The City School. Prep Section. PAF Chapter GEOGRAPHY. Class 8. Worksheets for Intervention Classes. 1 st Term

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1 The City School PAF Chapter Prep Section GEOGRAPHY Class 8 Worksheets for Intervention Classes 1 st Term

2 CHAPTER: NATURAL RESOURCES (MANGROVES) Q.1 Fill in the blanks. 1) At one time Pakistan had one of the largest mangrove forests in the world. 2) It has been estimated that nearly half of the mangroves along the coast of Sindh were destroyed between 1970 and 3) Mangroves growing on the edge of the sea are adapted to growing in salt water while those growing further inland are of salt. 4) It is estimated that fifty years ago in each year the Indus delta received a flow of 85 million acre feet of fresh water from the river Indus while in 2002 it receive under 5) Coastal communities depend upon mangroves as a cheap source of and fodder as well as for needs. Q.2 How do mangrove trees growing on the coast get rid of the salt in the sea water? Q. 3 How do mangrove trees reproduce? Q.4 How do mangrove trees act as a barrier? CHAPTER: Weather and Climate - Class 8 Project World Climate Zones KOPPEN S CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE Climate is the characteristic condition of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface at a certain place. It is the long-term (at least 30 years) weather of that area. This includes the region's general pattern of weather conditions, seasons and weather extremes like hurricanes, droughts, or rainy periods. Two of the most important factors determining an area's climate are air temperature and precipitation. World biomes are controlled by climate. The climate of a region will determine what plants will grow there, and what animals will inhabit it. All three components; climate, plants and animals are interwoven to create the fabric of a biome. Köppen Climate Classification System The Köppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used for classifying the world's climates. Most classification systems used today are based on the one introduced in 1900 by the Russian- German climatologist Wladimir Köppen. Köppen divided the Earth's surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils. The Köppen system recognises five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. Each type is designated by a capital letter. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 2 of 22

3 A: Moist Tropical Climates are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round rain. B: Dry Climates are characterised by little rain and a huge daily temperature range. Two subgroups, S- semi-arid or steppe, and W - arid or desert, are used with the B climates. C: In Humid Middle Latitude Climates land / water differences play a large part. These climates have warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. D: Continental Climates can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely. E: Cold Climates describe this climate type perfectly. These climates are part of areas where permanent ice and tundra are always present. Only about four months of the year have above freezing temperatures. Further subgroups They are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguishes specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation. f : Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates. m: Rainforest climate in spite of a short, dry season in a monsoon type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates. s: There is a dry season in the summer of the respective hemisphere (high-sun season). w: There is a dry season in the winter of the respective hemisphere (low-sun season). To further denote variations in climate, a third letter was added to the code. a: Hot summers where the warmest month is over 22 C (72 F). These can be found in C and D climates. b: Warm summers with the warmest month below 22 C (72 F). These can also be found in C and D climates. c: Cool, short summers with less than four months over 10 C (50 F) in the C and D climates. d:very cold winters with the coldest month below -38 C (-36 F) in the D climate only. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 3 of 22

4 h: Dry-hot with a mean annual temperature over 18 C (64 F) in B climates only. k: Dry-cold with a mean annual temperature under 18 C (64 F) in B climates only. Three basic climate groups Three major climate groups show the dominance of special combinations of air-mass source regions. Group I Low-latitude Climates: These climates are controlled by equatorial tropical air masses. Tropical Moist Climates (Af) Rainfall is heavy in all months. The total annual rainfall is often more than 250 cm. (100 in.). There are seasonal differences in monthly rainfall but temperatures of 27 C (80 F) mostly stay the same. Humidity is between 77 and 88%. High surface heat and humidity cause cumulus clouds to form early in the afternoons almost every day. The climates on eastern sides of continents are influenced by maritime tropical air masses. These air masses flow out from the moist western sides of oceanic high-pressure cells, and bring lots of summer rainfall. The summers are warm and very humid. It also rains a lot in the winter o Average temperature: 18 C ( F) o Annual Precipitation: 262 cm. (103 in.) o Latitude Range: 10 S to 25 N Global Position: Amazon Basin; Congo Basin of equatorial Africa; East Indies, from Sumatra to New Guinea. Wet-Dry Tropical Climates (Aw) A seasonal change occurs between wet tropical air masses and dry tropical air masses. As a result, there is a very wet season and a very dry season. Trade winds dominate during the dry season. It gets a little cooler during this dry season but will become very hot just before the wet season. o Temperature Range: 16 C o Annual Precipitation: 0.25 cm. (0.1 in.). All months less than 0.25 cm. (0.1 in.) o Latitude Range: 15 to 25 N and S The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 4 of 22

5 Global Range: India, Indochina, West Africa, southern Africa, South America and the north coast of Australia Dry Tropical Climate (BW) These desert climates are found in low-latitude deserts approximately between 18 to 28 in both hemispheres. These latitude belts are centered on the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, which lie just north and south of the equator. They coincide with the edge of the equatorial subtropical high pressure belt and trade winds. Winds are light, which allows for the evaporation of moisture in the intense heat. They generally flow downward so the area is seldom penetrated by air masses that produce rain. This makes for a very dry heat. The dry arid desert is a true desert climate, and covers 12 % of the Earth's land surface. o Temperature Range: 16 C o Annual Precipitation: 0.25 cm (0.1 in). All months less than 0.25 cm (0.1 in). o Latitude Range: N and S. Global Range: southwestern United States and northern Mexico; Argentina; north Africa; south Africa; central part of Australia. Group II Mid-latitude Climates: Climates in this zone are affected by two different air-masses. The tropical airmasses are moving towards the poles and the polar air-masses are moving towards the equator. These two air masses are in constant conflict. Either air mass may dominate the area, but neither has exclusive control Dry Mid-latitude Climates (BS) Characterised by grasslands, this is a semiarid climate. It can be found between the desert climate (BW) and more humid climates of the A, C, and D groups. If it received less rain, the steppe would be classified as an arid desert. With more rain, it would be classified as a tall grass prairie. This dry climate exists in the interior regions of the North American and Eurasian continents. Moist ocean air masses are blocked by mountain ranges to the west and south. These mountain ranges also trap polar air in winter, making winters very cold. Summers are warm to hot. o Temperature Range: 24 C (43 F). o Annual Precipitation: less than 10 cm (4 in) in the driest regions to 50 cm (20 in) in the moister steppes. o Latitude Range: N. 5 This document is the intellectual property of The City School and any unauthorised use is prohibited. Any amendments in this document shall be controlled by the Studies Department only. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 5 of 22

6 o Temperature Range: 31 C (56 F) o Average Annual Precipitation: 81 cm (32 in). o Latitude Range: N and S (Europe: N). o Global Position: eastern parts of the United States and southern Canada; northern China; Korea; Japan; central and eastern Europe. Group III High-latitude climates: Polar and arctic air masses dominate these regions. Canada and Siberia are two air-mass sources which fall into this group. A southern hemisphere counterpart to these continental centers does not exist. Air masses of arctic origin meet polar continental air masses along the 60th and 70th parallels. Boreal forest Climate ( Dfc) This is a continental climate with long, very cold winters, and short, cool summers. This climate is found in the polar air mass region. Very cold air masses from the arctic often move in. The temperature range is larger than any other climate. Precipitation increases during summer months, although annual precipitation is still small. Much of the boreal forest climate is considered humid. However, large areas in western Canada and Siberia receive very little precipitation and fall into the sub-humid or semiarid climate type. o Temperature Range: 41 C (74 F), lows; -25 C (-14 F), highs; 16 C (60 F). o Average Annual Precipitation: 31 cm (12 in). o Latitude Range: N and S. o Global Position: central and western Alaska; Canada, from the Yukon Territory to Labrador; Eurasia, from northern Europe across all of Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. Tundra Climate (E) The tundra climate is found along arctic coastal areas. Polar and arctic air masses dominate the tundra climate. The winter season is long and severe. A short, mild season exists, but not a true summer season. Moderating ocean winds keep the temperatures from being as severe as interior regions. o Temperature Range: -22 C to 6 C (-10 F to 41 F). o Average Annual Precipitation: 20 cm (8 in). o Latitude Range: N. 7 This document is the intellectual property of The City School and any unauthorised use is prohibited. Any amendments in this document shall be controlled by the Studies Department only. o Global Position: arctic zone of North America; Hudson Bay region; Greenland coast; northern Siberia bordering the Arctic Ocean. Highland Climate (H) Highland climates are cool to cold, found in mountains and high plateaus. Climates change rapidly on mountains, becoming colder the higher the altitude gets. The climate of a highland area is closely related to the climate of the surrounding biome. The highlands have the same seasons and wet and dry periods as the biome they are in. Mountain climates are very important to mid-latitude biomes. They work as water storage areas. Snow is kept back until spring and summer when it is released slowly as water through melting. o Temperature Range: -18 C to 10 C (-2 F to 50 F) o Average Annual Precipitation: 23 cm (9 in.) o Latitude Range: found all over the world Global Position: Rocky Mountain Range in North America, the Andean mountain range in South America, the Alps in Europe, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa, the Himalayans in Tibet, Mt. Fuji in Japan. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 6 of 22

7 Q.1 -Differentiate between weather and climate. Q.2- Who was koppen and when did he classify the climate? Q.3- Who else modified his classification of climate and when? Q.4- Into how many types did he classify the climate and how? Q.4 - Shade and name different types of climate on the world map below. Q.5 Explore the relatonship between the amount of vegetation (plants),precipitation(amount of moisture) and surface temperature to study Earth s climatic zones. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 7 of 22

8 CHAPTER: POPULATION Q.1 State the difference between distribution and density of population. Q.2 State the meaning of the term natural increase explain how the government of Pakistan is tackling with the issue of population growth in the country? Q.3 Discuss the importance of population control in Pakistan if the country is to develop? Q.4 How can educating girls lead to population control in Pakistan? Q.5 Define infant mortality rate. Explain the relationship between infant mortality rate and population growth. Q.6 State the meaning of the term migration. Explain reasons for different types of migration. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 8 of 22

9 Q.7 Explain with respect to both push and pull factors the movement of population from rural to urban areas of Pakistan. Q.8 How does different types of migration affect socio economic setup of Pakistan. Q.9 Describe the measures which may be taken to help solve the problems related with migration of different kinds. Q.10. Explain the natural and human factors that result in forced migration. Q.11. State the meaning of term Urbanisation Q.12. Explain the impact of Urbanistaion on a developing country like Pakistan. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 9 of 22

10 CHAPTER: ENVIRONMENT Q1-State the meaning of the term sustainable development. Q2-Discuss the importance of recycling for the environment. Q3-Explain UN efforts towards sustainable development in a developing country. Q4- How is the environment affected in Pakistan? Q5- Describe sustainable fishing. Q6-State the meaning of the term over- fishing. Outline the reasons of over- fishing in Pakistan. Q7-Describe the economic and ecological effects of over- fishing in the coastal areas of Pakistan. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 10 of 22

11 Q8 -Discuss the reasons for the drop in the number of fish in Pakistan in coastal areas. Q9- Explore a few ways to make fishing sustainable Q10- Describe the problems in forestry section in Pakistan. Q11- Investigate the ways to overcome the problems of forestry in Pakistan. Q12-Define bio- fuels. Q13-State the significance of bio- fuels. Q14-Discuss how bio fuels are environmental friendly. Q15- Identify the renewable sources of energy which can be harnessed and used in Pakistan. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 11 of 22

12 Q16- Find out which renewable energy sources are being used for power generation in Pakistan. Q17- Explain the features of sustainable tourism. Q18 -Describe the main features of the World Bank s report on Pakistan s environmental assessment done in CHAPTER: THE LAND OF PAKISTAN Q.1-Name the largest cities of Pakistan. Q.2-How many wars did Pakistan and India have after independence? Q.3-When was Islamabad established? The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 12 of 22

13 Q.4.Which two cities of Pakistan have gone up in importance since 1951? Q. 5.Which two cities have gone down in importance since 1951? Q. 6. Which cities have not changed places? Q. 7. Why is there no population shown for Islamabad in 1951? Q. 8.In how many ways do the cities grow? Q. 9.Which cities have grown in (a) area (b) population (c) importance Q.10.The reason for increase in (a) area (b) population (c) importance Q.11. What are two types of growth of cities? Q.12. What type of growth do you think is better? why? THE GROWTH OF KARACHI Q.13. How many Muslims had migrated to Pakistan from India by 1951? Q. 14. How did the migrants in Karachi settle? Q 15.What did the authorities do for the settlements of those immigrants in Karachi? 16. What step was taken by the government in 1960,s for the settlement of the immigrants in Pakistan? The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 13 of 22

14 17. Was that step of the Govt. successful? if not, why? 18. How did the problem of settlement increase in the early in 1960 s in Karachi? 19. What other step was taken by the city authorities in 1960s against the squatter settlement? 20. What was the effect of that step of the city Authorities? 21. What does S-I-T-E stand for? How did that area grow in population? 22. How did the increase in area of Karachi affect the poor farmers? 23. What is the shifting of people from villages to cities called as? 24. What does the natural increase in the population mean? 25. Compare the population of Karachi in and What was the difference? What caused that difference? 26. Which city became the capital of Pakistan after Karachi? The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 14 of 22

15 27. Highlight the reason for increased importance of Karachi even when the capital of Pakistan was changed. 28. Choose and encircle the best option. (a) Karachi has [ 95%, 75%, 25% + of Pakistan s foreign trade. (b) Karachi has * 60%, 20%, 30% + of Pakistan s industrial production. (c) Karachi has [ 40%, 10%, 95% ] of employment in large scale industries. (d) Karachi has [ 90%, 75%, 25% ] head offices of banks and other companies. THE GROWTH OF GUJRANWALA Q No.1 Fill in the blanks (1) The name Gujranwala comes from the word Gujjar which means cattle. (2) The town was named after Chaudhry Gujjar who owned the that supplied the region. (3) At the time of partition the Muslims with the tradition migrated from India and settled in towns in the such as Sialkot,Lahore and Gujranwala. Q.2 In 1960 s why did some farmers and workers lose their jobs and how did they survive? Look at the picture below. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 15 of 22

16 Q.3 Which main road passes through the centre of Gujranwala? Which two cities does that main road through Gujranwala connect? Q.4 Which canal goes along the by-pass? Q.5 Is the growth in Gujranwala vertical or horizontal? Q.6 Which industry Gujranwala is famous for? Q.7 In what area has the city grown up? Q.8 What other way the farming was affected in 1960 s in Gujranwala? Q. 9 How did Gujranwala increase in its area? Q.10 What development was done in 1971 in the town? Q.11 How was the city grown in area after the development done in 1971? Q.12 From where is the railway line passing through the city? Q.13 How many road bridges are built on the railway line? Q.14 What is a by- pass? Q.15 Which road is passing through the centre of the city? Q. 16 How many roads emerge from that road and which cities do they connect to Gujranwala? THE GROWTH OF GILGIT Q.1 Why is Gilgit called as the bridging point? The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 16 of 22

17 Q.2 What led to the growth of Gilgit? THE GROWTH OF FAISALABAD Q.1 How was Faisalabad established? Q.2 What factors led to the growth of Faisalabad? Q.3 What were the problems in Faisalabad? Q.4 What factors show that Faisalabad is going to have a bright future? The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 17 of 22

18 Q. 5- Which motorway connects Faisalabad to Lahore? Q.6 Which motorway connects Islamabad to Lahore? Q.7 Which motorway connects Islamabad to Lahore? PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROWTH OF CITIES page no Q 1.What is the task (job/responsibility) of a city authority? Q 2. List the provisions (things that are provided) in the framework of a city authority that make life of citizen better? Look at the table given below and answer the question. The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 18 of 22

19 Q 3. Which city produces the largest amount of waste per day? Q.4 Look at the table given below ( Fig-1.20) and separate the types of solid waste under the two headings. Separate the types of a solid waste under these two headings. Bio degradable Non Bio degradable Q 5. What factors caused the problems even worse in Karachi from 1951 till present? Q 6. List some main problems in the major cities of Pakistan. Q 7.Should the solid waste be collected separately e.g hospital and industrial waste.if yes, why? Q 8. (a) RMC launches a cleanliness campaign. Who launched it? The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 19 of 22

20 (b) How did The city commissioner encourage people for keeping the city Rawalpindi clean? (c) What do you think is it only the fault of the city authority that our cities look dirty due to the solid waste? Explain. (d) What do you think Why is Lahore city not mentioned in the waste producing cities in Fig Q.9 What are the problems of disposal of waste in Karachi? Q.10 What are the effects of lack of proper disposal of waste in Karachi? Q. 11 What are the common reasons for illness of children living in poor areas of Karachi? Q.12 What could be the possible reasons for lack of adequate sewage system of Karachi? Q. 13 What does KWSB mean? How is this department responsible for the sewage destroying areas in Karachi? Q. 14 What is the purpose of a sewage treatment plant? The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 20 of 22

21 Q. 15 Do all cities and villages have these sewage treatment plants? What are the effects of sewage and industrial waste being thrown into the rivers and seas? Q. 16 What are the two big issues which cause lack of satisfactory planning in Karachi? Q. 17 How does the struggle of different groups of people to develop land through legal and illegal means affect the people in Karachi? Q. 18 What problem does Karachi development Authority (KDA) face while carrying out any new developments? Q. 19 How did the richer and poor areas in Karachi show different developments and why? THE GROWTH OF GWADAR Pg Q.1- Fill in the blanks. 1) The neighbouring countries of Pakistan are,, and. 2) The country neighboring Pakistan in the Arabian sea is, Gwadar was part of it before it became part of Pakistan in 3) In 1990s Chinese Govt. promised Pakistan to provide and assistance to develop Gwadar as 3 rd sea port. 4) Two already established and working sea ports of Pakistan are and 5) The benefits of developing Gwadar as a port are: The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 21 of 22

22 6) The Chinese ships pass continent of while going to Europe from Shinghai. 7) The Persian Gulf leads to countries and Saudi Arabia. 8) The Persian Gulf is connected to Europe through canal. 9) Land locked countries are those countries which are surrounded from all sides by other 10) The new land locked countries of Central Asia are,,, and 11) Apart from developing Gwadar as a port commercial and zones are also being built there. 12) A ceremony was held at Gwadar in December, 2008 when 1 st to arrive there was unloaded, it brought from 13) What is Urea? What is it made from? What are the uses of Urea? The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1 st Term)/Geography/Class 8 Page 22 of 22