fast 1977 C. fumiferana Li et al % %

6 Scherrer and Somerville, Bt Sutter and Raun 1966 Bt O. nubilalis Bt Aly 1985 Aedes aegypti A. vexans 4 Bt min Bt Bt Chiang et al Corcyra cephalonica Bt min Bt Bt Bt Wilson and Benoit 1990 Bt Bt Bt Heimpel and Angus 1959 Burges et al synergism UV Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo and Endo Du and Nickerson 1996 Bt ph 10.3 Bt Bc Asano et al g Bt Bt Bt Yamvrias and Angus 1970 Bc Bt Burges et al Bt. thuringiensis Bt. galleria galleria Nishiitsutsuji- Uwo and Endo 1980 Bt B. subtilis Bs 24 h Bt Bs Bt Bt 1994 Bt Bt Bt Bacillus Bs B. coagulans Lactobacillus Saccharomyces Zygosaccharomyces Dubois and Dean 1995 Escherichia coli Bacillus Bc, Bs B. megaterium Bt Schesser and Bulla 1978 NaN 3 NaN 3

7 Bt Heimpel and Angus :1 Burges et al McGaughey :1 Mohd-Salleh and Lewis 1982 O. nubilalis 4 Bt :1 Bt Bt Bt Bt 3 1 h, 5 3h 1984 Bt 2. Bt Johnson and McGaughey 1996 Bt Cry1Ab 35 Cry1C 50 Bt Cry1Ab 25 Cry1C 44 Tang et al Bt Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac Cry1C 1.7 Cry2A 1.3 Bt Bt Liu et al Bt 9.7 Bt Bt 2003 Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab Cry1Ac Bt Bt 948 2, ,844 Bt Bt

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