L.O Students will learn about factors that influences the environment

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1 Name L.O Students will learn about factors that influences the environment Date 1. At the present time, glaciers occur mostly in areas of A) high latitude or high altitude B) low latitude or low altitude C) middle latitude and high altitude D) middle latitude and low altitude 2. Which combination of climate factors generally results in the coldest temperatures? A) low elevation and low latitude B) low elevation and high latitude C) high elevation and low latitude D) high elevation and high latitude 3. What is the best explanation for these two statements? Some mountains located near the Earth's Equator have snow-covered peaks. Icecaps exist at the Earth's poles. A) High elevation and high latitude have a similar effect on climate. B) Both mountain and polar regions have arid climates. C) Mountain and polar regions receive more energy from the Sun than other regions do. D) An increase in snowfall and an increase in temperature have a similar effect on climate. 4. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of a mountain shown below. The arrows represent the direction of airflow over the mountain. As the air moves up the windward side of the mountain, the air A) compresses and warms B) compresses and cools C) expands and warms D) expands and cools

5. Base your answer to the following question on The cross section below shows several locations in the state of Washington and the annual precipitation at each location.

B) Rising air compresses and cools. C) Sinking air expands and cools. D) Sinking air compresses and cools. 6.

2 5. Base your answer to the following question on The cross section below shows several locations in the state of Washington and the annual precipitation at each location. The arrows represent the prevailing wind direction. Why do the windward sides of these mountain ranges receive more precipitation than the leeward sides? A) Rising air expands and cools. B) Rising air compresses and cools. C) Sinking air expands and cools. D) Sinking air compresses and cools. 6. A desert often forms on the leeward side of a mountain range, as shown in the cross section below. After most of the moisture is removed from the air on the windward side, deserts form on the leeward side because the sinking air A) compresses and warms B) compresses and cools C) expands and warms D) expands and cools 7. In winter, a cold, dry air mass from Canada moves across Lake Ontario. The air over the lake is warmer and more humid than the air over the land. Which weather condition is most likely to occur as the air mass reaches Oswego? A) lake-effect snowstorm B) tornado C) warm, sunny weather D) hurricane 8. The heavy lake-effect snowfalls in the Tug Hill Plateau region occur primarily because the plateau is located A) in the path of prevailing winds from Lake Ontario B) in the Northern Hemisphere C) near the Atlantic Ocean D) west of the Hudson-Mohawk Lowlands

3 9. Which cross section below best represents the conditions that cause early winter lake-effect snowstorms in New York State? A) B) C) D)

4 10. Compared to the climate conditions of dry inland locations, the climate conditions of locations influenced by a nearby ocean generally result in A) hotter summers and colder winters, with a larger annual range of temperatures B) hotter summers and colder winters, with a smaller annual range of temperatures C) cooler summers and warmer winters, with a larger annual range of temperatures D) cooler summers and warmer winters, with a smaller annual range of temperatures 11. What effect does a large body of water usually have on the climate of a nearby landmass? A) The water causes cooler summers and colder winters. B) The water causes cooler summers and warmer winters. C) The water causes hotter summers and warmer winters. D) The water causes hotter summers and colder winters. 12. The diagram below represents an imaginary continent and a nearby island. Which climatic variable causes location A to have cooler winters and warmer summers than location B? A) latitude B) distance from a large body of water C) direction of the planetary winds D) location of mountain barriers

13. The map below shows four coastal locations labeled A, B, C, and D. The climate of which location is warmed by a nearby major ocean current? A) A B) B C) C D) D 14.

northeastward D) cool currents that flow southwestward 15.

5 13. The map below shows four coastal locations labeled A, B, C, and D. The climate of which location is warmed by a nearby major ocean current? A) A B) B C) C D) D 14. The Florida and Gulf Stream ocean currents along the east coast of North America are both A) warm currents that flow northeastward B) warm currents that flow southwestward C) cool currents that flow northeastward D) cool currents that flow southwestward 15. Most of the Earth's surface ocean currents are caused by A) stream flow from continents B) differences in ocean water density C) the revolution of the Earth D) the prevailing winds 16. Surface ocean currents located at 40º south latitude, 90º west longitude generally flow toward the A) northeast B) southeast C) southwest D) west 17. Ocean currents exhibit the Coriolis effect as a result of the A) rotation of the Earth B) revolution of the Earth C) unequal heating of the Earth D) variations in salinity of the Earth's oceans 18. Which two ocean currents are both warm currents that primarily flow away from the equator? A) Guinea Current and Labrador Current B) Brazil Current and Agulhas Current C) Alaska Current and Falkland Current D) Canaries Current and Gulf Stream Current 19. The direction of surface ocean currents is influenced most by A) variations in density of the water B) variations in salinity of the water C) planetary winds D) land breezes and sea breezes 20. The hurricane shown on the map below is following a normal storm track for the month of September. From the position shown on the map, toward which landmass is the hurricane most likely traveling? A) North America B) South America C) Europe D) Africa

6 Base your answers to questions 21 through 23 on the magazine article and diagram below. Lake-Effect Snow During the cold months of the year, the words "lake effect" are very much a part of the weather picture in many locations in New York State. Snow created by the lake effect may represent more than half the season's snowfall in some areas. In order for heavy lake-effect snow to develop, the temperature of the water at the surface of the lake must be higher than the temperature of the air flowing over the water. The higher the water temperature and the lower the air temperature, the greater the potential for lake-effect snow. A lake-effect storm begins when air flowing across the lake is warmed as it comes in close contact with the water. The warmed air rises and takes moisture along with it. This moisture, which is water vapor from the lake, is turned into clouds as it encounters much colder air above. When the clouds reach the shore of the lake, they deposit their snow on nearby land. A typical lake-effect storm is illustrated in the diagram below. The area most likely to receive snow from a lake is called a "snowbelt." Lake Ontario's snowbelt includes the counties along the eastern and southeastern ends of the lake. Because the lake runs lengthwise from west to east, the prevailing westerly winds are able to gather the maximum amount of moisture as they flow across the entire length of the lake. There can be lake-effect snowfall anywhere around the lake, but the heaviest and most frequent snowfalls occur near the eastern shore. In parts of the snowbelt, the lake effect combines with a phenomenon known as orographic lifting to produce some very heavy snowfalls. After cold air has streamed over the length of Lake Ontario, it moves inland and is forced to climb the slopes of the Tug Hill Plateau and the Adirondack Mountains, resulting in very heavy snowfall. 21. State why very heavy snowfall occurs in the Tug Hill Plateau region. 22. State why locations east and southeast of Lake Ontario are more likely to receive lake-effect snow than are locations west of the lake. 23. State the name of the New York State landscape region that includes location A shown in the diagram.

7 24. The map below shows average annual temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit across the United States. Which climatic factor is most important in determining the pattern shown in the eastern half of the United States? A) ocean currents B) mountain barriers C) elevation above sea level D) latitude

25. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the snowfall from the fall of 1976 through the spring of 1977, measured in inches, for most of New York State.

8 25. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the snowfall from the fall of 1976 through the spring of 1977, measured in inches, for most of New York State. The 200-inch snowfall isolines are shown on the map. Identify one factor that contributes to the high snowfall amounts at locations on the eastern side of both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

9 26. Base your answer to the following question on the atmospheric cross section below, which represents a winter storm system. Zones A, B, C, and D are located on a west to east line at approximately 43 N latitude across New York State. This cross section shows how solid and liquid forms of precipitation depend on the air temperature above Earth's surface. The storm is moving from west to east. Describe the general air movement and temperature change that caused the clouds associated with this storm to form.

27. Base your answer to the following question on on the passage and map below. The map shows the average yearly precipitation in New York State measured in inches.

Heavy snow belts are located near Lake Erie and Lake Ontario as well as in the plateau regions of eastern and northern New York State.

10 27. Base your answer to the following question on on the passage and map below. The map shows the average yearly precipitation in New York State measured in inches. Landscapes and Precipitation Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean is carried to New York State by storm systems and air currents. Rain and snowfall amounts vary by region. Heavy snow belts are located near Lake Erie and Lake Ontario as well as in the plateau regions of eastern and northern New York State. Long Island and New York City usually experience lighter snowfalls. Snowfall amounts are converted to inches of water to determine yearly precipitation. On the map below, draw one arrow to show the path that air travels to produce heavy lake-effect snowfall in Oswego, New York.

28. Arrows on the map represent ocean currents. 30. The arrows labeled A through D on the map below show the general paths of abandoned boats that have floated across the Atlantic Ocean.

temperature D) increasing the average annual air pressure 29. The map below shows the general path of ocean currents in a portion of the Northern Hemisphere.

A) South Equatorial Gulf Stream Labrador Benguela B) South Equatorial Australia West Wind Drift Peru C) North Equatorial Koroshio North Pacific California D) North Equatorial Gulf Stream North

11 28. Arrows on the map represent ocean currents. 30. The arrows labeled A through D on the map below show the general paths of abandoned boats that have floated across the Atlantic Ocean. These ocean currents affect the climate pattern of city X by A) decreasing the average annual cloud cover B) decreasing the average annual evapotranspiration C) increasing the average annual temperature D) increasing the average annual air pressure 29. The map below shows the general path of ocean currents in a portion of the Northern Hemisphere. Locations A, B, C, and D are at the shoreline. Which sequence of ocean currents was responsible for the movement of these boats? A) South Equatorial Gulf Stream Labrador Benguela B) South Equatorial Australia West Wind Drift Peru C) North Equatorial Koroshio North Pacific California D) North Equatorial Gulf Stream North Atlantic Canaries 31. The prevailing southwesterlies wind belt causes most low-pressure weather systems to travel across the United States from the A) southwest toward the northeast B) northwest toward the southeast C) northeast toward the southwest D) southeast toward the northwest Which location most likely has the warmest climate? A) A B) B C) C D) D

12 32. Base your answer to the following question on the weather map below. The map shows a low-pressure system and some atmospheric conditions at weather stations A, B, and C. If this weather system follows a normal storm track, the low-pressure center (L) will generally move toward the A) northeast B) northwest C) southeast D) southwest 33. A low-pressure center located in the midwestern United States generally moves toward the A) northeast B) southeast C) northwest D) southwest 34. Which ocean current flows northeast along the eastern coast of North America? A) Gulf Stream B) North Equatorial C) California D) Labrador 35. The map below illustrates the distribution of acid rain over the United States on a particular day. The isolines represent acidity measured in ph units. According to the ph scale shown below the map, which region of the United States has the greatest acid rain problem? A) northeast B) northwest C) southeast D) southwest

13 36. The map below shows part of North America. The arrows shown on the map most likely represent the direction of movement of A) Earth's rotation B) the prevailing northeast winds C) ocean conduction currents D) Atlantic Ocean hurricanes

14 37. Base your answer to the following question on data tables I and II and on the Hurricane Tracking Map below. Table I represents the storm track data for an Atlantic hurricane. Location, wind velocity, air pressure, and storm strength are shown for the storm's center at 3 p.m. Greenwich time each day. Table II shows a scale of relative storm strength. The map shows the hurricane's path. The hurricane did not continue moving toward the same compass direction during the entire period shown by the data table. Explain why the hurricane changed direction.

Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the weather map below,

The isobars show air pressure in inches of mercury.

Which map best shows the most likely track of this hurricane?

15 Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the weather map below, which shows a hurricane that was located over southern Florida. The isobars show air pressure in inches of mercury. Letters A through D represent four widely separated locations. 38. Which map best shows the most likely track of this hurricane? A) B) C) D) 39. At which location were the winds of this hurricane the strongest? A) A B) B C) C D) D

16 40. Base your answer to the following question on the field map below, which shows the average annual precipitation in New York State for the past 25 years. Isoline values represent inches per year. Jamestown received more rainfall per year than Elmira. A reason for this difference is that Jamestown is located A) closer to a large body of water B) at a higher latitude C) at a lower elevation D) in the prevailing southerly wind belt

41. Base your answer to the following question on the map and graph below and your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the length of the growing season in New York State, expressed in days.

17 41. Base your answer to the following question on the map and graph below and your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the length of the growing season in New York State, expressed in days. The growing season is the average number of days between the last frost in spring and the first frost in fall. The graph line shows the relationship between the latitudes of Riverhead, New York; Albany, New York; and Massena, New York; and the length of the growing season at these three locations.

18 The data for Oswego, New York, have been plotted separately on the graph. Explain why the location of Oswego causes it to have a growing season longer than other cities at the same latitude.

42. Base your answer to the following question on the map and data tables below. The map shows the location of Birdsville and Bundaberg in Australia.

19 42. Base your answer to the following question on the map and data tables below. The map shows the location of Birdsville and Bundaberg in Australia. Data table 1 shows the average monthly high temperatures for Birdsville. Data table 2 includes the latitude and longitude, elevation above sea level, and the average rainfall in January for Birdsville and Bundaberg. State one factor that could account for the difference between the average high temperatures recorded in December for Birdsville and Bundaberg.

20 43. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average monthly temperatures for a year for city X and city Y. Both cities are located at the same latitude. Explain why city X has a greater difference between summer and winter temperatures than city Y.

44. The graph below shows the average monthly temperatures for two cities, A and B, which are both located at 41 north latitude. 45. Two cities are located at the same latitude and elevation.

21 44. The graph below shows the average monthly temperatures for two cities, A and B, which are both located at 41 north latitude. 45. Two cities are located at the same latitude and elevation. One city, located in the center of the United States, has cooler winters and warmer summers than the other city, which is located near the coast. Which statement best explains these seasonal differences? A) The air over continents is drier than the air over oceans. B) Cold airmasses usually originate over continents. C) A large body of water modifies coastal air temperatures. D) Warm ocean currents flow along most coastlines. Which statement best explains the difference in the average yearly temperature range for the two cities? A) City B is located in a different planetary wind belt. B) City B receives less yearly precipitation C) City B has a greater yearly duration of insolation. D) City B is located near a large body of water.

Name: Climate Date: EI Niño Conditions

Name: Climate Date: EI Niño Conditions Name: Date: Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the maps and the passage below. The maps show differences in trade wind strength, ocean current direction, and water temperature associated with air-pressure