Biogeography. 7A-Evidence of Evolution. Description: Species. Speciation. Diversity. Geographic Isolation

Transcription

1 7A-Evidence of of Horses: Evolution Describe how horses have evolved to look like the modern day horse. Biogeography Simulation : A population is separated for a long time. Can they come back together to live & reproduce together again? Why/Why not? Biogeography the study of isolation and drift. Species Speciation How does one species become two species? Diversity Out: Describe how evidence of common ancestry is provided by biogeography. Use the terms: common ancestor, species, speciation, diversity, geographic isolation, continental drift. Geographic Isolation

2 7A-Evidence of Evolution Using Fossil Records: Why do ancient ancestors look different or the same as modern species? Evolution Similarities of in the fossil record reflects that organisms have a common ancestor. in bone structure of specific species shows over time. Fossil record has revealed links between large groups of organisms such as from to and reptile to. Fossils Theory Fossil Record shows: Relative of a species Evolution of Horses: Describe how horses have evolved to look like the modern day horse. How species found in the _ layers are very different from what is in the layer Species today are more (cell structure, DNA) That when new species, others become evolution in species over time in the timeline and is not.

3 In: 7A-Evidence of Evolution Observe the picture on the ppt.are those two organisms related to each other? Explain your reasoning. Homologies/ a character shared between species that was also present in their common ancestor. Label each with the correct homology: Anatomical Homologous Anatomical Analogous Anatomical Vestigial Molecular Genetics Out: Describe how evidence of common ancestry is provided by homologies. Use the terms: anatomical, homologous, analogous, molecular, developmental, embryology, & vestigial. Developmental-Embryology

4 In: 7A-Evidence of Evolution Does evolution occur in rapid bursts or gradually (over time)? Label each model: Models of Evolution Gradualism Compare Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium Punctuated Equilibrium Use the terms gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, and stasis and how they related to the fossil record. Be sure to explain how the fossil record is not always complete and why. Stasis

5 In: 7C Natural Selection What is natural selection and what impact does it have on a population? Who was Darwin? Mechanisms of Evolution What was his contribution to biology? Natural Selection Elements of Natural Selection Inherited Variation: Finite Amount of Resources: Genetic Variation Number of Offspring: Differential Reproductive Success: Picture Explain how natural selection works on populations and not individuals. Be sure to use the following terms: Natural Selection, Genetic Variation. Also discuss how the elements of natural selection shape populations. Mimicry vs. Camouflage

6 Evolution: Definition Emergence of Evolutionary Thought EVOLUTION NOTES A process by which the living world has been developing following the origin of life over. 1880s: Scientists began asking questions: Why did the bones of some mammals such as humans, cats, whales, and bats in size, shape, and function, but have structure? a. structures (same evolutionary origin but different functions. a. The opposite of homologous structures are analogous structures. i. Structures occur when adapt to a environment. Development of Darwin s Theory _ said, As the human population outgrows its resource, members must for what is available. Darwin thought that the might apply in nature. Individuals with favorable traits might have an _. Favored individuals would MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION: NATURAL SELECTION Evolution: How It Works Evolution occurs in. Natural Selection is usually referred to of the Natural Selection Review Mechanisms of Evolution: Natural Selection: 1. There is in traits. (Ex: some beetles are green and some are brown.) 2. There is. Since the environment can t support unlimited population growth, not all individuals get to reproduce to their full potential. 3. There is. The surviving brown beetles have brown baby beetles because this trait is based on genetic traits. 4. End result:, brown coloration, allows the beetles to have more offspring, so it becomes. a. This is called V = : all life forms vary genetically within a population I = : Genetic traits are inherited from parents and passed on to offspring. S = : Organisms with traits that are favorable for survival get to live and pass on their genes to the next generation T = : Evolution can happen in a few generations, but major change, such as speciation, often takes long periods of time. Natural Selection is determined by the. Certain traits better suit certain environments.

7 Name: _ Date: Period: _ Biology: The Peppered Moths Mini-Lab Background Information: Before the industrial revolution, the trees in the forest around Manchester, England were a light grey/green due to the color of lichens (fungus) on their trunks. Peppered moths, or Biston betularia, which lived in the area were found in two varieties: 1) Light with dark spots (most common) and 2) Dark with light spots (less common). The most common peppered moth color was light with dark spots and the least common were dark with light spots. Because there were not enough resources to support the entire population, the two varieties of this species had to compete for survival. Their coloring, when against a similar background, served as camouflage against predators such as birds and lizards, thus increasing chances of survival. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, the trees became covered with sulfur dioxide, turning the trunks dark. Problem Questions: Choose only 1 question below to answer in an If then hypothesis. 1) What will happen to the number of light colored moths as the trees began to darken? 2) What will happen to the number of dark colored moths as the trees began to darken? Hypothesis: Background Questions: 1) Define the following terms. (best writing skills) a. Variation: b. Adaptation: c. Natural Selection: Graphing: Graph the collected data on the back-side of this page.

8 Data: Use the numbers below to fill in your graph Year Light peppered moths captured, counted, and released by researchers Dark peppered moths captured, counted, and released by researchers Analysis: Be sure to answer each question using your best writing skills. (complete sentences) 1) What does the data in your graph show? Be specific and don t just assume I will understand. 2) At the start of the experiment,.the trees had a light color which means the light moths were better camouflaged. So why were they captured the most (556) in year #1 if they were better hidden? 3) How can natural selection explain what happened to the moths over the course of this 10 year study? 4) If the dark colored peppered moths are so well hidden at the end of this experiment, why were so many (638) captured? 5) What do you think might happen to the population of moths if the pollution was cleaned up? Be sure to explain your reasoning.

9 Name: Period: _ Date: _ EVOLUTION IN POPULATIONS NOTES Development of New Species AND Types of Population Change is the development of one or more species from an existing species. Types of Population Change Disruptive Selection: selection acts strongly against an intermediate. Directional Selection: The range in phenotypes shifts. Stabilization Selection: selection to keep the center of the curve and narrows the overall graph We have already discussed that evolution is an change in the of a over. Natural selection is one way to change a population, but there are other ways too. Some Important Terms: consists of all genes including all the different alleles in population of an allele is the number of times that the allele occurs in a gene pool. Population consists of all the species living in one area. _ is one type of organism that can and produce fertile offspring. Evolution: Beyond Natural Selection Mutations-- There are two ways: 1. fails to copy correctly 2. Environmental influences can cause mutations Gene Flow (Migration) is the of genes from one to another. If genes are carried to a population where those genes previously did not exist, gene flow can be a very important source of. Genetic Drift: is a change in a population s allele frequencies. The the population, the the effect. 1. Founder Effect: A leave a population to establish a new one. _ the allele frequencies for many traits may not be the same as the original population 2. Bottleneck Effect:, starvation, or some other disaster can nearly wipe out large populations. Even though the population recovers, the relative abundance of alleles has been altered. Types of Barriers: Sometimes arise between parts of a population and create. Then, two or more gene pools exist when there was only one. 1. Geographic isolation: populations can be by geographic barriers a. Examples: Housing division, fence, mountain 2. isolation: any aspect of structure or behavior that prevents breeding. a. Example: Different Breeding Seasons, Behavior, Mating Rituals If over time there is between the two populations then selection, mutation, and genetic drift can in each population. This can cause different traits to arise in each population. This is called or adaptive radiation.

10 Name: Date: Period: EvolutionReviewWorksheet Chapters1012 EarlyIdeasaboutEvolutionandDarwin sobservations 1. Whatdoscientistscalltheprocessofbiologicalchange,bywhichdescendantscometodifferfromtheir ancestors? 2. Ahorseandadonkeycanproduceamule,thereforehorsesanddonkeysareofthesamespecies. Circleone:TrueorFalse Explainyouranswer: _ 3. Forthefollowingchooseeither:VARIATIONorADAPTATION a. Thedifferenceinthephysicaltraitsofanindividualfromthoseofother individualsinthegrouptowhichitbelongs. b. Afeaturethatallowsanorganismtobettersurviveinitsenvironment. c. Atortoisepopulationlivesinanareawithtallgrass.Thesetortoises havelongernecksthantortoisesthatliveinotherareas.havingalongneckisanexampleofthis. d. Onefishinapopulationhasslightlydarkerscalesthanitsrelatives. Thedifferenceincolorofscalesisanexampleofthis. 4. WhatobservationsdidDarwinnoticebetweenthefinchesonEquatorandthoseonthedifferentislands ofthegalapagos?_ TheTheoryofNaturalSection 5. Fillintheblanks:Artificialselectioniswherecertaintraitsaremanipulatedby, whileinnaturalselection,_istheselectiveagent. 6. Naturalselectionexplainshowevolutioncanoccur.Matchthe4mainprinciplesofnaturalselectionwith thecorrectdefinition:variationoverproductionadaptationdescentwithmodification a. _Producingmanyoffspring,someofwhichmaynotsurvive. b. _Heritabledifferencesthatmakeanindividualunique. c. _Anadvantageoustrait;onewellsuitedfortheenvironment. d. _Aheritable,advantageous,traitbecomingmorecommonina population. 7. Circleone:NaturalselectionactsonexistingtraitsorNaturalSelectionworksdirectlyonDNA 8. Completethesentence:Inbiology,anorganismissaidtohaveahighfitnessif _ 9. Fillintheblanks:Sexualselectionoccurswhencertaintraitsincreasematingsuccess. selectioninvolvesfighting(competition)amongmalesforafemale, whereas selectioninvolvesmalesdisplayingtraitstoimpressfemales. 10. Whatarethe5factorsthatcanleadtoevolution? a. d. b. e. c. EvidenceforEvolution 11. Matchthetypeofevidencetoitsdescription. FossilsGeographyEmbryologyAnatomyBiochemical a. _Differentorganismssharesimilarstructuresthathaveverydifferent functions,orhaveremnantsofstructures/organsthathadafunctioninthepast. b. _InDNAsequencing,themorecloselyrelatedtwoorganismsare,the moresimilartheirdna. c. _Fossilorganismsfoundinbottom(older)layersaremoreprimitivethan thoseintheupper(newer)layers;oftentimes,theseextinctfossilsresembledmodernlife. d. _Duringtheearlystagesoflife,embryosofverydifferentorganisms appeartobeverysimilar.astheycontinuetodevelop,theybecomeincreasinglydifferent. e. _Differenthabitatsfavordifferenttraitsandcanestablishseparate populationsthathaveacommonancestor. 12. WhichtypesofstructuresinorganismshaveevolvedseparatelyandareNOTevidenceofacommon ancestor? (hint:wingsofabatandofaflywouldbeanexampleofthis) 13. CompareandContrast:RadiometricDatingandRelativeDating

11 SpeciationthroughIsolation 14. Define:GeneFlow _ 15. Namethethreebarriersthancanisolatepopulations&listanexampleofthisbarrier: a. b. c. 16. Fillintheblankswiththewordsbelow: SpeciationEnvironmentGeneFlowMutationSpeciesMateGeneticDrift Twopopulationsaresaidtobeisolatedifthereisnolongerany betweenthem.overgenerations,themembersofisolatedpopulationsmaybecomemoreandmore different.isolatedpopulationsmaybecomegeneticallydifferentasthosethatarebetteradaptedtothe new,surviveandreproduce.randomprocessessuchasmutations& canalsoaffectevolution.whenmembersoftwoisolatedpopulationscanno longersuccessfully,thepopulationsaresaidtobereproductivelyisolated. Reproductiveisolationisthefinalsteppriorto,whichistheevolutionof anew. PatternsinEvolution 17. CompareandContrast:BackgroundExtinctionandMassExtinction 18. Describeconvergentevolutionusinganexample.Wouldstructuresinthisexamplebehomologousor analogous? 19. Describedivergentevolutionusinganexample.Wouldstructuresinthisexamplebehomologousor analogous? 20. Inthetablebelow,fillinthespacesaboutthetwowaysinwhichspeciescancoevolve. TypeofCoevolution Howitworks Example BeneficialRelationship EvolutionaryArmsRace 21. Mammalevolutionexplodedaftertheageofdinosaurs.Thisrapidperiodofgrowthwasfollowedbya slowperiodofspeciation.circletheletterofthetwopatternsthatexplainthis. a. Convergentevolution d. Coevolution g. Gradualism b. Divergentevolution e. Massextinction h. Backgroundextinction c. Adaptiveradiation f. Punctuatedequilibrium OriginofLife 22. Matchthecorrecttermtotheproperhypothesis: RibozymesMillerUreyIronsulfidebubblesMeteoriteEndosymbiosisLipidMembrane a. _Demonstratedorganiccompoundscouldbemadebypassingelectricalcurrent (simulatelightening)throughaclosedsystemthatheldamixturesofgases(earlyatmosphere). b. AminoacidsmayhavearrivedonEarththroughmeteorite/asteroidimpacts. c. Arelationshipinwhichoneorganismliveswithinthebodyofanother,and bothorganismsbenefitfromtherelationship. d. Biologicalmoleculescombinedincompartmentsofchimneylikestructures ontheoceanfloor.thecompartmentsactedasthefirstcellmembranes. e. Lipidspheres,orliposomes,couldformaroundavarietyoforganic molecules,actingasearlycellmembranes. f. RNAmoleculesthatcancatalyzespecificchemicalreactionswithoutthe useofadditionalenzymes.mayhavebeenthefirstgeneticmaterialofcells.

12 EVOLUTION TEST REVIEW (Use your ISN Quiz: Natural Selection and Evolution in Populations to help you study too.) 1. Scientists have duplicated the chemical conditions of the early oceans and atmosphere inside an apparatus in a controlled laboratory experiment. The chemicals were subjected to an energy source in the form of electric sparks. The resulting compounds made were 2. According to the table below, which two species are most related? Number of Amino Acid DIFFERENCES between Species Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4 Species Species Species Species The illustration demonstrates which evolutionary evidence? 4. The wing of a bird and the wing of an insect is an example of (circle one) Homolgous Structures OR Analogous Structures. 5. What is a vestigial structure? Give an example. 6. Be able to read a fossil record. See you quiz or Evidence of Fossil Records Worksheet. 7. The fossils of extinct amphibians can be found in South American, Africa, and Australia. Which of the following statements best describes this occurrence? (circle one) a. These continents were once next to one another before the process of continental drift separated them. b. Underwater tunnels once connected these continents. 8. True (A) or False (B): Reproductive success depends on the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive. 9. Looking at embryonic development (see Evidence of Embryology WS), similarities in development shows that the organisms: Circle the best answer: a. All undergo external development. b. May have evolved from a common ancestor. c. Are all members of the same species. 10. How might a frog that lays more eggs be more fit and advantageous that a frog that only lays one egg? Circle ONE of the following: Homologous Structure, Fossil Record, Embryology, Vestigial Structure, Molecular DNA

13 11. Define the following types of Evolution in Populations. Natural Selection: 12. How might an insect that resembles a twig be an example of an advantageous adaptation? Mutation: What two things must two organism be able to do in order to be classified as one type of species? Gene Flow (Migration): 15. Describe the evolution of the horse (their size, forefoot, and molar). Genetic Drift Bottleneck Effect: Genetic Drift Founder Effect: Reproductive Isolation Geographic Isolation

14 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Lesson 50: What is evolution? Define the following words that were included in today s lesson: evolution- Vocabulary natural selection- fossil- law of superposition- Writing for Credit Why is it necessary for things to change over time? Describe what you think the phrase descent with modification actually means. Connections to Learning What prior knowledge made today s lesson more meaningful? What did you know already? ( Free write in this area.) Summarize today s lesson: What occurred? What did you learn? Summary What do you still need to study/practice/reinforce? (You MUST write something here.) Practice

15 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Practice and Application Questions 1. Species of bacteria can evolve more quickly than species of mammals because bacteria have 1. less competition 2. more chromosomes 3. lower mutation rates 4. higher rates of reproduction 2. When is extinction of a species most likely to occur? 1. when environmental conditions remain the same and the proportion of individuals within the species that lack adaptive traits increases 2. when environmental conditions remain the same and the proportion of individuals within the species that possess adaptive traits increases 3. when environmental conditions change and the adaptive traits of the species favor the survival and reproduction of some of its members 4. when environmental conditions change and the members of the species lack adaptive traits to survive and reproduce 3. The diagram below represents possible evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms. Which statement is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from the diagram? 1. Snails appeared on Earth before corals. 2. Sponges were the last new species to appear on Earth. 3. Earthworms and sea stars have a common ancestor. 4. Insects are more complex than mammals. 4. The kit fox and red fox species are closely related. The kit fox lives in the desert, while the red fox inhabits forests. Ear size and fur color are two differences that can be observed between the species. An illustration of these two species is shown below. Which statement best explains how the differences between these two species came about? 1. Different adaptations developed because the kit fox preferred hotter environments than the red fox. 2. As the foxes adapted to different environments, differences in appearance evolved. 3. The foxes evolved differently to prevent overpopulation of the forest habitat. 4. The foxes evolved differently because their ancestors were trying to avoid competition.

16 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Lesson 51: Fossils and geologic record Define the following words that were included in today s lesson: fossil- Vocabulary sedimentary rock- law of superposition- Briefly describe or draw how a fossil will form? What kind(s) of tissues fossilize best? Connections to Learning Writing for Credit What prior knowledge made today s lesson more meaningful? What did you know already? ( Free write in this area.) Summarize today s lesson: What occurred? What did you learn? Summary What do you still need to study/practice/reinforce? (You MUST write something here.) Practice

17 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Practice and Application Questions 1. The theory of biological evolution includes the concept that 1. species of organisms found on Earth today have adaptations not always found in earlier species 2. fossils are the remains of present-day species and were all formed at the same time 3. individuals may acquire physical characteristics after birth and pass these acquired characteristics on to their offspring 4. the smallest organisms are always eliminated by the larger organisms within the ecosystem 2. Scientists hypothesize that cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and radishes developed along a common evolutionary pathway. Which observation would best support this hypothesis? 1. Fossils of these plants were found in the same rock layer. 2. Chloroplasts of these plants produce a gas. 3. These plants live in the same environment. 4. These plants have similar proteins. 3. Scientists compared fossil remains of a species that lived 5,000 years ago with members of the same species living today. Scientists concluded that this species had changed very little over the entire time period. Which statement best accounts for this lack of change? 1. The environment changed significantly and those offspring without favorable characteristics died. 2. The environment changed significantly, but the species had no natural enemies for a long period of time. 3. The environment did not change significantly and those offspring expressing new characteristics survived their natural enemies. 4. The environment did not change significantly and those offspring expressing new characteristics did not survive. 4. A small amount of DNA was taken from a fossil of a mammoth found frozen in glacial ice. Genetic technology can be used to produce a large quantity of identical DNA from this mammoth s DNA. In this technology, the original DNA sample is used to 1. stimulate differentiation in other mammoth cells 2. provide fragments to replace certain human body chemicals 3. act as a template for repeated replication 4. trigger mitosis to obtain new base sequences 5. Which statement is best supported by fossil records? 1. Many organisms that lived in the past are now extinct. 2. Species occupying the same habitat have identical environmental needs. 3. The struggle for existence between organisms results in changes in populations. 4. Structures such as leg bones and wing bones can originate from the same type of tissue found in embryos.

18 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Lesson 52: Is mutation important in evolution? Define the following words that were included in today s lesson: mutation- Vocabulary adaptation- descent with modification- Writing for Credit Briefly describe why/how mutation has an effect on mutation and the rate of mutation/change within a species. Why is it impossible to say that an individual mutates within its lifetime? Connections to Learning What prior knowledge made today s lesson more meaningful? What did you know already? ( Free write in this area.) Summarize today s lesson: What occurred? What did you learn? Summary What do you still need to study/practice/reinforce? (You MUST write something here.) Practice

19 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Practice and Application Questions 1. In Siamese cats, the fur on the ears, paws, tail, and face is usually black or brown, while the rest of the body fur is almost white. If a Siamese cat is kept indoors where it is warm, it may grow fur that is almost white on the ears, paws, tail, and face, while a Siamese cat that stays outside where it is cold, will grow fur that is quite dark on these areas. The best explanation for these changes in fur color is that 1. an environmental factor influences the expression of this inherited trait 2. the location of pigment-producing cells determines the DNA code of the genes 3. skin cells that produce pigments have a higher mutation rate than other cells 4. the gene for fur color is modified by interactions with the environment Base your answer to question 2 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 2. The similarities of the bones labeled A provide evidence that 1. the organisms may have evolved from a common ancestor 2. all species have one kind of bone structure 3. the cells of the bones contain the same type of mutations 4. all structural characteristics are the same in animals color is modified by interactions with the environment 3. Scientists compared fossil remains of a species that lived 5,000 years ago with members of the same species living today. Scientists concluded that this species had changed very little over the entire time period. Which statement best accounts for this lack of change? 1. The environment changed significantly and those offspring without favorable characteristics died. 2. The environment changed significantly, but the species had no natural enemies for a long period of time. 3. The environment did not change significantly and those offspring expressing new characteristics survived their natural enemies. 4. The environment did not change significantly and those offspring expressing new characteristics did not survive. 4. A small amount of DNA was taken from a fossil of a mammoth found frozen in glacial ice. Genetic technology can be used to produce a large quantity of identical DNA from this mammoth s DNA. In this technology, the original DNA sample is used to 1. stimulate differentiation in other mammoth cells 2. provide fragments to replace certain human body chemicals 3. act as a template for repeated replication 4. trigger mitosis to obtain new base sequences 5. Which statement is best supported by fossil records? 1. Many organisms that lived in the past are now extinct. 2. Species occupying the same habitat have identical environmental needs. 3. The struggle for existence between organisms results in changes in populations. 4. Structures such as leg bones and wing bones can originate from the same type of tissue found in embryos.

20 Student Name_ Due Date_ Period Lesson 53: Charles Darwin and Natural Selection Define the following words that were included in today s lesson: Natural selection- Vocabulary Biological adaptation- Galapagos Islands- Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection laid the groundwork for countless scientists that would succeed him. However, his theory had some weaknesses. What were they? Connections to Learning Writing for Credit What prior knowledge made today s lesson more meaningful? What did you know already? ( Free write in this area.) Summarize today s lesson: What occurred? What did you learn? Summary What do you still need to study/practice/reinforce? (You MUST write something here.) Practice

21 Student Name_ Due Date_ Period Practice and Application Questions 1. The information below was printed on a calendar of important events in the field of biology Darwin Publishes On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection This information is most closely associated with 1. an explanation for the change in types of minerals in an area through ecological succession 2. the reasons for the loss of biodiversity in all habitats on Earth 3. an attempt to explain the structural similarities observed among diverse living organisms 4. the effect of carrying capacity of a population Base your answers to questions 2 and 3 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. When Charles Darwin traveled to the Galapagos Islands, he observed 14 distinct varieties of finches on the islands. Darwin also observed that each finch variety ate a different type of food and lived in a slightly different habitat from the other finches. Darwin concluded that the finches all shared a common ancestor but had developed different beak structures. 2. The 14 varieties of finches are most likely the result of 1. absence of biodiversity 2. biological evolution 3. asexual reproduction 4. lack of competition 3. The different beak structures mentioned in the last sentence were most likely influenced by 1. selection for favorable variations 2. environmental conditions identical to those of the common ancestor 3. abnormal mitotic cell division 4. characteristics that are acquired during the bird s lifetime 4. When Charles Darwin was developing his theory of evolution, he considered variations in a population important. However, he could not explain how the variations occurred. Name two processes that can result in variation in a population. Explain how these processes actually cause variation.

22 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Lesson 54: Modern Natural Selection Theory Define the following words that were included in today s lesson: overproduction- Vocabulary competition- struggle for survival- How do Modern natural Selection Theory and Darwin s natural Selection theory compare? differ? Connections to Learning Writing for Credit What prior knowledge made today s lesson more meaningful? What did you know already? ( Free write in this area.) Summarize today s lesson: What occurred? What did you learn? Summary What do you still need to study/practice/reinforce? (You MUST write something here.) Practice

23 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Practice and Application Questions 1. Which two processes result in variations that commonly influence the evolution of sexually reproducing species? 1. mutation and genetic recombination 2. mitosis and natural selection 3. extinction and gene replacement 4. environmental selection and selective breeding 2. Which statement best describes a current understanding of natural selection? 1. Natural selection influences the frequency of an adaptation in a population. 2. Natural selection has been discarded as an important concept in evolution. 3. Changes in gene frequencies due to natural selection have little effect on the evolution of species. 4. New mutations of genetic material are due to natural selection 3. Certain insects resemble the bark of the trees on which they live. Which statement provides a possible biological explanation for this resemblance? 1. The insects needed camouflage so they developed protective coloration. 2. Natural selection played a role in the development of this protective coloration. 3. The lack of mutations resulted in the protective coloration. 4. The trees caused mutations in the insects 4. In an area of Indonesia where the ocean floor is littered with empty coconut shells, a species of octopus has been filmed walking on two of its eight tentacles. The remaining six tentacles are wrapped around its body. Scientists suspect that, with its tentacles arranged this way, the octopus resembles a rolling coconut. Local predators, including sharks, seem not to notice the octopus as often when it behaves in this manner. This unique method of locomotion has lasted over many generations due to 1. competition between octopuses and their predators 2. ecological succession in marine habitats 3. the process of natural selection 4. selective breeding of this octopus species 5. The diagram below represents four different species of wild birds. Each species has feet with different structural adaptations. The development of these adaptations can best be explained by the concept of 1. inheritance of resistance to diseases that affect all these species 2. inheritance of characteristics acquired after the birds hatched from the egg 3. natural selection 4. selective breeding

24 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Lesson 55: Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium Define the following words that were included in today s lesson: gradualism- Vocabulary punctuated equilibrium- extinction- How do gradualism and punctuated equilibrium compare? differ? Connections to Learning Writing for Credit What prior knowledge made today s lesson more meaningful? What did you know already? ( Free write in this area.) Summarize today s lesson: What occurred? What did you learn? Summary What do you still need to study/practice/reinforce? (You MUST write something here.) Practice

25 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Practice and Application Questions 1. One possible pathway for the evolution of elephants is represented in the diagram below. Which statement concerning this pattern of evolution is correct? 1. Evolution always results in favorable traits. 2. Evolution does not always result in a species that will survive to present time. 3. Evolution leads to less complex organisms. 4. Evolution results in the same changes in all species. 2. An evolutionary pathway is represented below. Which statement about evolutionary pathways is most accurate? 1. All evolutionary pathways show that life began with autotrophic organisms that soon evolved into heterotrophic organisms. 2. Two organisms on the same branch of an evolutionary pathway are more closely related to each other than to those on distant branches. 3. All the organisms shown at the ends of evolutionary pathway branch tips are alive today. 4. Evolutionary pathways show that evolution is a short-term process. 3. Which species in the chart below is most likely to have the fastest rate of evolution? 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

26 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Lesson 56: Extinction Define the following words that were included in today s lesson: extinction- Vocabulary endangered species- biodiversity- Writing for Credit Explain the quote: I accept extinction as best explaining disjoined species. I see that the same cause must have reduced many species of great range to small, and that it may have reduced large genera to so small, and of families. -Asa Gray Connections to Learning What prior knowledge made today s lesson more meaningful? What did you know already? ( Free write in this area.) Summarize today s lesson: What occurred? What did you learn? Summary What do you still need to study/practice/reinforce? (You MUST write something here.) Practice

27 Student Name_ Due Date_ Class Period Practice and Application Questions 1. When is extinction of a species most likely to occur? 1. when environmental conditions remain the same and the proportion of individuals within the species that lack adaptive traits increases 2. when environmental conditions remain the same and the proportion of individuals within the species that possess adaptive traits increases 3. when environmental conditions change and the adaptive traits of the species favor the survival and reproduction of some of its members 4. when environmental conditions change and the members of the species lack adaptive traits to survive and reproduce 2. A certain plant species, found only in one particular stream valley in the world, has a very shallow root system. An earthquake causes the stream to change its course so that the valley in which the plant species lives becomes very dry. As a result, the species dies out completely. The effect of this change on this plant species is known as 1. evolution 3. mutation 2. extinction 4. Succession 3. A new chemical was discovered and introduced into a culture containing one species of bacteria. Within a day, most of the bacteria were dead, but a few remained alive. Which statement best explains why some of the bacteria survived? 1. They had a genetic variation that gave them resistance to the chemical. 2. They were exposed to the chemical long enough to develop a resistance to it. 3. They mutated and became a different species after exposure to the chemical. 4. They absorbed the chemical and broke it down in their digestive systems. 4. Which statement describing a cause of extinction includes the other three? 1. Members of the extinct species were unable to compete for food. 2. Members of the extinct species were unable to conceal their presence by camouflage. 3. Members of the extinct species lacked adaptations essential for survival. 4. Members of the extinct species were too slow to escape from predators. 5. The diagram below illustrates a proposed evolutionary path of certain organisms, based on the theory of evolution. Which statement could best be inferred from the information in this diagram? 1. Evolution does not involve gradual change. 2. Evolutionary changes can result in extinction. 3. Evolution begins with plants. 4. Evolution produces organisms that all fill the same niche.