Choose a goal ANSWERS

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1 Choose a goal In order to help you focus on a topic, you will need to determine what your main goal will be. Whilst there may be some overlap in your purpose, some important main goals include: : entertain and engage your audience : teach your audience about a particular topic : try to change the mind of your audience : encourage your audience to take action Below are a series of speech titles. Can you decide which goal the author is focusing on? (Hint: there are five titles for each of the above goals). Activity 1. How to clean your room in 5 minutes 2. Cool science experiments 3. We should become a paperless school 4. Alternative energy sources are damaging to the environment 5. Go vote! 6. My best man speech 7. What not to say in an interview 8. Breaking bad habits 9. You should stay in the country for your summer holiday 10. Award acceptance speech 11. How to get rich quick! 12. Establish good study habits 13. Animal s strange dietary habits 14. Elderly people should not be allowed to drive 15. Famous landmarks in London 16. Customs you should be aware of when visiting Spain 17. Getting fit: the importance of healthy eating 18. Everyone should go to university 19. Five steps to staying friends after you graduate 20. Stepping out of your comfort zone

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4 1. What were early explorers looking for in the Arctic and Antarctic? Name two goals. short sailing routes from Europe; searching for good sealing and whaling grounds; to reveal the geography of the polar regions and to study them scientifically; many were driven by the explorer s longing to make the first footprints in an unknown land 2. What areas do the Arctic regions encompass? the Arctic Ocean; Greenland and many other northern islands; the far northern rim of mainland Canada; Alaska, U.S.; Siberia, Russia; and part of Europe 3. What is the Arctic Circle? An imaginary line drawn on maps at latitude N. North of this line there is at least one day each year when the Sun does not set and at least one day when it does not rise. 4. What surrounds Antarctica? ice-choked, stormy seas the Southern Ocean, or the southernmost parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans 5. Where is the South Pole located? The South Pole is located in Antarctica s interior, near the center of the continent. 6. Most of the continent lies south of the and so experiences a period each year when the Sun never rises and one when the Sun never sets. Antarctic Circle 7. More than half of the Arctic Ocean is covered with a layer of ice all the time - much of it stays in place as a jumbled mass called what? pack ice 8. Why did early explorers usually use wooden ships? Metal articles may become brittle and break if placed under strain in extreme cold. 9. Where is the coldest part of the Arctic? Siberia 10. What happens to exposed skin at very low temperatures? Exposed skin can also freeze in minutes; frostbite; The affected parts, often the toes, fingers, ears, or tips of the nose, may need to be amputated.

5 11. What problems can arise in airplane equipment for polar exploration? Name three. fuel and lubricants for motors must be usable at extremely low temperatures; ice crystals form in gas lines; moisture freezes on insulators so that the base cannot contact the plane in flight; oil freezes; tires turn square from being parked on ice; grease freezes, and landing gear wheels skid instead of roll; storms are severe 12. The worst condition of polar flying is the, when winds blow snow through the air, making visibility extremely poor. With only white to be seen in every direction, it can be difficult to tell which direction is up. white out 13. When was the Northeast Passage finally conquered and by whom? in ; by a Swedish expedition led by Adolf Erik, Baron Nordenskiöld, aboard the steam vessel Vega 14. Numerous expeditions searched for and his men - in 1850 as many as 14 ships and a land expedition were in the area searching for Franklin at the same time. John Franklin 15. Who finally found the Northwest Passage? Part of a search party, looking for John Franklin, led by Robert McClure found two entrances to the Northwest Passage, though he had travelled through it in more than one ship and partly on foot. 16. Who was the first person to sail through the entire Northwest Passage? Roald Amundsen 17. What was special about Fridtjof Nansen s ship the Fram? It was shaped so that it would be lifted but not crushed when caught by the ice. 18. Robert E. Peary and Dr. Frederick A. Cook both claimed to have been the first to reach the North Pole in 1909 and 1908, respectively whose claim was later discredited as fake by his Inuit companions? Dr. Frederick A. Cook 19. Robert Falcon Scott and his team made it to the South Pole, only to find he d been beaten to it by whom? Roald Amundsen