Keys to Climate Climate Classification Low Latitude Climates Midlatitude Climates High Latitude Climates Highland Climates Our Changing Climate

Transcription

1 Climate

2 Global Climates Keys to Climate Climate Classification Low Latitude Climates Midlatitude Climates High Latitude Climates Highland Climates Our Changing Climate

3 Keys to Climate Climate the average weather (temperature and precipitation) of a region Temperature Regime based on latitude, location, elevation Precipitation seasonality patterns controlled by air masses and their movements (influenced by atmospheric circulation patterns)

4 IG4e_07_02a

5 IG4e_07_02b

6 Temperature Regimes WET DRY WARM COLD

7 Temperature Regimes Figure 7.1, p. 217

8 Precipitation Regimes High convectional precipitation at equatorial regions Subtropical highs pressure cells (dry, subsiding air) Mountain ranges produce wet areas Coastal mountains can act as barriers to produce rain shadows Continental interiors tend to be dry

9 The Atmospheric Circulation Figure 6.21, p. 205

10 Precipitation patterns: Uniformly distributed precipitation seasonally Precipitation maximum during the warmest period of the year (high sun season) Precipitation maximum during the coolest period of the year (low sun season)

11 Seven global precipitation regions: Wet equatorial Trade wind coasts Tropical Deserts Midlatitude deserts and steppes Moist subtropical Midlatitude west coasts Arctic and Polar Deserts

12 Precipitation Regimes Figure 7.3, p. 220

13 Precipitation Regimes Figure 7.3, p. 221

14 Climate Classification Based on the scheme first developed by Dr. Vladimir Köppen (University of Graz, Austria) in 1918 Low Latitude Climates Mid-latitude Climates High Latitude Climates

15 Climate Classification (Köppen)

16 Köppen Climate Classification (Type A: Tropical Climates) Figure S7.3, p. 224

17 Köppen Climate Classification (Type B: Dry Climates) Figure S7.4, p. 225

18 Global Climates (Köppen) Figure S7.2, p. 224

19 Global Climates (Köppen) Figure S7.2, p. 225

20 Things to Consider: Low-latitude locations have warmer temperatures and smaller annual temperature ranges than high-latitude locations Continental locations tend to have much larger annual temperature ranges than coastal locations at the same latitude Colder locations tend to have less precipitation than warm locations because warm air can hold more moisture than cold air

21 Low Latitude Climates

22 Low Latitude Climates occupy equatorial, and much tropical and subtropical zones range from very wet to very dry influenced by the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), tropical easterly systems and subtropical high-pressure cells experience traveling lows such as the easterly wave and tropical cyclones

23 Low Latitude Climates Figure 7.7, p. 231

24 Low Latitude Climates: wet equatorial The Amazon dominantly influenced by the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) me and mt air masses uniform, very warm temperatures in all seasons ample precipitation, heaviest in direct association with the ITCZ

25 IG4e_07_12

26 Low Latitude Climates: wet equatorial Figure 7.9, p. 233

27 IG4e_07_08

28 IG4e_07_08b

29 Low Latitude Climates: Monsoon and trade wind coastal climates India, Central America, SE Asia heavy rainfall with strong seasonal patterns larger temperature range than wet equatorial climate dominance of the ITCZ during the heavy rainfall period and the subtropical high pressure system during the dry season trade wind coast climates are a result of mt and me air masses

30 Low Latitude Climates: trade wind coastal climates Figure 7.10, p. 233

31 IG4e_07_14

32 IG4e_07_11

33 IG4e_07_opener

34 Low Latitude Climates: wet-dry tropical climates a warm climate with a more marked temperature range during high sun season, proximity to ITCZ brings heavy rains during low sun season, subtropical high produces very dry conditions vegetation is rain-green (dormant during dry season, productive during wet season)

35

36 IG4e_07_14b

37 Low Latitude Climates: wet-dry tropical climates Figure 7.14, p. 236

38 IG4e_07_p238

39 IG4e_07_p239

40 IG4e_07_p239b

41 IG4e_07_15

42 Low Latitude Climates: dry tropical climates Low latitude Deserts dominated by subtropical high-pressure cell very low precipitation and intense daytime heating under predominantly clear skies includes many of the world's great deserts semi-arid areas on the edges of the desert may have a short wet season

43 Low Latitude Climates: dry tropical climates Figure 7.17, p. 241

44 IG4e_07_16a

45 IG4e_07_16b

46 IG4e_07_22

47 IG4e_07_18a

48 IG4e_07_18b

49 IG4e_07_18c

50 IG4e_07_18d

51 IG4e_07_18e

52 Mid Latitude Climates

53 Midlatitude Climates occupy all of midlatitude zone and part of subtropics zone zone of interaction between tropical and polar air masses marked by traveling cyclones, anticyclones and frontal boundaries strong annual variations in temperature and precipitation

54 IG4e_07_20

55 Midlatitude Climates: dry subtropical climate southwest USA poleward extension of dry tropical climate, but with greater annual temperature range (higher latitude) cool season (air from higher latitudes) and occasional precipitation from midlatitude cyclones divided into arid and semi-arid subtypes more vegetation than dry tropical (lower temperatures and more precipitation)

56 Midlatitude Climates: dry subtropical climate Arizona Figure 7.21, p. 246

57 Midlatitude Climate: moist subtropical climate New Orleans, Florida, SE Asia warm, moist air flowing out of the subtropical high and influencing the eastern sides of continents abundant summer rainfall, mainly convectional with an occasional tropical cyclone Southeast Asia experiences strong monsoon winter precipitation from wave cyclones

58 Midlatitude Climate: moist subtropical climate Figure 7.24, p. 248

59 IG4e_07_23a

60 IG4e_07_23b

61 IG4e_07_25

62 Midlatitude Climates: Mediterranean climate California, Italy, Greece very dry summer due to migration of the subtropical high-pressure cell into the area low sun season is dominated by rainfall provided by cp air masses and cyclonic storms has a moderate temperature range limited to narrow coastal zones

63 Midlatitude Climates: Mediterranean climate Figure 7.26, p. 249

64 IG4e_07_27a

65 IG4e_07_27b

66

67 IG4e_07_28b

68 IG4e_07_28c

69 IG4e_07_28d

70 Midlatitude Climates: marine west coast climate Northern California to British Columbia, Ireland mild temperatures with a small temperature range moist climate with a low sun season precipitation maximum due to frequent cyclonic storms during the high sun season the northward movement of the subtropical high pressure cell reduces precipitation

71 Midlatitude Climates: marine west coast climate Norway, Washington, British Columbia Figure 7.29, p. 254

72 IG4e_07_30

73 IG4e_07_31

74 Midlatitude Climates: dry midlatitude climate e.g. Montana interior regions of North America and Eurasia high sun season rainfall is convectional and associated with occasional maritime air masses strong annual temperature range with hot high sun seasons and cold low sun seasons includes arid cold desert and semi-arid steppes

75 Midlatitude Climates: dry midlatitude climate Wyoming, Montana, Pampas Figure 7.32, p. 255

76 Midlatitude Climates: moist continental climate central and eastern North America and Eurasia large seasonal temperature variation and strong day-today variation ample precipitation peaking in the high summer season with mt air masses Low sun season is dominated by cp and ca air masses

77 Midlatitude Climates: moist continental climate Midwest USA, Toronto Figure 7.33, p. 256

78 IG4e_07_34a

79 IG4e_07_34b

80 IG4e_07_35

81 High Latitude Climates

82 High Latitude Climates located in the westerly wind belt influenced by mp air masses conflicting with cp and ca air masses and wave cyclones which develop along the arctic-front zone experience greater high sun season precipitation brought in by mt air masses

83 IG4e_07_36

84 High Latitude Climates: boreal forest climate long, bitterly cold low sun seasons and short cool high sun seasons very large annual temperature range (continental location) source region for cp air masses and invasions of ca air masses are common low total annual precipitation with a high sun season precipitation maximum

85 High Latitude Climates: boreal forest climate Figure 7.38, p. 260

86 IG4e_07_39

87 IG4e_07_37a

88 IG4e_07_37b

89 High Latitude Climates: tundra climate is found along arctic coastal areas long severe low sun seasons dominated by cp, mp, and ca air masses smaller temperature range for its latitude (moderating effect of ocean) vegetation consists of grasses, sedges, lichens and some shrubs cold enough to create permafrost

90 IG4e_07_42

91 High Latitude Climates: tundra climate Figure 7.41, p. 261

92 High Latitude Climates: ice sheet climate source region of Arctic and Antarctic air masses ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica and over the Arctic ocean ice lowest mean annual temperature, no month has a mean temperature above freezing very low precipitation

93 High Latitude Climates: ice sheet climate Figure 7.43, p. 263

94 IG4e_07_40

95 Highland (Mountain) Climates cool to cold, usually moist climates that occupy mountains and high plateaus

96 IG4e_07_p270