SCIENCE 9: BIOLOGY UNIT

Transcription

1 NAME: SCIENCE 9: BIOLOGY UNIT BLOCK: I. DNA B D A E SKILLS 1. Describe location, structure & function of DNA 2. Describe the chromatin chromosome DNA relationship II. CELL CYCLE B D A E III. MITOSIS B D A E 3. List and describe the stages of the cell cycle 4. Describe the function of checkpoint proteins 5. Describe the relationship between the cell cycle and cancer 6. Describe the purpose of mitosis 7. Describe the stages of mitosis including all relevant cell parts(terminology) IV. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION B D A E 8. Describe asexual reproduction, and list advantages and disadvantages 9. List and describe several ways in which organisms can reproduce asexually V. MEIOSIS B D A E 10. Describe the purpose of meiosis 11. Describe the stages of meiosis including all relevant cell parts(terminology) 12. Compare and contrast Meiosis and Mitosis VI. SEXUAL VS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION B D A E 13. Define sexual reproduction, and list advantages and disadvantages 14. Compare and contrast asexual vs sexual reproduction 15. Describe primary and secondary sexual characteristics and differentiate between them VII. MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY B D A E 16. Identify male reproductive structures 17. Describe the function of the male reproductive structures VIII. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY B D A E 18. Identify female reproductive structures 20. Describe the function of the female reproductive structures % Biology Exam Result 1

2 To Do List This is a list of the activities in this unit. You can check off the activities as you complete them. ACTIVITY FINISH BY DATE Watch online videos about the structure of DNA Read the the BC Science 9 text book (pp ) about DNA and chromosomes Complete DNA worksheet Complete the lab: Isolating DNA from strawberries Complete quiz on DNA (Skills #1 & 2) Watch the online power point about the cell cycle Read the BC Science 9 textbook pp (cell cycle) Complete the notes chart and complete the accompanying questions. Try the pre-reading questions on the Cell Cycle and Cancer Read the BC Science 9 textbook pp (cell cycle and cancer) Complete notes and question about checkpoints and cancer Complete quiz on Cell Cycle (Skills #3-5) Watch the online video about mitosis The Amoeba Sisters and complete the worksheet (available on the website) Complete the key terms for Mitosis using a textbook as a reference Read information about the proper care of the microscope. Learn the parts and their functions Read the online power point about Mitosis and/or the BC Science 9 textbook p and complete the Onion Root pre-lab Complete Onion Root Lab Complete the mitosis pipe cleaner activity Complete the mitosis worksheets Prepare a vocabulary list for mitosis then make up flashcards to practice with a buddy Complete quiz on Mitosis (Skills #6 & 7) In your assigned group read and watch video clip about your assigned type of asexual reproduction. Take notes on the Asexual Reproduction table in your notes package. Share your knowledge of your type of asexual reproduction with a new group Learn about all the other types of asexual reproduction from your new group Complete quiz on Asexual Reproduction (Skills #8 & 9) Read the BC Science 9 textbook pp and online PowerPoint on gametes and complete the notes and questions in the note package. Read the BC Science 9 textbook pp and online PowerPoint on meiosis, watch the online video(with accompanying worksheet), and complete notes and questions in note package on meiosis I and II. Read the BC Science 9 textbook pp 193 on gamete formation (meiosis), and complete notes and questions in note package. Complete the meiosis pipe cleaner activity Complete Meiosis worksheets: I. Vocabulary II. Table comparing meiosis with mitosis III. drawing comparing meiosis and mitosis 2

3 Complete quiz on meiosis (Skills #10 & 11) Read textbook pp Complete worksheet on sexual versus asexual reproduction Take notes (in-class) on primary and secondary sexual characteristics Complete worksheet on internal and external fertilization Complete quiz on sexual versus asexual reproduction(skills #12-14) Label the diagram of the male reproductive system Complete the Structure/function table for the male reproductive system Complete quiz on Male Reproductive Structures(Skills #15 & 16) Label the diagram of the female reproductive system Complete the Structure/function table for the female reproductive system Complete quiz on Female Reproductive Structures(Skills #17 & 18) Review for Unit Exam BIOLOGY UNIT SUMMATIVE TEST (recall: no re-writes on a Unit Test!) DATE OF TEST: Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary Demonstrates a basic Demonstrates a solid understanding of understanding of concepts. concepts. Does not demonstrate a basic understanding of concepts. Demonstrates a complete and deep understanding of concepts. LEVEL Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary LETTER GRADE I/F C-/C C+/B-/B/B+ A-/A/A+ PERCENTAGE My estimate based on quizzes and assignments: Mark Assigned by my teacher: My Biology Exam mark % % of Unit

4 VOCABULARY: DNA AND CHROMOSOME WORKSHEET 23 GENES NUCLEUS DNA 46 GENETIC NUMBER TYPE CHROMOSOMES MOLECULE PROTEINS Use the terms in the vocabulary list to fill in the blanks for questions 1 through 8. Each term may be used more than once. You will not need to use every term. 1. The is the control center of the cell and directs and controls the ability of the cell to grow, develop, and replicate (make copies of itself) 2. The instructions for how to carry out all cell activities are carried in, which is a long, two-stranded with a shape like a ladder that has been twisted into a spiral shape. 3. stores instructions for everything the cell does. It also stores material; information that is passed on from one generation to another when organisms reproduce. 4. Strands of DNA are packaged tightly into structures called 5. Each type of organism has a specific of chromosomes 6. Humans have chromosomes that are arranged in pairs. One of these pairs helps determine if a person will be born as a male or a female. 7. are small segments of DNA that carry instructions for making proteins. They are found at specific places on. 8. Proteins are a type of that all the cells of the body need in order to work properly. THE STRUCTURE OF DNA 9. Who discovered the structure of DNA? 10. What are genes? 11. What is the backbone (side of the DNA ladder) made from: 12. There are four different bases in DNA, which are they represented by letters: 13. Base A always pairs with. Base C always pairs with 14. Write the complementary sequence to following DNA strand: 4

5 15. How many chromosomes does humans have in each cell: 16. Look up the number of chromosomes for 3 other organisms of your choice. a. Organism: Number of chromosomes: b. Organism: Number of chromosomes: c. Organism: Number of chromosomes: 17. Fill in the blanks below 18. Complete the Venn diagram to compare and contrast chromosome and chromatin 5

6 DNA EXTRACTION LAB Read the Find Out Activity on page 133 of the BC Science 9 textbook, and then fill in the missing parts of the the procedure below. Procedure: Take 1 frozen strawberry. 1. Put the strawberry into a 2. Add a) b) c) 3. Seal the bag. Gently crush the contents. Keep at room temperature and wait min. 4. Fill a test tube about full of strawberry solution. 5. Pour the rubbing alcohol or ethanol into a. 6. Slowly pour a of the alcohol into the test tube until it is full. Observe the DNA. Record your observations Analyze 1. Describe the appearance of the DNA. Did it look as expected? 2. Do you think DNA from another organism would look different? Why/Why not? 3. Why do you think it was important to crush the strawberry in this activity? 4. If you wanted to maximize the amount of DNA that came out of the strawberry, which ingredient might you increase? Why? 6

7 II. CELL CYCLE Read p in the BC Science 9 textbook or watch the online power point about the cell cycle. Use the following chart to help organize your notes: Name of Cell Cycle Stage Cell Activities Nucleus Activities 1. Interphase a. Growth and preparation b. Replication c. Continued growth and Name preparation 2. Mitosis Interpreting Illustrations Section 5.1 Date Use with textbook pages Id e ntifying sta g e s o f the ce ll cycle Vocabulary 3. Cytokinesis continued growth and preparation growth and preparation interphase mitosis cytokinesis replication Use the vocabulary in of thethe box cell abovecycle to label of the cell cycle in the Label the words stages inthe thestages following diagram. following diagram Briefly describe what is occurring in each stage of the cell cycle. Answer the following Questions on a separate sheet of paper: Explain why the skin cells of an adult must divide. 2. List the three stages of the cell cycle. 2. events that take place during interphase? 3. What are the 4. Why is DNA replication so important? 5. What does3.dna look like at the end of interphase? 6. How does the cell prepare for cell division? 7. Interphase was previously called the resting stage of the cell cycle. Explain why resting 4. stage is not an appropriate description. 7 5.

8 THE CELL CYCLE AND CANCER Checkpoints in a bike race ensure that the athlete and the bike are in good condition to continue in the race. There are also checkpoints in the cell cycle. Predict the answer to questions below, then watch the online video clip about the cell cycle and cancer and read pages in the BC Science 9 textbook or the online powerpoint to check your predictions. Questions Why is it important that there are checkpoints in the cell cycle? Before Reading What I Think After Reading What I Learned What causes a cell to become cancerous? What does a cancer cell look compared to a normal cell? How might the cell cycle be related to cancer? Answer the following Questions about checkpoints and cancer 1. What might happen if DNA replication and mitosis were not highly controlled? 2. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell? 3. How do cancer cells spread to a new location? 4. A laboratory technician is observing some cells under a microscope. What might she look for to determine if any of the cells are cancer cells? 8

9 III. MITOSIS KEY TERMS Define the following: 1. Chromosome 2. Chromatin 3. Spindle fiber 4. Centromere 5. Sister chromatid 6. Nuclear membrane 9

10 Proper Use of the Light Microscope It s very important to follow instruction on how to carefully use a microscope. Microscopes can easily be broken, especially when it comes to the objective lenses. BASIC MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUE RULES TO FOLLOW 1. When you carry a microscope, always hold it with one hand on the arm and the other under the base, and keep the cord well contained. 2. Always lower the stage and raise the objectives all the way before placing a slide under the objectives. 3. Always begin working with the LOW POWER (shortest) objective first. 4. Observe the slide from the side, not looking through the eye piece, when using the coarse focus to avoid running the objective lens into the slide. 5. Never use the coarse focus adjustment when on the medium or high power objectives. Focus on low power first and then rotate the higher power objective into place. Make final focus adjustments with the fine focus adjustment. 10

11 MITOSIS LAB: MITOSIS IN AN ONION ROOT TIP Introduction Mitosis can be observed in cells that are in a state of growth. In this lab, you will observe cells and identify which stage of cell division the cells are in. To help you do this, let's review what characteristics to look for at the different stages. Also remember, interphase is not technically a part of Mitosis, but it is part of the cell cycle and many of the cells you will be looking at are in interphase Pre-lab Read p in the Science 9 textbook. Identify each stage of mitosis on the chart below and describe what you would expect to see. Stage Distinguishing Characteristic(s) Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Procedure: You will be given a slide of Allium, which is an onion root tip. Growth occurs when cells divide, so the root tips should have several cells in the process of cell division. 1. View the root tip under the microscope and search for organized blocks of cells where nuclei are plainly visible. (Most activity will be occurring at the tip of the root). 2. Move the slide around until you find a good spot that shows the cells in various stages of mitosis. 3. Draw the cells in various stages in the appropriate box on the following page. 4. Label the chromosomes and spindle fibers. 11

12 Stage Drawing Stage Drawing Interphase Anaphase Prophase Telophase Metaphase 12

13 MITOSIS PIPE CLEANER ACTIVITY 1. The pipe cleaners illustrate the chromosomes, the beads the centromeres, the string the spindle fibers, and the paper plates the nucleus. a. Show your partner what happens in Prophase. i. Use the terms chromosomes, chromatin, spindle fibres, nuclear membrane, centromeres b. Show your partner Metaphase. i. Use the terms chromosomes, spindle fibres, equator c. Show your partner Anaphase i. Use the terms spindle fibres, sister chromatids, chromosomes d. Show your partner Telophase i. Use the terms spindle fibres, nuclear membrane, chromosomes, nuclei 2. Switch and let your partner explain mitosis to you. MITOSIS QUESTIONS: use your notebook to answer the following questions 1. What is the purpose of mitosis? 2. How many chromosomes did you start with? How many did you have at the end? 3. Is mitosis constantly occurring in your cells? Explain. A B C D E 4. Use the diagrams above to answer questions (a) to (e). a. Which diagram shows a cell at the beginning of anaphase? b. Which diagram shows a cell with sister chromatids moving to opposite poles? c. Which diagram illustrates a cell where a new nuclear membrane is forming? d. Write down the correct sequence of letters to show the phases of mitosis from beginning to end. e. Using the diagrams, explain how you could tell whether a cell has just completed mitosis or is entering mitosis f. Which diagram shows DNA as chromatin? g. Which diagram shows cytokinesis? h. Which diagram shows the stage where the cell carries out life functions? 13

14 5. Why must the nuclear membrane break down for mitosis to occur? 6. In interphase, the DNA is loosely coiled. Why do you think it is important that the DNA be compact and tightly coiled during mitosis? (Hint: Think of an unraveled spool of thread.) 7. This drawing shows various stages of mitosis in a fast growing onion root tip. Identify the cells (by numbers) which are in the following stages of mitosis: interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase 8. Using colored pens or pencils, show how 2 chromosomes are passed from mother cell to two daughter cells. 14

15 IV. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. Define asexual reproduction: 2. Define clone: Type of asexual reproduction (diagram) Describe or define Example organism Advantages Disadvantages Binary Fission Budding 15

16 Fragmentation Vegetative reproduction Spore formation 16

17 V. MEIOSIS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND GAMETES: NOTES AND QUESTIONS Diploid Haploid Gametes Fertilization Zygotes Embryo Answer the Questions below: What is another word for egg and sperm cells? The process producing egg and sperm cells is called: The process producing a zygote is called: The process that allow the zygote to develop into an embryo and eventually a baby is called: 17

18 MEIOSIS I NOTES AND QUESTIONS Meiosis I notes Homologous chromosomes Cross Over Independent assortment Meiosis I diagram Draw the chromosomes in meiosis I in the diagram below. The starting cell should be a diploid cell, where 2n = 6. Cross Over Meiosis I Questions a. What is the purpose of meiosis I? Independent assortment b. How does it differ from mitosis? c. How many cells did you end up with at the end of meiosis I? d. At the end of meiosis I, are the sister chromatids identical? Explain why/why not? e. How does the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells compare to the number of chromosomes in the parent cell? 18

19 MEIOSIS II NOTES AND QUESTIONS Draw the chromosomes in meiosis II in the diagram below. The starting cells are haploid cells, where n=3 Meiosis II Questions a. What is the purpose of meiosis II? b. How is meiosis II different from mitosis? c. At the start of meiosis II: I. How many chromosomes in each cell? II. How many homologous chromosomes in each cell? III. How many chromatids? d. How many cells did you end up with at the end of meiosis? e. Are the cells haploid or diploid at the end of meiosis II? 19

20 GAMETE FORMATION WORKSHEET Sperm Formation Egg Formation 1. Draw in 2 chromosomes (in colour) and show what happens to these chromosomes during gamete production by filling in the diagram above. 2. Label the two diagrams with the following: Meiosis I Reduction Division Diploid Meiosis II Replicated DNA Haploid 3. What are polar bodies? Label them on the Egg Formation diagram. How is crossing over and independent assortment similar and how are they different? 4. Where does crossing over and independent assortment occur? 5. Label the diagram with these two processes. 20

21 PIPE CLEANER ACTIVITY Materials: A materials bag, 6 beads, 4 different color sets of 4 pipe cleaners Procedure: 1. Take the two homologous pairs of chromosomes out of the bag. 2. Using the four chromosomes show your partner what happens in Meiosis I Use the terms: chromosomes, crossing over, independent assortment, genetic variation, diploid, and haploid 3. Your partner can test you using the Meiosis I Questions from p Arrange your chromosomes so you have two NON-homologous chromosomes (a small and a large). 5. Using the two chromosomes show your partner what happens in Meiosis II Use the terms: chromosome, chromatids, haploid, and gamete 6. Your partner can test you using the Meiosis II Questions from p Using all four chromosomes, show your partner what you would have after meiosis if you started with four chromosomes. MITOSIS or MEIOSIS WORKSHEET Choose whether the following occur in Mitosis (M), Meiosis I (MI) or Meiosis II (MII). IF the action occurs in both, write both. a. homologous chromosomes line up in pairs at the center of the cell b. four haploid cells form c. individual chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell d. crossing over occurs e. two diploid cells form f. sister chromatids separate from each other 21

22 MEIOSIS WORKSHEET Vocabulary: 2 46 Embryo Meiosis Zygote 3 Body Cell Fertilization Meiosis I Crossing Over 4 Chromosome Gametes Meiosis II Independent Assortment 23 Diploid Haploid Mitosis Use these terms to fill in the blanks. You can use each term more than once. You won t need to use every term. 1. Female and male organisms produced specialized cells called that are necessary for reproduction. Eggs are the from female parents. Sperm are the from male parents. 2. During sexual reproduction, the gametes from the two parents combine during a process called to form a new cell called a. 3. As the zygote undergoes repeated and cell division, it matures into a(n). 4. A human diploid body cell has pairs of chromosomes. 5. Human gamete cells have a total of chromosomes. Gametes are said to be. 6. During meiosis, each in a cell is duplicated once and then the cell divides times. 7. The first division of the cell is called, which starts with a diploid cell and finishes with two cells. 8. During Meiosis I, paired chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called. This results in increased variation of gametes 9. During, chromosomes separate at the equator and move to the opposite ends of the cell. This also results in increased variation of gametes. 10. Each of the two haploid cells undergoes a second division called, which starts with two haploid cells and ends with haploid cells. 11. Meiosis starts with one cell and ends with haploid cells. 22

23 COMPARING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS WORKSHEET Compare the two processes by completing the table below. Read each characteristic and write notes discussing any important differences, similarities or events occurring in each process. MAKE NOTE: answers such as YES and NO are not acceptable answers. Characteristic Mitosis Meiosis Importance of process in the life cycle of an organism or cell Type of reproduction Types of cells that undergo the process (areas of the body) Types of cells produced by the process (haploid/diploid, body cells/gametes) Behavior of homologous chromosomes Number of nuclear divisions Replication of DNA Cytokinesis Number of daughter cells produced at the end of the process Mother cell s genetic makeup compared to daughter cells genetic makeup 23

24 MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS DIAGRAM Draw the chromosomes in the cell as it undergoes Mitosis Draw the chromosomes in the cell as it undergoes Meiosis (same parent cell as above). 24

25 VI. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION VS. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Fill in the following table comparing asexual and sexual reproduction Number of Parents Gamete? Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Meiosis occurs? Offspring How many? Genetic variation? Examples of organism Advantages Disadvantages 25

26 PRIMARY vs. SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS Primary Sex Characteristic: Secondary Sex Characteristic: PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS MALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS FEMALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS 26

27 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION Label both the diagrams with the terms in the following vocabulary list. Words can be used more than once. 2n n Internal Fertilization External Fertilization Zygote Gamete Questions: Answer in your notebook. 1. If purple sea urchins release their egg and sperm into the water, why do purple urchin sperm not fertilize green urchin eggs? 2. What are the three stages of sexual reproduction? 3. When an egg is fertilized, what conditions must be met before cell division occurs? 4. What are two advantages of external fertilization? 5. What are two disadvantages of external fertilization? 6. Describe an advantage and a disadvantage of internal fertilization? 27

28 VII. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Label the following diagrams using the terms below. They can be used more than once. Bladder Rectum Seminal Vesicles Prostate Urethra Bulbourethral gland Urethral opening Pubic Bone Foreskin Penis Scrotum Testes or Testicles Anus Vas Deferens Epididymis Glans 28

29 MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TABLE Explore our website to find information and fill in the following table Organ Function Testes Epididymis Scrotum Sperm Duct or vas deferens Penis Urethra Prostate and other Glands 29

30 VIII. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Label the following diagrams using the terms below. They can be used more than once. Bladder Clitoris Fallopian Tube or Oviduct Urethral Opening Vagina Uterus Ovary Labia majora Urethra Rectum Anus Fimbriae Labia minora Vaginal Opening cervix 30

31 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TABLE Explore our website to find information and fill in the following table Organ Function Vagina Cervix Uterus Endometrium Oviduct or Fallopian Tube Fimbria Ovary 31

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