Field bases in the Russian Arctic.
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1 Field bases in the Russian Arctic. Dr Vasily Smolyanitsky Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia The First Asia CryoNet Workshop (Beijing, China, 3 to 5 Dec 213)
2 Network of polar observations NP
3 Tiksi hydrometeorological observatory NOAA Thematic Lead: John Calder, NOAA/OAR/CPO Roshydromet Thematic Lead: Alexander Danilov, Roshydromet/AARI and Yury Tsaturov, Roshydromet Coordinators of project: Alexander Makshtas (AARI) and Taneil Uttal NOAA/OAR/PSD Other partners: Simon Stephenson, NSF, Alexander Reshetnikov, MGO Aleksey Konoplev, Typhoon, Irina Repina, IFA RAS, Tuomas Laurila, FMI
4 Infrastructure of HMO Tiksi Main building HMO Tiksi Clean air facility Flux tower
5 Study of surface aerosol and WRF application Surface meteorology from large scale forecast model WRF forecast with spatial resolution 2 km Clean air in Tiksi area under strong inversion Aetalometer in CAF and results of aerosol measurements March 6, 212 Application of WRF allows to discriminate the wrong data of measurements
6 Radiation measurements in framework of BSRN (Baseline solar radiation network). Comparison with standard Russian sensors Global solar radiation in June BSRN MF19 Counts W/m MF 19, W/m Delta MF19 and BSRN (W/m2) Julian day BSRN, W/m2 Diffuse solar radiation in June 211 BSRN MF19 5 Counts Installation of BSRN sensors on the roof of the Main building W/m MF19, W/m Delta MF19 and BSRN (W/m2) Julian Day BSRN, W/m2 Direct solar radiation in June M3 NIP Counts W/m BSRN, W/m Julian day Installation of standard Russian sensors on the distance 12 m from the Main building Delta AT-5 and BSRN (W/m2) AT-5, W/m2 Results of comparison show good agreement between data of the modern sensors of BSRN and standard Russian sensors for measurements characteristics of solar radiation 5 6
7 Study of soil temperature regime in wet and dry tundra 4. Soil temperatures cm 2cm 3cm 4cm Глубина, м Глубина, м Temperature(C) > < < < < < Юлианс кий день Юлианский день Spatial temporal distribution of soil temperature in wet tundra in summer 21 autumn 211 on m (left) and.5.2 m (right) depths. Drilling holes for installation of temperature sensors on the depths meters Installation for temperature measurements in deep layers > < < < < < < /4 1/5 1/6 1/ /8 1/9 1/1 Soil temperature in upper layer of dry tundra in spring autumn 211 Installation for temperature measurements in upper soil layers
8 Methane and carbon dioxide studies in HMO Tiksi CH4, CO2, aerosols CH4, CO2 emission Laptev Sea freeze -6 1/9 21 1/1 1/11 39 From the Laptev Sea -8 1/7 1/12 38 From northern Siberia -6 Methane concentration CH4 1/8-2 Carbon dioxide concentration CO2 1/8 1/9 21 1/1 CO2 and CH4 concentrations in summer 21 1/11 Soil temperature (-5cm).8 CH4 emission slope (WD 7-11deg) CH4 emission valley (WD deg) /12 1/7 1/ /9 1/1 Direct measurements of CH4 emission in summer 211 June 211 August Exp_Flux(L) Ta(R) Ta, C Exp_Flux(L) Ta(R) 14 6 CO2 Flux, mkmol/m 2 s Julian day -2-1 Summer CO2 minimum local sources and sinks / Julian day Direct measurements of CO2 emission in wet tundra in June and August Ta, C -4 Air temperature CH4 emission (µg m s ) 2. 2 Methane emission from valley bottom and slopes Soil Temperature (C) Tundra freeze -2 Air temperature (ºC) 2.1 Emissions from wetlands Methane concentration CH4 (ppm) CO2 Flux, mkmol/m 2 s Air temperature (ºC) 2 41 long-range transport seasonal increase Tundra freeze 4 Carbon dioxide concentration CO2 (ppm) Tiksi summer-autumn Air temperature Tiksi summer-autumn 21
9 Field investigations on the drifting stations North Pole 33-4
10 Period of operations:
11 Domain of operations:
12 Why we are operating NPs?: 1) [the only site of] yearround comprehensive/complex measurements in the Arctic Basin 2) More flexible and friendly for measurents in comparison with shipborne sites 3) Source of various data for validation of numerical modelled / reanalysis parameters 4) Complements network of drifting buoys 5) etc Estimation of reliability of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data on air temperatures and total cloudiness
13 Overview of observations: NP-39,4 and further: Radiosound aerostat Unmanned plane MAWS-42 GPS and GLONAS systems for ice drift calculations Inlets of ozone, carbon dioxide, methane and radioactivity analyzers Lidar Radiation Precipitation gauge Polygon 8x1 m for mass balance and dynamic studies Carbon dioxide flux measurements Ice thickness measurements Snow height Echo-sounder Spectrometer Ramses Ice thickness Echo-sounder emitter submersible vehicle ADCP WHS 3 2 SBE 37SM MicroCat Long ranger ADCP WH LP SBE 19 profilers Ice thickness Current meter RCM Grid Juday
14 Meteorological observations ( ): Aerology 3 km Radiosonde RS-92 (Vaisala, Finland) Ozone sounding ECC-6A (Science-Pump corp, USA) Aerostat sounding Profile measurements of air temperature, humidity and 1.5 km and wind components - Sounder SmartTether (Anasphere, USA) 1. km.1 km Contentious profiling measurement of air temperature in layer -1 m Thermal meteorological profiler МТР5-РЕ (АТТЕХ, Russia) Standard routine meteorology Gradient meteostation with 2 loggers and visibility sensor 2 km Полуавтоматическая метеостанция MAWS42(Vaisala, Finland ) Pulse measurements - turbulence meter Actinometry Solar tracking system 2АР) (Applied technologies USA) Sensors CNR4, CMP21, CGR-4 (Kipp&Zonen, NetherlandesSATI-3K ) Spectral and morphometric Investigations of snow-ice cover Multi-spectral radiometers Ramses-acc-vis, Ramses-arc-vis (TriOs Gmbh, Germany) Investigations of gas exchange processes - Gase analyzer CO2, CH4, O3 Li-84, Li-81 (Li-Cor, USA, Optogas 3.2ПА, 5.4С (Optek, Russia), APHA-37 (Horiba, Japan)
15 Oceanographic observations ( ): km Monitoring of ice bottom layer Remotely controlled submersible Gnom 2 water temperature & conductivity recorders SBE 37SM MicroCat Acoustic doppler velocity profiler ADCP WHS 3 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler velocity extended range WH LR 75 Workhorse Long Ranger ADCP SBE 19 plus SeaCat Logging current meter Seaguard RCM Depth measurement and acoustic Profiling of the ocean and bottom Sediment layer Echosounder Bathy-21 4 km Grid Geddy
16 Sea-ice observations ( ): Monitoring of ice conditions Survey and meteorological observations using unmanned aerial vehicle UAV ELERON" T-23 Arctic («ENIKS», Russia) Morphometric and seismic measurements Measurements of dynamic processes Seismic meters СМ3-КВ, СН-1 (Russia) Measurements of geographic coordinates and ice floe drift vector Spatially distributed GLONASS and GPS sensors Direct measurements of sea ice thickness, draft and snow height on ice polygone (meter and drilling equipment Hitachi, Tanaka, Kovaks) Autonomous Ice mass-balance IMB buoy Ice thickness and snow height Measurements in a pont Ice temperature profile measurements (45 sensors), air temperature and SLP (USA) Indirect ice thickness measurements Electro-magnetic thickeness meter EM31-Ice (Geonics Co., Ltd., Canada) Estimation of thickness and profile of hummocks Thermal drilling (Russia)
17 Study of sea ice at the drifting station North Pole 38 in with UAV Eleron Т23 Arctic December March July
18 Research station Cape Baranova Re-opened in June 213 Under development
19 Topographic map of Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and MODIS satellite imagery Area of the ice base is one of the least investigated regions of the Arctic Ocean. Pending the whole complex of meteorological be installed, the Ice Base Cape Baranova may pretend for a full partnership in the network of the International Polar Observatories, similar to Tiksi with a perspective to become a second regional station in the Russian Arctic and further as a global station in the WWW.
20 Planned meteorological observations Standard meteorological observations Standard actinometrical observations Upper atmosphere observations Monitoring of aerosols, greenhouse gazes, pollutants (AMAP), ozone Spectral albedo measurements Thermo balance and soil thermal conditions
21 Planned sea ice cover measurements Investigations of evolution of morphometric parameters of icebergs, fast ice and drifting ice Observations of ice thickness using underwater TV cameras Mapping of sea ice parameters using UAV
22 Planned oceanographic measurements Oceanography measurements in Shokalskij strait Water level Hydrochemistry Hydrobiology (IO RAS)
23 Planned polar geographic measurements Complex land water balance investigations Glaciological observations Investigations and monitoring of glacial landscapes Medical biological investigations Mushketov glacier 55 m
24 Thank you for attention!
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